Business Ideas in Packaging Industry. List of Profitable Small Scale Projects...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Business Ideas in Packaging Industry. List of Profitable Small Scale Projects on Packaging Industry. Investment Opportunities in Packaging Business.
Production of Beverage Can, Bottles, Blister Packs, Carton, Bags, Plastic Bottles, Skin Pack, Tin Can, Boxes, Shrink Wrap, Barrel, Crate, Aseptic, Container, Active, Flexible, Rigid Plastic, Metal, Flexible, Glass, Paper Board, Food, Beverage
India is the second largest producer of food in the world and one of the major consumers of packaged foods and beverages. Increased consumer awareness and growth of the processed food and beverages industry are the major factors for a major shift from unpackaged vending to packaged forms of sale. The packaging industry in India is a mix of both organized medium to large player’s as well very small players. Domestic demand for packaging is expected to grow rapidly in coming years. FMCG companies are now widely adopting sustainable packaging technologies to reduce the cost of packaging as well as taking steps to ensure recycling of packaging material which also protects the environment.
The Indian consumer packaging market is estimated at around Rs 685 billion in 2015-16 and is forecast to reach Rs 1,170 billion by 2020-21, at an annual growth rate of 11.3%. The packaging industry in India is valued at Rs 1,270 billion (2015-16). Within the industry, with a 54 per cent market share, consumer packaging is ahead of its bulk packaging counterpart.
See more
https://goo.gl/mKyxeq
https://goo.gl/oN41ge
https://goo.gl/DHt3bV
https://goo.gl/B22nrp
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Production of Packaging Material, Production of Modern Corrugated Packaging, Packaging Industry, Packaging Industry in India, Business Ideas for Packaging Industry, Packaging Sector, Flexible Packaging Industry, Opportunities of Packaging Business in India, How to Start Packaging Business, I Want to Start a Manufacturing or Packing Business, How to Start a Packaging Company, Packaging Box Manufacturing, Business Opportunity In Flexible Packaging Industry, Corrugated Boxes Packaging Industry, Indian Packaging Industry, Packaging Industry in India, Investment Opportunity in Flexible Packaging Sector in India, How to Start a Food Packaging Business, Packaging Industry Project Report, Production of Corrugated Sheet Board & Boxes Plant, Manufacturing of Kraft Paper from Waste Carton Boxes, Aluminium Beverage Cans Production Plant, Manufacturing of Pet Preform from Pet Resin, Production of Pet Bottles and Containers from Pet Resin, Manufacturing of Glass Bottles for Wine, Manufacturing of Printed Paper Shopping Bags, HD and PP Woven Sacks
Winning Shelf Space: Private Labels or FMCG Brands?Aranca
Higher margins provided by the Private Labels in comparison to established FMCG brands have augured well for the growth of Private Labels. This Aranca whitepaper is an effort to delineate the emergence of Private Labels and its impact on branded products in the FMCG sector.
List of Profitable Manufacturing Business Ideas, Projects on Surgical, Medica...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
List of Profitable Manufacturing Business Ideas, Projects on Surgical, Medical Plastics, Medical Disposables, Disposable Medical Products used in Hospitals
Medical Plastics Market is the critical component for the advancing medical devices industry. Since past decade, the market has experienced a rapid upsurge in terms of technological advancements, increasing automation, and integrating the entire value chain of the industry. Rising urbanization, increasing awareness regarding the disposable devices has catalyzed the growth of medical plastics market.
Increasing aging population has incredibly improved the demand for medical devices and hence can be attributed as the major drivers for global medical plastics market. Increasing the demand for more medical technologies, increasing number of manufacturing industries and application sectors under this market have together proved to be the key factors of growth in this market. Mergers & acquisitions along with geographic expansions are being adopted by companies many companies across the industry. Number of patents being filed for medical devices & applications by market players, have also seen an upsurge during the last decade.
See more
https://goo.gl/CK6iuP
https://goo.gl/oN41ge
https://goo.gl/DHt3bV
https://goo.gl/B22nrp
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Production of Disposable Medical Devices, How to Manufacture Disposable Products, Disposable Medical Production, Medical Devices Production, Producing Disposable Medical Devices, Medical Device Manufacturing, Manufacture of Medical Disposables, Medical Disposable Manufacturing Company, Disposable Medical Products, Medical Device Manufacturing Plant, Medical Disposable and Surgical Disposable, Medical Disposables Industry, Production of Disposable Medical Instruments, Medical Disposables Manufacture, Medical Disposable Manufacturing Unit, Surgical Products Manufacture, Medical Device Manufacturing Industry, Disposable Medical Devices Manufacture, Medical Disposable Products Production, Medical Plastics Manufacture, Medical Plastic Manufacturing Unit, Manufacturing of Medical Plastics, Medical Component Manufacturing Industry, Production of Infusion Set and Blood Transfusion Set, Production of Surgical Sutures Materials (Surgical Gut, Polyglactin, Polyglycolic Acid, Poliglecaprone, Polydioxanone, Nylon, Polypropylene, Polyester), Blood Bags Production Plant, Disposable Needles Manufacturing Business, Production of Surgical Hand Gloves, Surgical Blade & Disposable Scalpel Production Plant, Surgical Cotton Manufacturing Business, Implantable Surgical Suture (Biomedical Textile) Production,
Consumer behaviour will control the verdict on product purchasing by consumers. This paper is intended to study on the factors that influence consumer behaviour with regard to purchasing Avon products in Malaysia, specifically women.
