The document summarizes an in-plant training report at the KSRTC Regional Workshop in Mavelikkara, Kerala from June 28th to July 7th. It describes the various maintenance sections at the workshop including the engine assembly, gearbox, propeller shaft, small units like air brakes and clutches, front axle, differential, fuel injection, electrical, steering, suspension, and body building sections. The training provided hands-on experience of repairing and maintaining different parts of KSRTC buses. It was a valuable opportunity for the trainees to apply their engineering knowledge and gain practical skills relevant to their future careers.
Ksrtc central works INDUSTRIAL VISIT REPORTGeorge Jose
KSRTC Central Works is the main workshop for KSRTC that handles large-scale repairs and maintenance of buses. It has major departments like Workshop, Body Building, and others that focus on overhauling engines, transmissions, suspensions, and addressing other mechanical failures. The workshop dismantles vehicles, cleans and replaces worn parts, and performs tests before reassembly to ensure quality. The Body Building department handles interior and exterior assembly of new buses integrating mechanical components. The industrial visit provided students understanding of industry operations across different sections.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on automobile engineering given by Assistant Professor Mahesh Kumar. It covers topics such as the basic concepts of automobile engineering, classifications of automobiles, transmission systems including clutches, gear ratios, driveshafts and differentials, and other systems like steering, brakes and suspension. The presentation provides an overview of key terms and components in automobile engineering.
INTERNSHIP PROJECT ON DIESEL LOCMOTIVE AT KAZIPET DIESEL SHEDPruthvi Raj
This document provides an internship report on studying the power pack assembly of a diesel locomotive at the Diesel Loco Shed in Kazipet, India. It includes sections on the loco shed, Indian Railways, types of locomotives used in India, locomotive components and systems, and a description of the power transmission system in diesel locomotives. The summary focuses on the power pack assembly of diesel locomotives, which uses a diesel engine to power a traction alternator that generates electricity to power traction motors coupled to wheels to propel the locomotive.
1. A vehicle frame provides the main structure and supports all other vehicle components.
2. Frames can be classified as conventional, integral, or semi-integral depending on how the frame is constructed and integrated with the body.
3. Common frame types include ladder frames, backbone frames, X-frames, perimeter frames, platform frames, and unibody/unitized frames. Subframes are also used to isolate vibration.
This document provides a summary of a training report presentation on the Carriage & Wagon Workshop in Jagadhri. It introduces the workshop, describing its founding in 1952 and responsibilities of repairing rolling stock. It then describes some of the main shops on the workshop including bogie, wheel, and paint shops. It further discusses the lifting shop and how rolling stock is assembled and parts introduced. It classifies different types of rolling stock and describes braking systems, focusing on vacuum and air brakes including their principal parts and operations in release, application, and lap stages. CNC plasma cutting is also introduced.
This document summarizes a student project to design and analyze a differential gear box. It includes sections that describe the objective of analyzing the working of a vehicle differential and designing the system. It explains the key parts of a differential system including the pinion gear, ring gear, spider gear, and differential case. It also describes the working of a differential for straight driving and turning, and discusses issues like one wheel slipping. Design parameters and the forces that allow the spider gear to rotate are analyzed. Finally, it briefly mentions the types of differentials.
Indian railways mechanical vocational training report 1 haxxo24 i~ihaxxo24
Indian Railways was previously transporting passengers using coaches designed by ICF that had limitations in speed, corrosion resistance, ride comfort, and part wear. To address this, it began procuring LHB coaches from Alstom featuring superior passenger experience, safety, and maintenance needs. Key benefits of LHB coaches include higher capacity, lower weight, reduced corrosion, lower maintenance requirements, and improved aesthetics, comfort, and safety. They use advanced materials, designs, and manufacturing techniques.
This document discusses steering gear mechanisms used in vehicles. It introduces the basic principles of steering mechanisms, including that the front wheels turn to change the vehicle's direction while the back wheels remain straight. It describes two common steering mechanisms: Ackermann steering uses linkages to ensure the inside and outside wheels follow different radius circles during a turn. Davis steering is also an exact mechanism but has more sliding components, increasing wear and reducing accuracy compared to Ackermann steering. The key difference between the mechanisms is that Ackermann steering is behind the front wheels while Davis is in front, and Ackermann uses turning pairs while Davis uses sliding pairs.
Ksrtc central works INDUSTRIAL VISIT REPORTGeorge Jose
KSRTC Central Works is the main workshop for KSRTC that handles large-scale repairs and maintenance of buses. It has major departments like Workshop, Body Building, and others that focus on overhauling engines, transmissions, suspensions, and addressing other mechanical failures. The workshop dismantles vehicles, cleans and replaces worn parts, and performs tests before reassembly to ensure quality. The Body Building department handles interior and exterior assembly of new buses integrating mechanical components. The industrial visit provided students understanding of industry operations across different sections.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on automobile engineering given by Assistant Professor Mahesh Kumar. It covers topics such as the basic concepts of automobile engineering, classifications of automobiles, transmission systems including clutches, gear ratios, driveshafts and differentials, and other systems like steering, brakes and suspension. The presentation provides an overview of key terms and components in automobile engineering.
INTERNSHIP PROJECT ON DIESEL LOCMOTIVE AT KAZIPET DIESEL SHEDPruthvi Raj
This document provides an internship report on studying the power pack assembly of a diesel locomotive at the Diesel Loco Shed in Kazipet, India. It includes sections on the loco shed, Indian Railways, types of locomotives used in India, locomotive components and systems, and a description of the power transmission system in diesel locomotives. The summary focuses on the power pack assembly of diesel locomotives, which uses a diesel engine to power a traction alternator that generates electricity to power traction motors coupled to wheels to propel the locomotive.
1. A vehicle frame provides the main structure and supports all other vehicle components.
2. Frames can be classified as conventional, integral, or semi-integral depending on how the frame is constructed and integrated with the body.
3. Common frame types include ladder frames, backbone frames, X-frames, perimeter frames, platform frames, and unibody/unitized frames. Subframes are also used to isolate vibration.
This document provides a summary of a training report presentation on the Carriage & Wagon Workshop in Jagadhri. It introduces the workshop, describing its founding in 1952 and responsibilities of repairing rolling stock. It then describes some of the main shops on the workshop including bogie, wheel, and paint shops. It further discusses the lifting shop and how rolling stock is assembled and parts introduced. It classifies different types of rolling stock and describes braking systems, focusing on vacuum and air brakes including their principal parts and operations in release, application, and lap stages. CNC plasma cutting is also introduced.
