The industrial revolution of the 19th century had a major impact on public administration as Scotland transitioned from an agricultural to industrial economy. Over the course of the century, one-third of Scotland's population moved to cities to work in industries, leading to overcrowding and increased diseases. The industrial revolution also introduced division of labor, longer working hours, more child labor and female workers, and a large wealth gap. Public administration faced challenges in addressing these impacts and recovering from the societal changes brought on by the industrial revolution.