List of Profitable Projects on Paper and Paper Products Manufacturing IndustryAjjay Kumar Gupta
List of Profitable Projects on Paper and Paper Products Manufacturing Industry
Production of Paper & Paper Board, Paper & Allied Products, Paper Bags, Cups, Cone, Tube, Paper Conversion, Disposable Paper Products, Kraft Paper, News Print, Waste Paper Recycling, Pulp, Corrugated Board & Boxes, Hand Made Paper, Card Board
The paper industry in India has become more promising as the domestic demand is on the rise. Increasing population and literacy rate, growth in GDP, improvement in manufacturing sector and lifestyle of individuals are expected to account for the growth in the paper industry of India. Many of the existing players are increasing their capacity to meet the growing demand. The focus of paper industry is now shifting towards more eco-friendly products and technology.
India holds 15th rank among paper producing countries in the world. The per capita consumption of paper is around 11 kgs against the global average of 56 kgs and the Asian average of 40 kgs. India’s share in world paper production is about 2.6%. The industry is fragmented with over 750 paper mills, of which only 50 millls have a capacity of 50,000 TPA or more. The industry is working at 89 per cent capacity utilization.
See more
https://goo.gl/H8dQnT
https://goo.gl/oN41ge
https://goo.gl/DHt3bV
https://goo.gl/B22nrp
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Papermaking, Paper Making Process, Paper Production, How Paper is made? Paper Industry, Paper Production Process, Paper Production, Paper Manufacturing, Industrial Paper Production, Paper Production Plant, Paper Manufacturing Process, Paper Manufacturing Industry, Paper & Paper Products Manufacturing Industry, Manufacture of paper and paper products, Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Process, Paper & Paper Products Manufacturing Plant, Paper Product Manufacturing, Paper and Paper Product Manufacturing Unit, Handmade Paper Making Process, Paper Making Plant, Paper Mill, Paper Manufacturing Industry in India, Indian Paper Industry, Paper Industry in India, Production of Paper Plates With Silver Lamination, Defoaming Agent for Paper Industry, Tissue Paper Production, Paper Shopping Bags Manufacturing Plant, Production of Paper from Shoot of Banana Plant, Paper Plant with Wood Chips & Pulp, How to Start Paper Mill in India, Production of Pulp and Paper from Bamboo, Manufacturing of Kraft Paper from Bagasse, Production of Kraft Paper from Waste Carton Boxes, Manufacturing Process of Corrugated Sheet Board & Boxes Plant, Printed Paper Envelopes Production, Paper Cups Production Plant, Paper Board Manufacturing Industry, Production of Exercise Note Book, Registers, Pads & Files
The Role of Attitude as Relationship Mediation between Products Knowledge an...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Business Ideas in Packaging Industry. List of Profitable Small Scale Projects...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Business Ideas in Packaging Industry. List of Profitable Small Scale Projects on Packaging Industry. Investment Opportunities in Packaging Business.
Production of Beverage Can, Bottles, Blister Packs, Carton, Bags, Plastic Bottles, Skin Pack, Tin Can, Boxes, Shrink Wrap, Barrel, Crate, Aseptic, Container, Active, Flexible, Rigid Plastic, Metal, Flexible, Glass, Paper Board, Food, Beverage
India is the second largest producer of food in the world and one of the major consumers of packaged foods and beverages. Increased consumer awareness and growth of the processed food and beverages industry are the major factors for a major shift from unpackaged vending to packaged forms of sale. The packaging industry in India is a mix of both organized medium to large player’s as well very small players. Domestic demand for packaging is expected to grow rapidly in coming years. FMCG companies are now widely adopting sustainable packaging technologies to reduce the cost of packaging as well as taking steps to ensure recycling of packaging material which also protects the environment.
The Indian consumer packaging market is estimated at around Rs 685 billion in 2015-16 and is forecast to reach Rs 1,170 billion by 2020-21, at an annual growth rate of 11.3%. The packaging industry in India is valued at Rs 1,270 billion (2015-16). Within the industry, with a 54 per cent market share, consumer packaging is ahead of its bulk packaging counterpart.
See more
https://goo.gl/mKyxeq
https://goo.gl/oN41ge
https://goo.gl/DHt3bV
https://goo.gl/B22nrp
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Production of Packaging Material, Production of Modern Corrugated Packaging, Packaging Industry, Packaging Industry in India, Business Ideas for Packaging Industry, Packaging Sector, Flexible Packaging Industry, Opportunities of Packaging Business in India, How to Start Packaging Business, I Want to Start a Manufacturing or Packing Business, How to Start a Packaging Company, Packaging Box Manufacturing, Business Opportunity In Flexible Packaging Industry, Corrugated Boxes Packaging Industry, Indian Packaging Industry, Packaging Industry in India, Investment Opportunity in Flexible Packaging Sector in India, How to Start a Food Packaging Business, Packaging Industry Project Report, Production of Corrugated Sheet Board & Boxes Plant, Manufacturing of Kraft Paper from Waste Carton Boxes, Aluminium Beverage Cans Production Plant, Manufacturing of Pet Preform from Pet Resin, Production of Pet Bottles and Containers from Pet Resin, Manufacturing of Glass Bottles for Wine, Manufacturing of Printed Paper Shopping Bags, HD and PP Woven Sacks
Winning Shelf Space: Private Labels or FMCG Brands?Aranca
Higher margins provided by the Private Labels in comparison to established FMCG brands have augured well for the growth of Private Labels. This Aranca whitepaper is an effort to delineate the emergence of Private Labels and its impact on branded products in the FMCG sector.
List of Profitable Manufacturing Business Ideas, Projects on Surgical, Medica...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
List of Profitable Manufacturing Business Ideas, Projects on Surgical, Medical Plastics, Medical Disposables, Disposable Medical Products used in Hospitals
Medical Plastics Market is the critical component for the advancing medical devices industry. Since past decade, the market has experienced a rapid upsurge in terms of technological advancements, increasing automation, and integrating the entire value chain of the industry. Rising urbanization, increasing awareness regarding the disposable devices has catalyzed the growth of medical plastics market.