This document summarizes a student project to design and analyze a differential gear box. It includes sections that describe the objective of analyzing the working of a vehicle differential and designing the system. It explains the key parts of a differential system including the pinion gear, ring gear, spider gear, and differential case. It also describes the working of a differential for straight driving and turning, and discusses issues like one wheel slipping. Design parameters and the forces that allow the spider gear to rotate are analyzed. Finally, it briefly mentions the types of differentials.
Indian railways mechanical vocational training report 1 haxxo24 i~ihaxxo24
Indian Railways was previously transporting passengers using coaches designed by ICF that had limitations in speed, corrosion resistance, ride comfort, and part wear. To address this, it began procuring LHB coaches from Alstom featuring superior passenger experience, safety, and maintenance needs. Key benefits of LHB coaches include higher capacity, lower weight, reduced corrosion, lower maintenance requirements, and improved aesthetics, comfort, and safety. They use advanced materials, designs, and manufacturing techniques.
This document discusses steering gear mechanisms used in vehicles. It introduces the basic principles of steering mechanisms, including that the front wheels turn to change the vehicle's direction while the back wheels remain straight. It describes two common steering mechanisms: Ackermann steering uses linkages to ensure the inside and outside wheels follow different radius circles during a turn. Davis steering is also an exact mechanism but has more sliding components, increasing wear and reducing accuracy compared to Ackermann steering. The key difference between the mechanisms is that Ackermann steering is behind the front wheels while Davis is in front, and Ackermann uses turning pairs while Davis uses sliding pairs.
The transmission system transmits power from an automobile's engine to the rear driving wheels. It includes components like the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, differential, and rear axle. The clutch connects and disconnects the engine from the rest of the drivetrain. The gearbox uses different gear ratios to change the speed and torque delivered to the propeller shaft. The propeller shaft then transmits power to the differential, which uses planet gears to allow the rear wheels to rotate at different speeds while driving. The transmission system allows the vehicle to be driven at varying speeds and torque levels.
The transmission of power from Engine to the Rear Wheels through a number of devices so such system is called as the Transmission system. The transmission system is particularly related to the Buses so it is named as the Transmission system in Buses. This ppt stuffed with types, Working and advantages.
This document summarizes the key components and classification of automobile chassis. It discusses how a chassis consists of the engine, brakes, steering system, and wheels mounted on a frame along with other components like the transmission and controls. It then classifies automobiles based on factors like capacity, power source, number of wheels, and where the engine is located. Different types of frames are also outlined including conventional, integral, and semi-integral frames. The functions of various vehicle systems and forces acting on the chassis are summarized as well.
The document discusses traction and tractive effort in vehicles. It defines traction as the friction between a drive wheel and the surface it moves upon. Tractive effort is the force available at the contact between drive wheel tires and the road. Traction control systems monitor each wheel and apply braking or torque to wheels that may be slipping to increase traction. Traction can be increased through methods like decreasing tire pressure, tread design, adding tracks/chains, additional weight, and dynamic weight transfer. Non-electric traction systems include steam and internal combustion engine drives, while electric traction uses diesel-electric or gas turbine electric drives.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a vehicle transmission system. It discusses the purpose of transmitting engine torque to drive the wheels. It then describes the main types of transmissions including manual, automatic, CVT, and their basic workings. The document also explains the purpose and function of key components that work together in a transmission system, such as the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and universal joints.
Automotive gearboxes allow engines to operate at optimal speeds while providing different gear ratios to suit varying road and load conditions. They use helical and herringbone gears to smoothly and quietly change torque and speed. Common types include sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh gearboxes, as well as transaxles and sequential gearboxes. Automatic transmissions use planetary gears and hydraulics to seamlessly shift gears without driver input. This provides better fuel economy and driver experience but with lower mechanical efficiency than manual transmissions.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a pneumatic braking system. It discusses how pneumatic brakes work by using compressed air to apply pressure to brake pads to stop a vehicle. The system works through three stages - charging, applying, and releasing brakes. It is commonly used in large vehicles like trucks and buses. While powerful, pneumatic brakes require special training to operate due to their complexity compared to hydraulic systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of how pneumatic braking systems function in vehicles.
Automatic transmissions use either planetary gears or a continuously variable transmission (CVT) to automatically shift gears without clutch pedals. Planetary gear transmissions contain a planetary gear set, torque converter, hydraulic system, governor, and computer controls to shift smoothly. The hydraulic system includes an oil pump, valve body, and shift valves to direct fluid pressure and activate clutches during gear changes. A CVT provides stepless gear ratios between maximum and minimum values for smooth shifting without discernible gear changes. Modern automatic transmissions precisely control shifting using computer monitors of throttle, speed, load, and other factors.
The document discusses various types of automobile suspension systems. It describes independent suspension systems that allow each wheel to move independently and non-independent systems where the wheels are attached to a solid axle. Common types of independent suspension include MacPherson strut suspension, wishbone suspension, and solid rear axle suspension. The document also covers suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars. It provides advantages and disadvantages of different suspension types.
This document provides an overview of braking systems, including drum brakes and disc brakes. It describes the basic components and functioning of brakes, how braking converts kinetic energy to heat, and the requirements of effective braking. Drum brakes use brake shoes that expand inward or outward to create friction with the brake drum. Disc brakes use calipers and pads that clamp onto a brake disc attached to the wheel. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of drum brakes versus disc brakes.
The document is a training report on an air brake system submitted by Vishal Singh from GB Pant Engineering College. It includes an acknowledgement, table of contents, and sections on the brief about the training, classification of engines, introduction to the diesel loco shed, directly assisting sections, and a project study on air brake systems. The project study section includes introductions to straight air brakes and working pressures, descriptions of operations and types of air brake systems like 28 LAV 1 and IRAB 1 used on Indian Railways locomotives, and explanations of components like the expressor, distributor valve, and types of valves. It discusses overhauling procedures, potential issues like brake binding, and developments in other countries.
The document summarizes the key components and working of a vacuum brake system used in trains. It describes the driver's brake valve, exhauster, dummy couplings, brake cylinders, vacuum reservoirs, brake pipes and other parts. It explains how applying the brakes causes a loss of vacuum in the brake pipe, pushing the piston up and engaging the brake blocks, while releasing the brakes restores vacuum. The vacuum brake allows partial braking and is fail-safe but is less effective than modern air brakes.
