No matter what the religion is the impact of the religious beliefs cannot be neglected on consumer behavior. In Islamic countries or wherever Islamic population has a large market, the Muslim consumer is ultra-sensitive on their beliefs. With a global point of view “Halal food” looks like the main concern of Muslim consumers but there are several other rules that especially global companies should strictly follow in Muslim target markets. Islamic rules which can be applied in marketing vary from bribery to hoarding. Countries governing under Islamic Shari'ah apply these rules as law articles which mandate people to follow. In other countries with major Islamic populations like Turkey which adopts modern law systems do not directly follow Islamic rules in business and marketing. But in these countries also Islamic rules has an impact on consumer behavior. Ethical systems and religious lifestyle in these countries reveals Islamic sensitivities other than law. In this study it is examined the impact of Muslim consumers’ religious rules on hedonic consumption and the mediating role of religioussensibilities on this relationship. A qualitative approach has been followed in the research and focus group interview method has been conducted.
Luxury Fashion Market In Nıgerıa: The Impact Of Consumers’ Socio-Economic Sta...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on the impact of socio-economic status on luxury fashion brand purchasing decisions in Nigeria. The study surveyed 182 consumers in Lagos and Abuja, Nigeria. Factor analysis identified four key factors that influence purchasing: 1) consumers want brands that are rare and high status, 2) socio-economic attributes like income influence perceptions of luxury brands, 3) culture and emotions can drive purchase decisions, and 4) social perceptions of brands are important. The results support the hypotheses that socio-economic status influences consumer behavior, perceptions, purchasing decisions, and the social value placed on luxury fashion brands in Nigeria.
Shopping is not merely the acquisition of things, it is the buying of identityService_supportAssignment
This document discusses how shopping and consumption are related to the construction of identity. It presents several theories to explain this relationship, including conspicuous consumption which links public displays of wealth to social status, symbolic consumption where goods take on symbolic value, and personalized consumption which can reflect one's self-image. As an example, it analyzes attitudes towards luxury consumption and identifies categories of consumers like materialists and prestige-seekers who see luxury items as reflecting their identity and status. The document concludes that consumer experiences, ideologies, and product choices all contribute to shaping personal identity.
This document discusses cross-cultural consumer behavior and the globalization of consumption. It addresses several topics:
1) How culture influences consumer behavior through values, institutions, social conventions and customs. This affects loyalty, risk perception and decision making.
2) The convergence and divergence of global consumption patterns at both the macro level of industries and demographics, and the micro level of individual consumption.
3) The emergence of standardized global consumer products and culture through McDonaldization, but also the persistence of local habits and culture-bound products.
Young indian muslim consumers an escalating trend of potentialAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study examining the spending patterns and buying behaviors of young Indian Muslim consumers ages 10-15 and 16-20. Researchers surveyed 200 young consumers in each age group and 100 parents. They found that 75% of 10-15 year olds and 42% of 16-20 year olds received less than $2-4 weekly in pocket money. 40% of money was spent on food/beverages by both groups, while the 16-20 group also spent 54% on education and personal items. 80-90% of parents considered their children's opinions when making household purchases. The study provides insights into attitudes and purchase choices of young Indian Muslims.
This study presents a conceptual framework that examines the drivers that lead gay males to consume
luxury goods in order to enhance or build their identity. Thus, the framework relates the self-concept to the
consumption of luxury goods among gale males.
The document summarizes changes in the Indian consumer market from a pyramid structure to a sparkling diamond structure. It notes that the market is becoming more diverse and the middle class is growing significantly due to rising incomes and favorable demographics. It predicts that India will become the 5th largest consumer market by 2025. It also discusses trends of increasing technology usage, changing lifestyles, and a more sophisticated middle class.
Consumerism refers to the ideology that encourages the acquisition and consumption of goods and services. It originated in ancient times but became prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the rise of industrialization and mass production. Industries promote consumerism through advertising and marketing to convince people to continually buy new products. While it benefits industries and drives economic growth, consumerism has also been criticized for prioritizing constant consumption over other values like sustainability.
Luxury Fashion Market In Nıgerıa: The Impact Of Consumers’ Socio-Economic Sta...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on the impact of socio-economic status on luxury fashion brand purchasing decisions in Nigeria. The study surveyed 182 consumers in Lagos and Abuja, Nigeria. Factor analysis identified four key factors that influence purchasing: 1) consumers want brands that are rare and high status, 2) socio-economic attributes like income influence perceptions of luxury brands, 3) culture and emotions can drive purchase decisions, and 4) social perceptions of brands are important. The results support the hypotheses that socio-economic status influences consumer behavior, perceptions, purchasing decisions, and the social value placed on luxury fashion brands in Nigeria.
Shopping is not merely the acquisition of things, it is the buying of identityService_supportAssignment
This document discusses how shopping and consumption are related to the construction of identity. It presents several theories to explain this relationship, including conspicuous consumption which links public displays of wealth to social status, symbolic consumption where goods take on symbolic value, and personalized consumption which can reflect one's self-image. As an example, it analyzes attitudes towards luxury consumption and identifies categories of consumers like materialists and prestige-seekers who see luxury items as reflecting their identity and status. The document concludes that consumer experiences, ideologies, and product choices all contribute to shaping personal identity.