Increasing aging population has incredibly improved the demand for medical devices and hence can be attributed as the major drivers for global medical plastics market. Increasing the demand for more medical technologies, increasing number of manufacturing industries and application sectors under this market have together proved to be the key factors of growth in this market. Mergers & acquisitions along with geographic expansions are being adopted by companies many companies across the industry. Number of patents being filed for medical devices & applications by market players, have also seen an upsurge during the last decade.
See more
https://goo.gl/CK6iuP
https://goo.gl/oN41ge
https://goo.gl/DHt3bV
https://goo.gl/B22nrp
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Production of Disposable Medical Devices, How to Manufacture Disposable Products, Disposable Medical Production, Medical Devices Production, Producing Disposable Medical Devices, Medical Device Manufacturing, Manufacture of Medical Disposables, Medical Disposable Manufacturing Company, Disposable Medical Products, Medical Device Manufacturing Plant, Medical Disposable and Surgical Disposable, Medical Disposables Industry, Production of Disposable Medical Instruments, Medical Disposables Manufacture, Medical Disposable Manufacturing Unit, Surgical Products Manufacture, Medical Device Manufacturing Industry, Disposable Medical Devices Manufacture, Medical Disposable Products Production, Medical Plastics Manufacture, Medical Plastic Manufacturing Unit, Manufacturing of Medical Plastics, Medical Component Manufacturing Industry, Production of Infusion Set and Blood Transfusion Set, Production of Surgical Sutures Materials (Surgical Gut, Polyglactin, Polyglycolic Acid, Poliglecaprone, Polydioxanone, Nylon, Polypropylene, Polyester), Blood Bags Production Plant, Disposable Needles Manufacturing Business, Production of Surgical Hand Gloves, Surgical Blade & Disposable Scalpel Production Plant, Surgical Cotton Manufacturing Business, Implantable Surgical Suture (Biomedical Textile) Production,
Consumer behaviour will control the verdict on product purchasing by consumers. This paper is intended to study on the factors that influence consumer behaviour with regard to purchasing Avon products in Malaysia, specifically women.
List of Profitable Projects on Paper and Paper Products Manufacturing IndustryAjjay Kumar Gupta
List of Profitable Projects on Paper and Paper Products Manufacturing Industry
Production of Paper & Paper Board, Paper & Allied Products, Paper Bags, Cups, Cone, Tube, Paper Conversion, Disposable Paper Products, Kraft Paper, News Print, Waste Paper Recycling, Pulp, Corrugated Board & Boxes, Hand Made Paper, Card Board
The paper industry in India has become more promising as the domestic demand is on the rise. Increasing population and literacy rate, growth in GDP, improvement in manufacturing sector and lifestyle of individuals are expected to account for the growth in the paper industry of India. Many of the existing players are increasing their capacity to meet the growing demand. The focus of paper industry is now shifting towards more eco-friendly products and technology.
India holds 15th rank among paper producing countries in the world. The per capita consumption of paper is around 11 kgs against the global average of 56 kgs and the Asian average of 40 kgs. India’s share in world paper production is about 2.6%. The industry is fragmented with over 750 paper mills, of which only 50 millls have a capacity of 50,000 TPA or more. The industry is working at 89 per cent capacity utilization.
See more
https://goo.gl/H8dQnT
https://goo.gl/oN41ge
https://goo.gl/DHt3bV
https://goo.gl/B22nrp
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Papermaking, Paper Making Process, Paper Production, How Paper is made? Paper Industry, Paper Production Process, Paper Production, Paper Manufacturing, Industrial Paper Production, Paper Production Plant, Paper Manufacturing Process, Paper Manufacturing Industry, Paper & Paper Products Manufacturing Industry, Manufacture of paper and paper products, Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Process, Paper & Paper Products Manufacturing Plant, Paper Product Manufacturing, Paper and Paper Product Manufacturing Unit, Handmade Paper Making Process, Paper Making Plant, Paper Mill, Paper Manufacturing Industry in India, Indian Paper Industry, Paper Industry in India, Production of Paper Plates With Silver Lamination, Defoaming Agent for Paper Industry, Tissue Paper Production, Paper Shopping Bags Manufacturing Plant, Production of Paper from Shoot of Banana Plant, Paper Plant with Wood Chips & Pulp, How to Start Paper Mill in India, Production of Pulp and Paper from Bamboo, Manufacturing of Kraft Paper from Bagasse, Production of Kraft Paper from Waste Carton Boxes, Manufacturing Process of Corrugated Sheet Board & Boxes Plant, Printed Paper Envelopes Production, Paper Cups Production Plant, Paper Board Manufacturing Industry, Production of Exercise Note Book, Registers, Pads & Files
The Role of Attitude as Relationship Mediation between Products Knowledge an...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Project Opportunities in Production of Condoms. Latex Condom Manufacturing. H...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
A condom is a sheath-shaped obstruction device used during sexual intercourse. It is very beneficial for reducing the chances of pregnancy. It also decreases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS. There are different types of condoms available in the market with the variety of thickness, texture, material, size, color and taste. Condoms are highly effective to reduce the probability of pregnancy if used consistently and correctly.
The use of condoms, conceived primarily as a tool for family planning to curtail population growth, has attained a primacy in arresting the spreading of the dreaded disease, AIDS.
Increasing awareness regarding sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV is the major driving factor of condom market in U.S. Increasing prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV in U.S. is expected to boost the demand for condoms. In addition, increasing the need for family planning coupled with population control is expected to boost the condom market.