The document is an industrial training report on diesel locomotive technology submitted by Shivam Prajapati. It includes an acknowledgement, contents listing the topics covered in the report such as the introduction of Indian Railways, diesel locomotive shed in Charbagh, diesel electric locomotive components, fuel section, lube oil control section, turbosupercharger, fuel oil pump, bogie, air brake, traction motor, generator, power pack, and failure analysis. It also includes diagrams to illustrate parts of the locomotive like the fuel tank and turbosupercharger.
This document provides an overview of a vehicle dynamics course. It discusses topics that will be covered such as vehicle dynamics fundamentals, load transfer, acceleration and braking performance, wheel alignment, handling, ride forces, suspension technologies, tires, and vehicle dynamic tests. The course will examine chapters on vehicle dynamics, longitudinal and lateral load transfer, tractive effort and forces, weight transfer, and the relationship between road loads and tractive resistance. It also provides examples of vehicle dynamic field tests. The goal is for students to gain an understanding of key vehicle dynamics concepts and metrics.
Multipoint fuel injection (MPFI) systems provide better control of the air-fuel ratio compared to carburetors. MPFI systems use multiple fuel injectors, with one injector per cylinder, to inject fuel into the engine's intake ports or manifold. This allows supplying the optimum air-fuel ratio to each cylinder for all operating conditions. MPFI systems are electronically controlled using sensors to monitor various engine parameters and optimize fuel delivery and emissions performance. While more complex than carburetors, MPFI systems improve fuel efficiency, power, and reduce emissions.
The document provides an overview of automotive transmission systems, including their main components and functions. It discusses the purpose of the transmission to transmit power from the engine to the driving wheels through a system of gears that allows for different speed and torque ratios. The key components covered are the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and axle. Manual, automated manual, automatic, continuously variable, and dual-clutch transmissions are also summarized.
The document presents information on turbochargers for internal combustion engines. It discusses that a turbocharger uses an engine's exhaust gases to power a turbine, which spins a compressor to increase the mass of air entering the engine. This results in greater engine performance and power. The key components of a turbocharger are the turbine, compressor, and center housing. The objective is to improve volumetric efficiency by compressing ambient air before it enters the intake manifold at a higher pressure, allowing more air into the cylinders per stroke. The exhaust gases drive the turbine which powers the compressor, converting the exhaust's potential energy into rotational energy to drive the compressor.
This document summarizes different types of braking systems used in vehicles. It describes the basic requirements and components of braking systems. The main types discussed are drum brakes, disc brakes, and various power brakes such as hydraulic, vacuum, air, and electric brakes. It provides details on the construction and operation of these different braking methods. The purpose is to classify and explain the functioning of common braking technologies used to stop vehicle motion.
The document provides information about KSRTC (Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation), the major public transportation service provider in Karnataka, India. It discusses KSRTC's history, operations, services provided, infrastructure, and area of operations. Some key points:
1) KSRTC was established in 1961 and is wholly owned by the government of Karnataka with the goal of providing efficient, economical public transportation.
2) It operates over 4,300 schedules across the state and neighboring areas, carrying over 22 million passengers daily.
3) KSRTC's infrastructure includes 75 depots, 145 bus stands, over 5,800 buses, workshops, and training institutes, employing over 36,000
Lingaraj Biscuits Pvt Ltd manufactures Parle-G biscuits through a process involving mixing, molding, baking, cooling, packaging, and distribution. The company has a production capacity of 50,000 tons and over 400 employees across various departments. Lingaraj Biscuits holds the major market share in biscuit production due to its large production capacity and extensive distribution network of over 1,500 wholesalers and 425,000 retail outlets across India.
The transmission system transmits power from an automobile's engine to the rear driving wheels. It includes components like the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, differential, and rear axle. The clutch connects and disconnects the engine from the rest of the drivetrain. The gearbox uses different gear ratios to change the speed and torque delivered to the propeller shaft. The propeller shaft then transmits power to the differential, which uses planet gears to allow the rear wheels to rotate at different speeds while driving. The transmission system allows the vehicle to be driven at varying speeds and torque levels.
The transmission of power from Engine to the Rear Wheels through a number of devices so such system is called as the Transmission system. The transmission system is particularly related to the Buses so it is named as the Transmission system in Buses. This ppt stuffed with types, Working and advantages.
This document summarizes the key components and classification of automobile chassis. It discusses how a chassis consists of the engine, brakes, steering system, and wheels mounted on a frame along with other components like the transmission and controls. It then classifies automobiles based on factors like capacity, power source, number of wheels, and where the engine is located. Different types of frames are also outlined including conventional, integral, and semi-integral frames. The functions of various vehicle systems and forces acting on the chassis are summarized as well.
The document discusses traction and tractive effort in vehicles. It defines traction as the friction between a drive wheel and the surface it moves upon. Tractive effort is the force available at the contact between drive wheel tires and the road. Traction control systems monitor each wheel and apply braking or torque to wheels that may be slipping to increase traction. Traction can be increased through methods like decreasing tire pressure, tread design, adding tracks/chains, additional weight, and dynamic weight transfer. Non-electric traction systems include steam and internal combustion engine drives, while electric traction uses diesel-electric or gas turbine electric drives.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a vehicle transmission system. It discusses the purpose of transmitting engine torque to drive the wheels. It then describes the main types of transmissions including manual, automatic, CVT, and their basic workings. The document also explains the purpose and function of key components that work together in a transmission system, such as the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and universal joints.
Automotive gearboxes allow engines to operate at optimal speeds while providing different gear ratios to suit varying road and load conditions. They use helical and herringbone gears to smoothly and quietly change torque and speed. Common types include sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh gearboxes, as well as transaxles and sequential gearboxes. Automatic transmissions use planetary gears and hydraulics to seamlessly shift gears without driver input. This provides better fuel economy and driver experience but with lower mechanical efficiency than manual transmissions.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a pneumatic braking system. It discusses how pneumatic brakes work by using compressed air to apply pressure to brake pads to stop a vehicle. The system works through three stages - charging, applying, and releasing brakes. It is commonly used in large vehicles like trucks and buses. While powerful, pneumatic brakes require special training to operate due to their complexity compared to hydraulic systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of how pneumatic braking systems function in vehicles.