See more
https://goo.gl/5PkFWM
https://goo.gl/oN41ge
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Condom Production, How to Manufacture Condom? How Condoms are made? Process of Condom Production, Manufacturing Process of Condom, Condom Manufacturing Plant, Condom Factory in India, Condom Making Plant, Condom Manufacturing Unit, Condom Manufacturing Industry, Condoms Production Plant, Manufacturing of Condoms, Production of Condoms, Condoms Manufacture in India, Condom Manufacture, Condom Manufacturing Process, Condom Manufacturing Business, Condom Manufacturing Business Plan, How to Start a Condom Manufacturing Business, Condom Production, I Want to Start Condom Manufacturing Small Scale Plant, Condom Making Machine, Project Report on Condom Manufacturing, Condom Industry, Condom Manufacturing Company, Condom Manufacturing Factory, Condom Manufacturing Project Report, Condom Manufacturing Equipment, Business Plan for Condom Manufacturing Industry, Condom Manufacturing project ideas, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Condom Manufacturing Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, How to Start Condom Manufacturing Industry in India, Condom Manufacturing Projects, New project profile on Condom Manufacturing industries, Project Report on Condom Manufacturing Industry, Detailed Project Report on Condom Manufacturing Plant, Project Report on Condom Production, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Condom Production, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Condom Production, Feasibility report on Condom Production, Free Project Profile on Condom Production
The Role of Religious Sensibilities on The Relationship Between Religious Rul...inventionjournals
No matter what the religion is the impact of the religious beliefs cannot be neglected on consumer behavior. In Islamic countries or wherever Islamic population has a large market, the Muslim consumer is ultra-sensitive on their beliefs. With a global point of view “Halal food” looks like the main concern of Muslim consumers but there are several other rules that especially global companies should strictly follow in Muslim target markets. Islamic rules which can be applied in marketing vary from bribery to hoarding. Countries governing under Islamic Shari'ah apply these rules as law articles which mandate people to follow. In other countries with major Islamic populations like Turkey which adopts modern law systems do not directly follow Islamic rules in business and marketing. But in these countries also Islamic rules has an impact on consumer behavior. Ethical systems and religious lifestyle in these countries reveals Islamic sensitivities other than law. In this study it is examined the impact of Muslim consumers’ religious rules on hedonic consumption and the mediating role of religioussensibilities on this relationship. A qualitative approach has been followed in the research and focus group interview method has been conducted.
In the fall of 2013, we surveyed thousands of marketers to learn their top marketing objectives and priorities for 2014. With more than 2,500 responses, we’ve analyzed their insights to give you a current snapshot of the state of marketing. From lifecycle campaigns to return on investment (ROI), you’ll find timely recommendations to help you plan your marketing efforts for the year ahead.
Digital Advertising Trends - Asian Publishing ConventionChris Schaumann
The Consumer is control and ignores standard Advertising. He spends most of his time online and the online populations in Asia are exploding. Advertisers are trying to keep up and struggling with finding the right way to reach and engage them in a meaningful manner. Measuring this engagement is another challenge. The presentation will highlight key consumer trends, their online behavior and illustrate a way forward.
Presented on 17.07.09 at the Asian Publishing Convention in Manila, Philippines
How do distinct cultural values align with:
- consumer perceptions of brands?
- brand positioning?
- purchasing path in Japan?
- the sale of life insurance?
- adoption of innovative products?
This presentation is based on:
de Mooij, Marieke and Hofstede, Geert
“Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior: A Review of Research Findings” in Journal of International Consumer Marketing 23:181–192 (2011)
Global Marketing Chapter 3 : Cultural Foundations [Elegant (V)]Md. Abdur Rakib
The report include the last part Chapter 3: Cultural Foundations from Global Marketing Book by Jhonny K. Johansson. Global culture, culture across countries,global culture,global marketing,meaning of culture,self-reference criterion,silent language,SRC are the discussion topic
Questions
1. How has IKEA successfully sold its home furnishing
products in so many countries around the world?
Do global customer segments truly exist?
2. How important is the role of IKEA’s Swedish brand
image? What are the implications for marketing?
3. To what extent has IKEA practised a standardised
strategy versus an adapted strategy in its
global marketing? What are the advantages and
disadvantages of this approach?
4. Some say communications, especially the Internet
and television, enable a global culture to be
broadcast to all societies. Are the cultures of the
world becoming more similar or more different?
This presentation offers an approach to global marketing, based on the recognition of diversity in world markets and on local consumer knowledge and marketing practices. Understanding international diversity in consumer behaviour, advertising, sales and marketing management becomes the central objective for an international marketing.
Project Opportunities in Production of Condoms. Latex Condom Manufacturing. H...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
A condom is a sheath-shaped obstruction device used during sexual intercourse. It is very beneficial for reducing the chances of pregnancy. It also decreases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS. There are different types of condoms available in the market with the variety of thickness, texture, material, size, color and taste. Condoms are highly effective to reduce the probability of pregnancy if used consistently and correctly.
The use of condoms, conceived primarily as a tool for family planning to curtail population growth, has attained a primacy in arresting the spreading of the dreaded disease, AIDS.
Increasing awareness regarding sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV is the major driving factor of condom market in U.S. Increasing prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV in U.S. is expected to boost the demand for condoms. In addition, increasing the need for family planning coupled with population control is expected to boost the condom market.
See more
https://goo.gl/5PkFWM
https://goo.gl/oN41ge
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Condom Production, How to Manufacture Condom? How Condoms are made? Process of Condom Production, Manufacturing Process of Condom, Condom Manufacturing Plant, Condom Factory in India, Condom Making Plant, Condom Manufacturing Unit, Condom Manufacturing Industry, Condoms Production Plant, Manufacturing of Condoms, Production of Condoms, Condoms Manufacture in India, Condom Manufacture, Condom Manufacturing Process, Condom Manufacturing Business, Condom Manufacturing Business Plan, How to Start a Condom Manufacturing Business, Condom Production, I Want to Start Condom Manufacturing Small Scale Plant, Condom Making Machine, Project Report on Condom Manufacturing, Condom Industry, Condom Manufacturing Company, Condom Manufacturing Factory, Condom Manufacturing Project Report, Condom Manufacturing Equipment, Business Plan for Condom Manufacturing Industry, Condom Manufacturing project ideas, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Condom Manufacturing Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, How to Start Condom Manufacturing Industry in India, Condom Manufacturing Projects, New project profile on Condom Manufacturing industries, Project Report on Condom Manufacturing Industry, Detailed Project Report on Condom Manufacturing Plant, Project Report on Condom Production, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Condom Production, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Condom Production, Feasibility report on Condom Production, Free Project Profile on Condom Production
The Role of Religious Sensibilities on The Relationship Between Religious Rul...inventionjournals
No matter what the religion is the impact of the religious beliefs cannot be neglected on consumer behavior. In Islamic countries or wherever Islamic population has a large market, the Muslim consumer is ultra-sensitive on their beliefs. With a global point of view “Halal food” looks like the main concern of Muslim consumers but there are several other rules that especially global companies should strictly follow in Muslim target markets. Islamic rules which can be applied in marketing vary from bribery to hoarding. Countries governing under Islamic Shari'ah apply these rules as law articles which mandate people to follow. In other countries with major Islamic populations like Turkey which adopts modern law systems do not directly follow Islamic rules in business and marketing. But in these countries also Islamic rules has an impact on consumer behavior. Ethical systems and religious lifestyle in these countries reveals Islamic sensitivities other than law. In this study it is examined the impact of Muslim consumers’ religious rules on hedonic consumption and the mediating role of religioussensibilities on this relationship. A qualitative approach has been followed in the research and focus group interview method has been conducted.
In the fall of 2013, we surveyed thousands of marketers to learn their top marketing objectives and priorities for 2014. With more than 2,500 responses, we’ve analyzed their insights to give you a current snapshot of the state of marketing. From lifecycle campaigns to return on investment (ROI), you’ll find timely recommendations to help you plan your marketing efforts for the year ahead.
Digital Advertising Trends - Asian Publishing ConventionChris Schaumann
The Consumer is control and ignores standard Advertising. He spends most of his time online and the online populations in Asia are exploding. Advertisers are trying to keep up and struggling with finding the right way to reach and engage them in a meaningful manner. Measuring this engagement is another challenge. The presentation will highlight key consumer trends, their online behavior and illustrate a way forward.
Presented on 17.07.09 at the Asian Publishing Convention in Manila, Philippines
How do distinct cultural values align with:
- consumer perceptions of brands?
- brand positioning?
- purchasing path in Japan?
- the sale of life insurance?
- adoption of innovative products?
This presentation is based on:
de Mooij, Marieke and Hofstede, Geert
“Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior: A Review of Research Findings” in Journal of International Consumer Marketing 23:181–192 (2011)
Global Marketing Chapter 3 : Cultural Foundations [Elegant (V)]Md. Abdur Rakib
The report include the last part Chapter 3: Cultural Foundations from Global Marketing Book by Jhonny K. Johansson. Global culture, culture across countries,global culture,global marketing,meaning of culture,self-reference criterion,silent language,SRC are the discussion topic
Questions
1. How has IKEA successfully sold its home furnishing
products in so many countries around the world?
Do global customer segments truly exist?
2. How important is the role of IKEA’s Swedish brand
image? What are the implications for marketing?
3. To what extent has IKEA practised a standardised
strategy versus an adapted strategy in its
global marketing? What are the advantages and
disadvantages of this approach?
4. Some say communications, especially the Internet
and television, enable a global culture to be
broadcast to all societies. Are the cultures of the
world becoming more similar or more different?
This presentation offers an approach to global marketing, based on the recognition of diversity in world markets and on local consumer knowledge and marketing practices. Understanding international diversity in consumer behaviour, advertising, sales and marketing management becomes the central objective for an international marketing.
Determinants of consumer purchase decisions in zero rated hotels in eldoretJoseph Musyoki
This documents examines the factors that affect the decisions of consumers when they are making purchases of good and services especially in the hospitality industry. it will enable the readers to understand the extent of the influence of the determinants of consumer behaviour
The concept of glocalization and its incorporation in global brands’ marketin...inventionjournals
Over the past decades,multinational corporations‘ marketing activities were oriented towards brand globalization, which meant promoting, integrating and selling their standardized, uniform products and services across markets worldwide. However, nowadays, international brands are facing new challenges, one of them being to adapt to the conditions, socio-cultural factors and consumers needs within a specific market, to conduct marketing activities based on product particularisation in order to create a connection between the brand and consumers from different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds, thus changing their perspective from „global‖ to „local‖ (leading to the ―glocal‖ approach).In this paper, we will be defined the concept of ―glocalization‖ within a theoretical framework, referring to research studies from previously published literature conducted by other authors, while attempting to demonstrate how adopting a glocal strategy (combining a corporation‘s global strategy and developing products and services customized in order to appeal to the society members of a specific market) can lead to brand equity increase, as well as sales growth.
Customer Behaviour & Decision Making
This report concentrates on providing a balanced view about the benefits and drawbacks of approaching customers as group segments or as individual consumers, by providing academic underpinning from reputable sources & personal critique.