Automatic transmissions use either planetary gears or a continuously variable transmission (CVT) to automatically shift gears without clutch pedals. Planetary gear transmissions contain a planetary gear set, torque converter, hydraulic system, governor, and computer controls to shift smoothly. The hydraulic system includes an oil pump, valve body, and shift valves to direct fluid pressure and activate clutches during gear changes. A CVT provides stepless gear ratios between maximum and minimum values for smooth shifting without discernible gear changes. Modern automatic transmissions precisely control shifting using computer monitors of throttle, speed, load, and other factors.
The document discusses various types of automobile suspension systems. It describes independent suspension systems that allow each wheel to move independently and non-independent systems where the wheels are attached to a solid axle. Common types of independent suspension include MacPherson strut suspension, wishbone suspension, and solid rear axle suspension. The document also covers suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars. It provides advantages and disadvantages of different suspension types.
This document provides an overview of braking systems, including drum brakes and disc brakes. It describes the basic components and functioning of brakes, how braking converts kinetic energy to heat, and the requirements of effective braking. Drum brakes use brake shoes that expand inward or outward to create friction with the brake drum. Disc brakes use calipers and pads that clamp onto a brake disc attached to the wheel. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of drum brakes versus disc brakes.
The document is a training report on an air brake system submitted by Vishal Singh from GB Pant Engineering College. It includes an acknowledgement, table of contents, and sections on the brief about the training, classification of engines, introduction to the diesel loco shed, directly assisting sections, and a project study on air brake systems. The project study section includes introductions to straight air brakes and working pressures, descriptions of operations and types of air brake systems like 28 LAV 1 and IRAB 1 used on Indian Railways locomotives, and explanations of components like the expressor, distributor valve, and types of valves. It discusses overhauling procedures, potential issues like brake binding, and developments in other countries.
The document summarizes the key components and working of a vacuum brake system used in trains. It describes the driver's brake valve, exhauster, dummy couplings, brake cylinders, vacuum reservoirs, brake pipes and other parts. It explains how applying the brakes causes a loss of vacuum in the brake pipe, pushing the piston up and engaging the brake blocks, while releasing the brakes restores vacuum. The vacuum brake allows partial braking and is fail-safe but is less effective than modern air brakes.
The document is an industrial training report on diesel locomotive technology submitted by Shivam Prajapati. It includes an acknowledgement, contents listing the topics covered in the report such as the introduction of Indian Railways, diesel locomotive shed in Charbagh, diesel electric locomotive components, fuel section, lube oil control section, turbosupercharger, fuel oil pump, bogie, air brake, traction motor, generator, power pack, and failure analysis. It also includes diagrams to illustrate parts of the locomotive like the fuel tank and turbosupercharger.
This document provides an overview of a vehicle dynamics course. It discusses topics that will be covered such as vehicle dynamics fundamentals, load transfer, acceleration and braking performance, wheel alignment, handling, ride forces, suspension technologies, tires, and vehicle dynamic tests. The course will examine chapters on vehicle dynamics, longitudinal and lateral load transfer, tractive effort and forces, weight transfer, and the relationship between road loads and tractive resistance. It also provides examples of vehicle dynamic field tests. The goal is for students to gain an understanding of key vehicle dynamics concepts and metrics.
Multipoint fuel injection (MPFI) systems provide better control of the air-fuel ratio compared to carburetors. MPFI systems use multiple fuel injectors, with one injector per cylinder, to inject fuel into the engine's intake ports or manifold. This allows supplying the optimum air-fuel ratio to each cylinder for all operating conditions. MPFI systems are electronically controlled using sensors to monitor various engine parameters and optimize fuel delivery and emissions performance. While more complex than carburetors, MPFI systems improve fuel efficiency, power, and reduce emissions.
The document provides an overview of automotive transmission systems, including their main components and functions. It discusses the purpose of the transmission to transmit power from the engine to the driving wheels through a system of gears that allows for different speed and torque ratios. The key components covered are the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and axle. Manual, automated manual, automatic, continuously variable, and dual-clutch transmissions are also summarized.
The document presents information on turbochargers for internal combustion engines. It discusses that a turbocharger uses an engine's exhaust gases to power a turbine, which spins a compressor to increase the mass of air entering the engine. This results in greater engine performance and power. The key components of a turbocharger are the turbine, compressor, and center housing. The objective is to improve volumetric efficiency by compressing ambient air before it enters the intake manifold at a higher pressure, allowing more air into the cylinders per stroke. The exhaust gases drive the turbine which powers the compressor, converting the exhaust's potential energy into rotational energy to drive the compressor.
This document summarizes different types of braking systems used in vehicles. It describes the basic requirements and components of braking systems. The main types discussed are drum brakes, disc brakes, and various power brakes such as hydraulic, vacuum, air, and electric brakes. It provides details on the construction and operation of these different braking methods. The purpose is to classify and explain the functioning of common braking technologies used to stop vehicle motion.
The document provides information about KSRTC (Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation), the major public transportation service provider in Karnataka, India. It discusses KSRTC's history, operations, services provided, infrastructure, and area of operations. Some key points:
1) KSRTC was established in 1961 and is wholly owned by the government of Karnataka with the goal of providing efficient, economical public transportation.
2) It operates over 4,300 schedules across the state and neighboring areas, carrying over 22 million passengers daily.
3) KSRTC's infrastructure includes 75 depots, 145 bus stands, over 5,800 buses, workshops, and training institutes, employing over 36,000
Lingaraj Biscuits Pvt Ltd manufactures Parle-G biscuits through a process involving mixing, molding, baking, cooling, packaging, and distribution. The company has a production capacity of 50,000 tons and over 400 employees across various departments. Lingaraj Biscuits holds the major market share in biscuit production due to its large production capacity and extensive distribution network of over 1,500 wholesalers and 425,000 retail outlets across India.
A sample on industrial visit report for MBA students by Bilal KhanBilal Khan
For those who wants to make a report on industrial tour or visit may have a look over it so that they could have a brief synopsis for creating a report on industrial visit
The document is an industrial training report submitted by Chandan Kumar, a student of mechanical engineering at S S College of Engineering, Udaipur. It describes his summer training completed from June 1st to July 15th, 2015 at the Rajasthan Roadways depot workshop in Udaipur. The report includes an acknowledgements section, abstract, table of contents, and 7 chapters covering different mechanical systems of buses such as tires, diesel systems, transmissions, clutches, and brakes. It provides details of the student's training and experience working on maintenance and repairs of Rajasthan Roadways buses.