“...Our DNA is as a consumer company - for that individual customer who's voting thumbs up or thumbs down. That's who we think about. And we think that our job is to take responsibility for the complete user experience. And if it's not up to par, it's our fault, plain and simply. “ Steve Jobs.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of multiple actors in the customer behaviour and STP process, while observing the impact of key areas, such as: culture, globalisation, current marketing trends, postmodernism and brand affection. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of complexity, regarding market segmentation. The paper discusses the various problems that today’s marketer’s face and focuses on the emerging challenges of the new marketing reality.
This paper mainly deals with the concepts and issues surrounding the matter of consumption. Consumption is a complex social phenomenon, in which people consume goods or services for reasons beyond their basic use.
A consumer society is one in which the entire society is organized around the consumption and display of commodities, through which individuals gain prestige and identity. Given the above context, globalization brings about diverse trends, cultural differentiation and cultural hybridization (Pieterse, 1996).
The term “consumer culture” refers to cultures in which mass consumption fuels the economy and shapes perceptions, values, desires, and personal identity. Consumers do not make their decisions in a blank moment.
Their purchases are highly influenced by cultural, social and psychological factors. Therefore, a customer’s want has to be identified and his expectations must be matched with the other economic and social factors.
The world is moving and changing at a pace that is both positive and negative in a way. Britain is an exceptional example of this ongoing situation. London is now more diverse than any city that has ever existed. Altogether, more than 300 languages are spoken by the people of London, and the city has at least 50 non-indigenous communities with populations of 10,000 or more. (www.statistics.gov.uk)
People are changing from time to time, so do their tastes and preferences. Marketers are always concerned about cultural shifts and keen to discover new products or services that consumers may want. Understanding the ingredients and drivers of global consumer culture is the key to gaining insight regarding consumer behavior. In a diversified country like UK, culture not only influences consumer behavior but also reflects it. Marketing strategies are unlikely to change cultural values, but marketing does influence culture.
OVERVIEW / PLAN
- 1. METHODOLOGY CHAPTER
- Analysis of secondary data / No interviews / Not US focused
The whole methodology needs to be changed to explain secondary data ONLY
2. RESEARCH CHAPTER (approx 2000 - 2500 words)
3/ 4 case studies
The research should mostly refer to case studies / the past experiences of a few firms example: McDonald’s when it launched in Japan, the changes they had to make to adapt to the culture there (e.g. the teriyaki burger) and the difficulties Walmart or similar brands have faced when trying to enter new markets. The study should also use models and theories that explain how firms should deal with cultural issues. The study should examine diverse literature on cultural issues, emerging markets, and globalisation.
Find information from past articles / academic writing on this and analyse the findings of that research
Also need the following two chapters to be done:
Conclusion and Reccomendations for future research (approx 1500 words)
In your own words explain the findings of the research drawing back to the case studies / future recommendations
Cultural Issues a Company Faces when Emerging in a New Market 20
CULTURAL ISSUES A COMPANY FACES WHEN EMERGING IN A NEWMARKET
TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….3
1.1 BACKGROUND…………………………………………...3
1.2 OBJECTIVES AND AIM………………………………….4
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS………………………………...4
LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………….5
2.1 CULTURE CATEGORIES……………………………….5
2.2 DECIDING THE MODE OF ENTRY……………………6
2.3 METHODS OF EXPORTS……………………………….7
2.4 ECONOMIC MODEL……………………………………...7
2.4.1PESTEL MODEL…………………………………7
2.5 CULTURE AND MARKETING…………………………8
METHODOLOGY AND METHODS…………………………9
3.1 METHODOLOGY………………………………………9
3.2 DATA COLLECTION………………………………….9
3.2.1 PRIMARY DATA………………………………9
3.2.2 SECONDARY DATA………………………….10
3.3 RESEARCH APPROACH…………………………….11
DISCUSSION AND LIMITATIONS………………………….12
4.1 DISCUSSION……………………………………………12
4.2 LIMITATIONS………………………………………….12
WORK SCHEDULE…………………………………………….14
REFERENCES………………………………………………….15
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background
A company can develop a new product or emerge in a new market by using its ideas or those of others. However, there are several issues, such as cultural problems, that it can encounter during the entire process. Firms have to take cultural issues into consideration before deciding to enter into a new market. Some of cultural issues include religion, norms, customs, and language. When a company has adequate knowledge and information it needs, the process of emerging into a new market will be less painful.
The most important thing for a company is to consider the market it's about to enter, once it begins the process of developing a business model and concept (Govindarajan and Ramamurti 2011). The ke ...
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1. MARKETING ACROSS CULTURES
THE IMPACTS OF CULTURE UPON MARKETING THE PRODUCT ELEMENT
AND THE MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCT ADAPTATION ACROSS CULTURES
Prepared By: Mustafa Mert Dikmen – 10252709
Module Leader: Adrian Goodsall
Module Code: 7BSP0240
Word Count: 2065
Page 1
2. Introduction
The biggest area of dispute of international marketing is the question “global standardisation or
adaptation?” The companies have to decide whether to globally standardize the marketing mix or to
adapt the marketing mix elements to each market separately. The marketing concept holds that
consumer needs vary to each target group or foreign market and will be more effective when they are
tailored accordingly (Kotler, 2003). Even though Theodore Levitt (1983) challenged this view by
claiming that the world is becoming a common marketplace in which people, regardless of which
culture they are in desires the same kind of products and lifestyles, it is a fact that even the companies
which have stood by the concept of standardisation such as McDonald’s and Nike, have adapted their
marketing mix when they expanded globally.
Cultural analysis has to be taken into serious consideration if the organisation is choosing to adapt
their marketing mix when moving to international markets; as culture influences all aspects of
consumer behaviour. The difference between different cultures can be critical especially during the
marketing management process because international marketing focuses its resources on global market
opportunities and threats (Keegan, W., Green, M., 2005). The management of the 7 P’s differ
accordingly to the cultural aspects of the society as the term “culture”, shelters many components such
as aesthetics, religion, attitudes and values and education. In addition, the degree of difficulty of
management increases and the process becomes resource intensive as companies expand further.
Product Adaptation across Cultures
Kotler (2003) describes product as “anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need”
In addition to physical goods, services, persons, places, organisations and ideas can also be identified
as products. To achieve customer loyalty and competitive advantage, a company has to offer a product
which would greatly benefit the customer and more importantly it has to manage its production
activities in accordance with the culture (Onkvisit & Shaw, 2004). Especially customer’s products and
services need to be adapted to foreign markets rather than industrial goods. Consequently, the need for
managing product market evolution is evident. The companies should choose the markets they are
going to enter, the strategy they are going to use and the products they are going to produce carefully
(Albaum et al, 1994). By taking into account the local needs and demands of the foreign environment
and developing products by means of evaluating cultural specifications, customer satisfaction can be
achieved in foreign markets. For instance, during the 1960’s Japanese companies adapted their
products to needs of local markets and gained the upper hand against the British in the Arabian Gulf
area (Tuncalp, 1990). Elements that have to be adapted in most cases to local markets and culture are
design, brand image, packaging (Keegan & Green, 1999).
Adaptation of the Physical Attributes
The compulsory adaptation of physical attributes consists of regulations such as safety standards and
hygiene regulations. However, these kind of obligatory adaptations are trivial in comparison to the
essential adaptations to the differences in consumer behaviour and the physical environment of the
market.
Consumption patterns such as the amount of consumption, the change in consumer taste and the
frequency of consumption varies across cultures (Jean-Claude & Lee, 2005). The size of packing for
instance will change upon the amount of consumption. For example, the word yoghurt is derived from
the Turkish word “yoğur” which means “knead” and is a cultural heritage of the nomadic Turks which
were in need of products that would not go off easily when they were moving from Central Asia to the
west. The effect of this heritage is still visible in Turkey. The consumption of yoghurt is far greater in
Turkey than any other country and this has led marketers to package the yoghurts in sizes big as 10
kg’s. Similarly, milk consumption differs in different climates. While in cold climates milk is an
energy provider, in warm climates it perishes easily. The cultural memory of the people living in warm
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3. climates says that milk cannot be trusted (Mooij, 2001). The lack of trust in milk products leads to
changes in frequency and amount of consumption. Therefore this necessitates the need of a different
type of management of the marketing process. The range of elements that constitute potential demands
for adaptation should be taken into account (Jean-Claude & Lee, 2005). In countries where there are
rugged terrains for instance, four-wheeled vehicles are preferable to the two-wheeled ones.
Consequently in desert climates, cars with inadequate quality of air conditioning systems are almost
impossible to market.
Concerning the issue of product liability, the need for adaptation shows itself once again. Generally, in
cultures where there is high uncertainty avoidance, precautionary measures are not taken regarding the
misuse of products. However in countries where the uncertainty avoidance is relatively low,
precautionary measures are taken because there is a high risk that the manufacturer will be held
responsible for the product. For example in Jordan, a hairdryer won’t come with a warning such as
“Do not use while sleeping” because it is supposed that Jordanian people are not fools. Small
adaptations such as removing or adding a warning from the product can sometimes mean unforeseen
costs. Nestlé for instance, did not consider the level of literacy in the 3rd world countries when
marketing their products. As a result, addition of impure water and the failure to boil the water made
the problem dangerous for babies (Jean-Claude & Lee, 2005).
Adaptation of the Service Attributes
Service demands differ extensively from culture to culture. Hence, adaptation is at utmost importance
when exporting services to different countries. Environmental factors such as the degree of literacy
and technical expertise, locations and climate are some of the reasons why service demands vary.
Strength of relationships and the degree of appreciation of different types of services differ between
cultures. Birgelen et al (2002) found that cultural dimensions within a country affect the service
quality-customer satisfaction relationship. In Europe, it is appreciated when the service encounter is
over the phone or computer. Birgelen’s research also indicates that individualist countries and less
uncertainty avoidant countries do no tend to be bothered by the lack of personal contact and holds a
weaker service quality-customer satisfaction relationship. Similarly, Winsted (1999) listed some
service encounter dimensions to explain satisfaction for restaurants and medical institutions. While
control, courtesy, formality and promptness were used to explain satisfaction for restaurants;
authenticity, caring, friendliness and personalization were used to explain satisfaction for medical
institutions. She further surveyed Japanese and American students to find out the degree of importance
of personalisation. The results were consistent with Hofstede’s (1991) cultural value dimensions.
Personalisation was more important to the American students which are considered to be more
individualist and less important for the Japanese students which come from a more collectivist culture.
Another important aspect of service is the waiting times. However, the waiting times do not apply for
important customers which live in cultures where power distance is high. For example, in countries
like UK where the power distance is low, almost all customers are treated equally and wait evenly to
get the service. Consequently, in cultures where time is very important, it can be seen that
organisations push their resources to speed up the delivery of service process.
Collectivist countries like Arab countries for example, give constructive viva voce (word-of-mouth)
after a decent service encounter. Likewise when they are served poorly they will give a negative viva
voce. This highlights the importance of service within collectivist cultures and indicates that
organisations which are exporting service to these countries must analyse the culture before any export
decision is made to avoid negative viva voce. However, there are many situations where the quality of
the service cannot be identified. Kamamoto (1984) exemplifies this view by explaining that in the case
where stewards serve food on a plane, Japanese customers believe that they should be woken up in
time so that they do not miss the meal; however, for western customers this treatment is considered
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4. impolite. Kamamoto’s example strengthens the view that no service export should take place before
cultural analysis.