The document is a report from a student summarizing an industrial visit made by students from their college to an MRF Tyres factory. The report outlines that 61 students and 2 faculty members visited the factory and were given a tour where they observed the various production processes for making tires. The visit lasted from 10am to 3pm and gave the engineering students insight into mechanical applications and industrial robotics used at the factory. The student requests that more such industrial visits be arranged to provide practical training for students.
1. The document is a vocational training report submitted by two engineering students detailing their training experience at Axtel Industries Limited, a manufacturer of food processing equipment.
2. It provides an overview of Axtel, describing the company history, products manufactured which include various solids handling, storage, size reduction, mixing and specialized equipment.
3. The report focuses on the manufacturing processes for key components of a horizontal screw feeder such as the body, screw, and their individual parts through various machining and welding methods.
This is an Industrial visit report of BEST workshop, Mumbai conducted by the final year students of M H Saboo Siddik College of Engineering in the year 2015 for the subject Automobile Engineering.
The document analyzes the website of KSRTC (Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation) and compares it to the websites of other transportation organizations like WMATA (Washington Metro Transit Authority) and Greyhound. It finds that the KSRTC website lacks clear navigation, an intuitive booking process, and useful features that are present on the other sites, and could be improved by taking design cues from the more successful transportation websites.
This industrial training report provides details about a student's internship experience interning at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India from June to July 2015. The report discusses the manufacturing of critical assemblies for steam turbines. It includes sections on BHEL and an overview of the company, steam turbines and their components, the BHEL facility in Haridwar, the turbine manufacturing process, and a conclusion on what was learned during the training.
Major Landmarks in Thiruvananthapuram:
Each landmark has its own historical importance
This is a case study on the important buildings in the Trivandrum city along with its historical background. This will help to know more about the city.
The Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (KCMMF), popularly known as Milma, was established in 1980 as part of Operation Flood to develop the dairy industry in Kerala. It is a three-tier cooperative organization with over 3,000 primary milk cooperative societies, three regional unions, and the KCMMF apex body. Milma procures over 10 million liters of milk per day from over 800,000 farmers and operates 13 milk processing plants across Kerala to produce and distribute milk and milk products statewide. The organization has grown from procuring 52,000 liters per day at inception to over 10 million liters currently, establishing self-sufficiency in milk production in Kerala.
The document discusses employee absenteeism at Milma Dairy in Kollam, Kerala, India. It introduces the topic and objectives of studying the causes of absenteeism at the dairy. It notes that absenteeism is a problem that affects the dairy's daily operations. The study aims to understand the factors contributing to absenteeism through employee interviews. It provides background on the dairy industry in India and Kerala as well as details on the methodology and limitations of the study.
Industrial Summer Training at BHEL Haridwar involves introductory classroom sessions about BHEL, plant visits and self-observation, and specific work under supervision. BHEL is India's largest power equipment manufacturer and manufactures a wide range of power and industrial equipment. The training focuses on the study of AC and DC motors, including their manufacturing processes and key components. Trainees learn about motor production at BHEL's Ranipur plant through classroom sessions and hands-on activities.
Detailed Internship Report about RAJIV GANDHI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT-NTPC LTD. Includes information about Thermodynamic Cycles, Combined Cycle, HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator), and various components of a Combined Cycle Power Plant.
The document summarizes an organizational study conducted at Milma Kollam Dairy. The study aimed to understand how the organization functions, its various departments and their interrelationships. Key findings include good coordination between departments and management, room for improvement in areas like implementing an R&D department. The study provided insights into Milma's organizational goals, structure and how it works to achieve objectives while being socially responsible. It highlighted the importance of organizational studies in understanding structure and objectives.
A project report on consumer perception towards GSRTC (st gujarat)Sunny Gandhi
gsrtc, st gujarat-consumer perception and attitude (behavior) towards GSRTC of people of sachin area-analysis on various aspects like bus station depots conductors drivers location water sitting arrangement punctuality timing online booking etc....
The student visited Flexronics Technology Pvt Ltd, a leading manufacturer of computer peripheral devices. The key points:
1) Flexronics manufactures Public Call Office Monitors (PCOM) and Fixed Cellular Terminals which are used for billing in call booths.
2) The company has departments for administration, quality control, assembly, testing, and packaging. Components are formed, mounted onto circuit boards, soldered, and tested.
3) PCOMs play an important role in call booths by calculating billing amounts based on call duration and location. They detect signals from the telephone exchange to determine when a call starts and ends.
Vivek Kumar completed an industrial training at CRISP Bhopal from [DATE]. The training focused on Java programming including topics like the Java platform, installing Java, configuring variables, writing and running Java programs, packages, classes and objects, inheritance, variables and methods, modifiers and import statements, interfaces, working with classes, and integrated development environments. Vivek thanks his teacher Mr. Amrit Singh and the lab assistant for their guidance during the training.
The document summarizes a one-day industrial visit by 70 students and faculty members to Parle Industries in Nagpur on July 4, 2015. The engineer-in-charge gave them a tour of the biscuit manufacturing process, showing the raw materials (flour, sugar, oils, etc.) and steps which include mixing ingredients, molding the dough, baking at 180-330°C, cooling, packaging, and storage. As mechanical engineering students, they learned about mechanical applications and machines used. The visit was informative and a successful learning experience for the students.
project report on mahindra tractors....pradeep rana
Mahindra Tractors is the largest tractor manufacturer in India and has been the market leader since 1983. It has several assembly plants located across India. The report describes the various production processes at Mahindra Tractors' Muzaffarnagar plant, including the light machine shop, heavy machine shop, assembly shop, paint shop, and tool room. It provides details on the key components manufactured and machinery used in each shop. The assembly shop assembles components into tractors through various loops like the differential loop, engine loop, and others before and after painting. The report concludes with an overview of the dismounting stage to disassemble tractors.
The document provides an overview of vacuum braking systems used on trains. It discusses how vacuum braking systems work by using vacuum pressure in a brake pipe to activate brakes on each vehicle. When the brake pipe is under full vacuum, the brakes are released, and when atmospheric pressure is present in the pipe, the brakes are fully applied. It then describes the key components of vacuum braking systems, including the driver's brake valve, brake cylinders, vacuum reservoirs, brake blocks, brake rigging, exhausters, brake pipes, and dummy couplings. The document outlines the advantages of vacuum braking systems compared to air brakes and concludes by summarizing the system design methodology.