Adaptation of Symbolic Attributes
Hofstede (1991) defines symbols as words, gestures, pictures or objects that carry a particular meaning
which is only recognized by those who share the same culture. According to Levy (1959), “People buy
products not only for what they can do, but also for what they mean”. Creative sub-systems within
organisations develop cultural products but do not get involved with the distribution, manufacturing or
advertisement management of these products (Hirschman, 1986). The creation of a new product can be
considered as an important foundation. However, Robertson (1971) notes that making minor changes
to an existing product can be considered as a continuous innovation and gives the example of model
changes made in Mercedes Benz. While the prestige and the quality of the car remain unchanged, the
changes made to the car considering the cultural specifications of an area, trigger the buying behaviour
of consumers in that particular culture.
Moreover, the matter of how symbols can be perceived differently across cultures can be evaluated
further through analysing how people from different cultures interpret the concept of colour. For
instance, using the colour red for packaging in China might be a good idea, whereas the same cannot
be said about Turkey. In China “red” is associated with good fortune; however in Turkey it is
associated with death. As there is uncountable amount of symbols in cultures, the perception of the
objects will vary between cultures as well. If the organisation cannot manage to evaluate the symbolic
value and meaning of things critically, the marketing process will most probably end up with
disappointment. Williams and Longworth’s (1989) case study of Coral Sea tuna fishery can be given
as a good example to explain the importance of adapting symbolic attributes for marketers. In this
case, the efforts of the Australian government to develop exports to Japan resulted in disappointment
because of the ignorance of the fact that the colour of the fish that the government was trying to export
was not coherent with the Japanese culture.
Furthermore, Levy (1959) delved into the nature of the human behaviour and made clear that people
act in ways which they are consistent with the character they want to become. He stressed out the facts
that consumers spend not only money but energy when they are shopping. The usefulness of the object
marketed sometimes does not mean anything if the consumers pass by it without realising it is there.
Even though the customer needs something else, he may go for something which he does not really
need at all. This means that consumers prefer to put in their behavioural energies in an object which
has a symbolic character. In this sense it can be said that the marketer not only markets the product but
the symbolic character of it. If the marketer understands that he is not only selling the good but the
symbolic meaning as well; both the marketer and the consumer will be satisfied. Therefore, marketing
managers must also think about the symbolic significance of the goods; not only the casual needs of
consumers.
Conclusion
Marketing research may be hard to conduct when unknown territories are analysed. Also, it may be
contended that standardization is a key source of competitive advantage and that the consumer demand
is becoming homogenous due to the increasingly globalizing world. These views may be true to some
extent. However, globalization does not mean that the cultural heritages of our world are going to
change. This is because culture is not only the way people do things; it is what brings about human
subconsciousness. Therefore, when an organisation is entering a culturally different market with a
specific kind of product, the product must be adapted to the existing cultural environment. Shoham
(1996), has studied the relationship between standardization and performance and said: “Standardizing
product quality does not have significant effect on either static or growth measures of profit
performance.” Not most marketers have granted the importance of cultural dimensions when
marketing across cultures, even though many examples of failures have occurred throughout history
Page 4
5. due to this reason. Adaptation of the product may be costly for the organisation at first glance;
however, the values that organisations learn during this process benefits the organisations in the long
term and amortises the cost of the adaptation process.
Page 5
6. References and Bibliography
Albaum,G., Strandskov,J., Duerr,E., Dowd, L. (1994). International Marketing and Export
Management. 2nd. ed. Cambridge: Addions-Wesley Publishers Ltd.
Birgelen van, Marcel, Ko de Ruyter, Ad de Jong, Martin Wetzels (2002), “Customer evaluations of
after-sales service contact modes; an empirical analysis of national cultural consequences”,
International Journal of Research in Marketing, vol. 19, no.1, pp. 43-64
Hirschman, E. (1986), "The Creation of Product Symbolism", in Advances in Consumer Research
Volume 13, eds. Richard J. Lutz, Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 327-331.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations. London: McGraw-Hill
Jean-Claude, U., Lee, J. (2005). Marketing Across Cultures. 4th. ed. London: Pearson Education Ltd.
Keegan, W. and Green, M. (1999). Global Marketing – 2nd edition. United States: Pearson Education,
Inc.
Keegan, W. and Green, M. (2005). Global Marketing. 4th. ed. United States: Pearson Education, Inc.
Levitt, T. (1983) “The Globalization of Markets,” Harvard Business Review (May-June): 92-102
Levy, S., J.,(1959), "Symbols for Sale," Harvard Business Review, 37 (July-August), 117-124.
Mooij, M. (2001). University of Navarre [online]. Available from:
http://www.mariekedemooij.com/books/mdemooij_dis_summary.htm [Last Accessed: 2 April 2011].
Onkvisit & Shaw, S. & Shaw, J.J. (2004). International marketing – Analysis and strategy, 4th ed.
Philip Kotler (2003). Marketing Management. 11th. ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Tuncalp, S., (1990), “Export marketing strategy to Saudi Arabia: the case of British exporters”,
Quarterly Review of Marketing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 13-18
Robertson, T., S. (1971), Innovative Behavior and Communication, New York: Hold, Rinehart &
Winston, Inc.
Shoham, A. (1996), “Marketing-mix standardization: determinants of export performance”, Journal of
Global Marketing, vol.10, no. 2, pp. 53-73.
Winsted Frazer, Kathryn (1999), “Evaluating service encounters: a cross-cultural and cross-industry
exploration”, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 106-23.
Williams, Stephen C., John W. Longworth (1989), “Factors influencing tuna prices in Japan and
implications for the development of the coral sea tuna fishery”, European Journal of Marketing, vol.
23, no. 4, pp. 5-24
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