Friction clutches connect a moving member to another that is moving at a different speed, often to synchronize speeds or transmit power. Modern clutches typically use a compound organic resin or ceramic material for the disc facings. A clutch damper softens engagement and disengagement to reduce vibration, while single-plate clutches are simpler but have less torque capacity than multi-plate clutches. Centrifugal clutches engage more at higher speeds without any control mechanism. Wet clutches are immersed in fluid while dry clutches are not.
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This document describes an individual wheel control and hand brake system for vehicles. It begins with an abstract that outlines an innovative idea to replace the traditional brake lever with a switch-type hand braking system. This would help overcome issues like lever jamming. It then provides details on how the system works, which includes a brake pedal, master cylinder, brake drum, control switch, and brake lines. The control switch can control the pressure of brake oil passing through it to individually apply brakes to wheels. Advantages over traditional hand brakes include more effective braking ability and ability to brake individual wheels, such as if one is stuck in mud. The document also provides background information on hydraulic braking systems, master cylinders, and
This document discusses different types of automatic transmissions used in vehicles, including their parts and operation. It describes hydraulic automatic transmissions which use a torque converter and planetary gear sets to provide a range of gear ratios. Continuously variable transmissions and dual-clutch transmissions are also discussed. Common automatic transmission modes like Park, Reverse, Neutral and Drive are explained. Manufacturer-specific modes and how automatic transmissions compare to manual transmissions in terms of vehicle control and energy efficiency are summarized as well.
automobile workshop ppt Traning report by c rang rajan and sudhir kumarchakrawarti rang rajan
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This document appears to be an industrial training report submitted by a student named Koushik Bibra after completing an internship at H.R.T.C. Dharamshala. The report includes an acknowledgements section, abstract, and sections covering the main parts of an automobile including the chassis, engine, transmission system, propeller shaft, differential, brakes, suspension system, and steering system. Diagrams and descriptions of these systems are provided.
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Steering Gear Ratio. For A Small Rotation Of The Steering Gear The Steering Wheel Had To Be Given A Greater Effort For
Larger Degree Of Rotation Than That Of The Steering Gear Inorder To Develop Torque For Turning The Vehicle. To Reduce The
Effort At The Steering Wheel, Power Steering Was Developed In The 18th Century. It Not Only Made Steering Easier But Also
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Vehicle From Skidding But Also Prevents Road Accidents. Various Other Mechanisms Were Also Established For Reducing The
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Developed Using A Servomotor, An Accelerometer And A Microprocessor For An Increased Precision In Steering Of A Vehicle
Which May Be Termed As The “Accelerometer Driven Servomotor Based Steering Gear” Or “A.S. Steering Gear”. In This
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Keywords— Servomotor, Accelerometer, Fundamental Law Of Correct Gearing, Steering Gear Ratio,
Microprocessor, Analog To Digital Conversion, Pulse Width Modulation, Rack And Pinion Assembly
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Automatic transmission gearbox with centrifugal clutcheseSAT Journals
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The various developments in the automobile field are going on increasing; hence we have also tried to modify the transmission system of light weight vehicles such as motorbikes for simplicity in driving the vehicle in an efficient way. The disclosure herein is concerned with an automatic transmission gearbox with centrifugal clutches which operates automatically as engine speed (RPM) goes on increasing. In this work we have designed and manufactured the automatic gearbox model which consists of gear assembly with three different gear ratios and centrifugal clutches of various spring tensions, which driven by electric motor. This gearbox overcomes disadvantages of Continuous variable Transmission (CVT) system by replacing belt and pulleys with centrifugal clutches and gear assembly, which is more compact and avoids loss of power when operating at high speed. Also it is light in weight, efficient, reliable, less time consuming and economical of manufacturing.
Keywords: Transmission system, Centrifugal clutch, Automatic gearbox, CVT.
This document describes an automatic transmission gearbox designed for light vehicles like motorbikes. It consists of three centrifugal clutches of varying spring tensions and a gear assembly with three different gear ratios. As engine speed increases, the clutches engage sequentially, connecting gears with higher ratios to maintain efficient power transfer at higher speeds. This overcomes issues with continuous variable transmissions by replacing belts and pulleys with a more compact and efficient centrifugal clutch and gear system. The transmission allows automatic shifting as speed increases without any driver input, making driving simpler and reducing accidents.
This document describes the design and analysis of a modified fluid coupling for use in gearless two-wheel vehicles. The authors developed a computational model and experimental setup of a fluid coupling using Solidworks software. They then analyzed the setup using ANSYS to calculate stresses, strains, and efficiency. Based on the analysis, the authors determined that a fluid coupling with straight vanes provided better results than designs with 15 or 30 degree angled vanes. Testing of a prototype with straight vanes validated that it could withstand the required loads and stresses from the transmission fluid. The modified fluid coupling is intended to replace centrifugal clutches currently used in gearless scooters in order to reduce wear and provide smoother power transmission.
Abbereviation and definitions of brake and clutch parts.pptxAtanuGhosh62
The document defines various terms related to clutches and brakes, including:
- Actuation, which refers to the energy source used to operate mechanical devices like clutches and brakes, which can be mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, or electric.
- Asbestos, a fibrous material once used in clutch and brake linings that is now known to be a health risk.
- Various clutch and brake components like bands, disks, drums, calipers, pads, shoes, and linkages.
- Types of actuation like mechanical, hydraulic, electric, and electromagnetic.
- Factors that affect clutch and brake performance like friction, heat, wear, and cycling rates.
Abbereviation and definitions of brake and clutch parts.pptx
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT KSRTC
1. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The main objective of an engineering course is to implement the knowledge in to
practical application and analysing the skill in technical subjects. As far as mechanical
engineering is considered it is very important to have practical knowledge along with
theoretical knowledge. It is hard to achieve such practical experience, only availing the
resources and practical classes of our college. Also, it is impossible to provide such a
platform in college. So we decided to undergo an in-plant training at KSRTC Regional
Workshop, where most of the repairing and maintenance works of KSRTC buses are
done. KSRTC has been one of the most successful establishment of Kerala government
undertaking. Begun in the late 1960’s it has been providing excellent service to the people
both within the state and the neighboring states. The KSRTC has buses like ordinary,
limited stop, fast and superfast buses, super deluxe, which caters to the different sections
of the society.
The KSRTC has five Regional workshops. They are at Pappanamcode,
Mavelikkara, Aluva, Edapal and Kozhikode, other than the local garages available at all
important bus stands. These Regional workshops do the yearly overhauling of the buses
and the buses which are heavily damaged due to accidents.
This is the report of in-plant training done at KSRTC Regional Workshop,
Mavelikkara, Kerala, dated from 28th
June 2014 to 7th
July 2014.
2. CHAPTER 2
MAINTENANCE SECTIONS
The regional workshop consists of different sections for the smooth and easy
maintenance of the buses. The different sections and their activities are explained below.
2.1 ENGINE ASSEMBLY SECTION
The internal combustion engine is an integral part of a vehicle in which
combustion of fuel {generally, fossil fuel} occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a
combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high
pressure gases which are produced during the combustion process occurs. During this
process force is applied to components of the engine such as the pistons or turbine blades
or nozzle, and by moving it over a distance results in generation of useful mechanical
energy.
In KSRTC buses we generally use 4 and 6 cylinder engines of TATA and
LEYLAND. Here, we were able to observe much about the engine parts, its working and
functions and also the repairing methods adopted. Cylinder block from the dismantled
engine is cleaned and then boring and honing is done to remove wear. The valve is grinded
to proper finish and valve seat is lapped. The damaged piston is replaced by a new one.
The weared crankshaft is ground so that ovality and taper are within permissible limits.
Crank shaft is coated with recommended lubricant. Figure 2.1 shows an engine and its
crankshaft with connecting rods.
Fig. 2.1 Enigne and engine components of a KSRTC bus.
3. 2.2 GEAR BOX SECTION
A machine consists of a power source and a transmission system, which provides
controlled application of power. Merriam-Webster defines transmission as an assembly
of parts including the speed-changing gears and the propeller shaft by which the power is
transmitted from an engine to a live axle. The most common use is in motor vehicles,
where the transmission adapts the output at the internal combustion engine to drive
wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high rotational speed, which is
inappropriate for starting, stopping and slower travel. The transmission reduces the high
engine speed to the slower wheel speed, increasing torque in process.
Fig. 2.2 Synchromesh gear box.
Most modern manual-transmission vehicles are fitted with a synchromesh
gearbox, as shown in the Figure 2.2. Transmission gears are always in mesh and rotating,
but gears on one shaft can freely rotate or be locked to the shaft. The locking mechanism
for gear consists of a collar (or dog collar) on the shaft which is able to slide sideways so
that teeth on its inner surface bridge two circular rings with teeth on their outer
circumference: one attached to the gear, one to the shaft. When the rings are bridged by
the collar, the particular gear rotationally locked to the shaft determines the output speed
of the transmission. The gearshift lever manipulates the collar using a set of linkages,
arranged such that one collar may be permitted to lock only one gear at any one time; and
while shifting gear, the locking collar from one gear is disengaged before another one is
engaged. One collar often serves for two gears: sliding in one direction selects one
transmission sped, in the other direction selects another. In the overhauling of gear box,
the teeth of all gears and the needle bearing are checked. The dog clutch and the sleeve
4. are checked for pitted teeth and the splines are checked for wear. If the wear is more, they
are replaced with new ones and assembled back.
2.3 PROPELLER SHAFT SECTION
A drive shaft or propeller shaft (prop shaft) or Cardan shaft is a mechanical
component for transmitting torque and rotation, usually used to connect other components
of a drive train that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to allow
for relative movement between them.
Fig. 2.3 Propeller Shaft.
Drive shafts are carriers of torque: they are subjected to torsion and shear stress,
equivalent to the difference between the input torque and the load .They must therefore
be strong enough to withstand or bear the stress, while avoiding too much additional
weight as that would turn increase their inertia. Figure 2.3 shows in detail the parts of a
propeller shaft. All the buses of KSRTC have a clutch and a gearbox mounted directly on
engine with a drive shaft leading to a final drive in the rear axle. Universal joint couplings
are used to connect the two shafts. Overhauling of propeller shaft consists of checking
the propeller shaft for bends and it is straightened out using hydraulic press.
5. 2.4 SMALL UNIT SECTION
Small unit section consists of reassembling of clutch, air brake compressor, DD
unit, air drier.
2.4.1 Air Brake Unit
Compressed air brake system is typically used in KSRTC buses. The system
consist of service brakes, parking brakes, a control pedal on engine driven air compressor
and a compressed air storage tank. For the parking brake there is a disk or drum brake
arrangement which is designed to keep in the applied position by spring pressure.
Fig. 2.4 Air Brake System.
Air pressure must be produced to release these spring pressure parking brakes.
For the service brakes (the ones used while driving to slow or stop) to be applied, the
brake pedal is pushed, routing the air under pressure (approximately 100-125 Pa) to the
brake chamber, causing the brake to reduce wheel speed. Most types of truck air brakes
are drum units, though there is an increasing trend towards the use of disc brakes in this
application. The air compressor draws filtered air from the atmosphere and forces into
high-pressure reservoirs at around 120 psi. Most heavy vehicles have a gauge within the
driver's view, indicating the availability of air pressure for safe vehicle operation, often
including warning tones or lights. Setting of the parking/emergency brake releases the
6. pressurized air pressure in the lines between the compressed air storage tank and the
brakes. Thus actuating the (spring brake) parking brake hardware. An air pressure failure
at any point would apply full spring brake pressure immediately.
2.4.2 Clutch Unit
A clutch is a mechanism which enables the rotary motion of one shaft to be
transmitted, when desired, to a second shaft, the axis of which is coincident with that of
the first.
Fig. 2.5 Clutch.
Clutches are used whenever the transmission of power or motion needs to be
controlled either in amount or over time (e.g. electric screwdrivers limit how much torque
is transmitted through use of a clutch, clutches control whether automobiles transmit
engine power to the wheels).
In the simplest application, clutches are employed in devices which have two
rotating shafts (drive shaft or line shaft). In these devices, one shaft is typically attached
to a motor or other power unit (the driving member) while the other shaft (the driven
member) provides output power for work to be done. Overhauling of clutch assembly
includes checking for wear of the clutch lining wear, length of the springs, and cracks in
the clutch plate steel disc. Pressure plate is checked for heat damages, cracks and flatness.
The replacement of the springs, disc and clutch lining are done if necessary and
assembled.
7. 2.4.3 Front Axle Unit
This is the assembly that support the vehicle on the front side. There is no power
transmitted to the front axle. The main parts of the front axle are s cam, roller, hub, carrier
plate, bearings, air chamber, stack adjuster, lay lender, brake drum, break shoes etc. The
steering action comes to one tire and as the tires are interconnected, both works
simultaneously.
The braking action occurs with help of air pressure since it is air brakes. As the
brake pedal is pressed on the valve, s cam rotates, the brake shoes expand and touches the
brake drum, thus the braking action works. Figure 2.6 shows the inspection of a front axle
for damages.
Fig. 2.6 Front Axle System.
2.5 DIFFERENTIAL SECTION
A differential is a device, employing gears, through which it transmits torque and
rotation. Except in some special purpose differentials, there are no other limitations on
the rotational speeds of the shafts. In automobiles and other wheeled vehicles, a
differential allows the driven road wheels to rotate at different speeds. This is necessary
when the vehicle turns, making the wheel that is travelling around the outside of the
turning curve roll faster than the other. If the engine is running of a constant speed, the
rotational speed of each driving wheel can vary, but the sum (or average) of the two
8. wheels speeds cannot change. An increase in the speed of one wheel must be balanced by
an equal decrease in the speed of the other.
In the overhauling of differential each tooth is inspected minutely for any pitting
or broken teeth on crown wheel pinion, sun and star pinion. Then they are checked for
the back lash of the sun pinion with star pinion.
Fig. 2.7 Differential gear.
2.6 FUEL INJECTION SECTION
Fuel injection system consists of fuel tank, fuel feed pump, fuel injection pump,
fuel filter, fuel injection nozzle and a governor. Pump is the device that pumps fuel into
the cylinders of a diesel engine. Traditionally, the pump is driven indirectly from
crankshaft by gears, chains or a toothed belt (often the timing belt) that also drives the
camshaft. It rotates at half crankshaft speed in a conventional four-stroke engine. Its
timing is such that the fuel is injected only very slightly before top dead centre of that
cylinder's Compression stroke. In some systems injection pressures can be as high as 200
MPa. Earlier diesel pumps used an in line layout with a series of cam operated injection
cylinders in a line, rather like a miniature inline engine. The pistons have a constant stroke
volume, and injection volume (i.e., throttling) is controlled by rotating the cylinders
against a cut-off port that aligns with a helical slot in the cylinder. When all the cylinders
are rotated at once, they simultaneously vary their injection volume to produce more or
less power from the engine. Figure 2.8 shows a diesel fuel pump. The injection pump
9. must give equal quantity of fuel to all cylinders and the supply should commence and
stop at fixed degree of crank angle both of which are checked and adjusted on the injection
pump test bench.
Fig. 2.8 Diesel Fuel Pump
Fuel filter is necessary to supply clean fuel which needs to be replaced at regular
intervals. Facilities have been provided for suitable testing of the injectors which includes;
Leak off test: The injector tester is worked up to build a pressure of 150 atm, which is
kept for 10 seconds (without spraying). In case there is a drop in pressure, the body seat
and the needle is lapped.
Spray test: The injector is fixed up as done earlier and pressure gauge is disconnected by
closing the valve. The tester is worked up four times and a second and the spray pattern
is noted. If the spray pattern is in the form of a stream or jet, the needle and the nozzle
body seat requires grinding.
2.7 ELECTRICAL SECTION
Electrical section includes the engine starter. As the key is inserted, the circuit
activates, that is the solenoid coil magnetize, pinion comes in contact with fly wheel. As
the starting motor rotates, the fly wheel and the pistons reciprocates, thus the engine starts
working. After the engine starts, the motor stops working. Another machinery in the
electrical section is the alternator, which is used for charging the batteries. The alternator
has two parts, they are stator and rotor. The parts of starter are stator and armature.
10. 2.8 STEERING SECTION
The main parts of steering section are sector arm, bearing, oil and roller shaft. In
Tata vehicles, 74 rollers are used whereas in Leyland only 42 rollers are used. They won't
have play on the shaft. There exists two types of steering wheels. They are power and
ordinary steering wheels.
Fig. 2.9 Steering System.
2.9 SUSPENSION SECTION
The suspension system mainly used in the KSRTC buses are leaf spring
suspension system. The semi-elliptic leaf springs are the almost universally used for the
suspension in heavy commercial vehicles. The spring consists of number of leaves called
blades. The blades vary in length. The lengthiest blade with eyes on its end is called the
master leaf. All the blades are bound together by means of steel straps. Figure 2.10 shows
a leaf spring suspension system.
Fig. 2.10 Suspension system.
11. After prolonged use or over loading, spring assembly gets flattened or one or two
of its leaves gets broken. The center bolt is then removed and the broken leaf is dismantled
and replaced with the new one. The rubber bushes, which are used to hinge the suspension
systems to the chassis, are greased and are replaced if these are worn out.
2.10 BODY BUILDING SECTION
At Mavelikkara KSRTC regional workshop, there are two building sections;
1. New body building section
2. Old body building section
Automobile body building is an important activity. The chassis is supplied by
automobile manufacturers, and body is built by automobile body builders. Bus bodywork
is usually geared to short trips, with many transit features. Coach bodywork is for longer
distance trips, with luggage racks and under-floor lockers. Other facilities may include
toilets and televisions.
Here it mainly deals with accident cases, i.e. buses which are damaged due to
accidents. In extreme accidents, body building of damaged bus is similar to new body
building. The patch works of the buses are being done here. New buses are also built here.
Welding, riveting, sheet metal works, painting works etc. are done.
Fig. 2.11 New chassis for body work. Fig. 2.12 After body work completion.
12. CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION
By this industrial training program we were able to know the functions and
operations of different parts of an automobile and we were familiarized with the tools
used for different operations.
We saw all the inner parts and repair works of KSRTC buses and the making of a
bus from chassis to its completed form. Also this training helped us to practice the theories
we studied in our syllabus. This was the best chance we ever had, to do some practical
with experienced workers in a live workshop and to see the internal parts of engines,
gearbox and other parts. So, this training program was very helpful for us in studying
about the public transportation buses of Kerala and to experience the processes involved
in repair and manufacture of those buses. By this we gained a lot of practical knowledge
which we hope will help in our studies and our future jobs.