This document discusses cross-cultural consumer behavior and the globalization of consumption. It addresses several topics:
1) How culture influences consumer behavior through values, institutions, social conventions and customs. This affects loyalty, risk perception and decision making.
2) The convergence and divergence of global consumption patterns at both the macro level of industries and demographics, and the micro level of individual consumption.
3) The emergence of standardized global consumer products and culture through McDonaldization, but also the persistence of local habits and culture-bound products.
Young indian muslim consumers an escalating trend of potentialAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study examining the spending patterns and buying behaviors of young Indian Muslim consumers ages 10-15 and 16-20. Researchers surveyed 200 young consumers in each age group and 100 parents. They found that 75% of 10-15 year olds and 42% of 16-20 year olds received less than $2-4 weekly in pocket money. 40% of money was spent on food/beverages by both groups, while the 16-20 group also spent 54% on education and personal items. 80-90% of parents considered their children's opinions when making household purchases. The study provides insights into attitudes and purchase choices of young Indian Muslims.
This study presents a conceptual framework that examines the drivers that lead gay males to consume
luxury goods in order to enhance or build their identity. Thus, the framework relates the self-concept to the
consumption of luxury goods among gale males.
The document summarizes changes in the Indian consumer market from a pyramid structure to a sparkling diamond structure. It notes that the market is becoming more diverse and the middle class is growing significantly due to rising incomes and favorable demographics. It predicts that India will become the 5th largest consumer market by 2025. It also discusses trends of increasing technology usage, changing lifestyles, and a more sophisticated middle class.
Consumerism refers to the ideology that encourages the acquisition and consumption of goods and services. It originated in ancient times but became prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the rise of industrialization and mass production. Industries promote consumerism through advertising and marketing to convince people to continually buy new products. While it benefits industries and drives economic growth, consumerism has also been criticized for prioritizing constant consumption over other values like sustainability.
El documento describe el sistema digestivo humano, incluyendo las secciones del aparato digestivo como la boca, esófago, estómago e intestino delgado y grueso. Explica las funciones de cada sección como la ingestión, digestión, absorción y eliminación de alimentos. También describe los órganos accesorios como los dientes, glándulas salivales, páncreas, hígado y vesícula biliar, y sus funciones en la digestión.
AULA 6 AUDITORIA DE GESTIÓN LILIANA BUENO CAMBADavicho B
La auditoría de gestión es un examen sistemático de los sistemas de control y procesos de las diversas áreas de una empresa para evaluar el desempeño y niveles de gestión funcional, identificar hallazgos y eventos, y proporcionar recomendaciones de mejora. Permite medir el rendimiento de la empresa y sus recursos, y asegurar que existan medidas correctivas para elevar el desempeño a través de planes operativos y empresariales adecuados.
The document outlines 15 plays or steps for companies to leverage open and collaborative innovation. It recommends both innovating inside the company through invention if certain conditions are met, as well as innovating outside through collaboration if other conditions apply. It provides more details on each of the 15 plays, such as hiring an innovation team, participating in a founders lab, building processes and branding, connecting with external ecosystems, and continuously improving innovation efforts. Timelines and frameworks are also included to blended internal and external innovation approaches over short, medium, and long terms.
UNIMINUTO es una universidad católica que se inspira en los valores del Evangelio y la espiritualidad Eudista. Ofrece educación superior de alta calidad para formar profesionales competentes y contribuir al desarrollo del país de manera justa, reconciliada y en paz. El reglamento estudiantil contiene 21 capítulos y 139 artículos que establecen las normas a seguir. Según el manual, se pierde el curso si se falta al 15% de las clases sin justificación o al 20% con justificación. El proceso
Intrusion Detection System for Classification of Attacks with Cross Validationinventionjournals
Now days, due to rapidly uses of internet, the patterns of network attacks are increasing. There are various organizations and institutes are using internet and access or share the sensitive information in network. To protect information from unauthorized or intruders is one of the important issues. In this paper, we have used decision tree techniques like C4.5 and CART as classifier for classification of attacks. We have proposed an ensemble model that is combination of C4.5 and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) as robust classifier for classification of attacks. We have used NSL-KDD data set with binary and multiclass problem with 10-fold cross validation. The proposed ensemble model gives satisfactory accuracy as 99.67% and 99.53% in case of binary class and multiclass NSL-KDD data set respectively.
La pobreza está causada por factores económicos como los bajos salarios y la mala distribución de los ingresos, pero también por factores sociales como la falta de educación y servicios básicos. Esto resulta en problemas como la desnutrición y falta de oportunidades que obligan a las personas a migrar. Existen diferentes tipos de pobreza como la crónica, temporal, rural y urbana. Para medir la pobreza de forma más completa se debe considerar factores multidimensionales como la salud, nutrición y educación, no solo los ingres
O documento lista as especificações e itens de um veículo Golf, incluindo 7 airbags, ar condicionado, travas e vidros elétricos, direção elétrica, computador de bordo e sistema de entretenimento com tela touchscreen. O documento também detalha diferentes pacotes de opcionais como Comfort, Elegance e Exclusive, que adicionam itens como bancos de couro, rodas maiores e teto solar panorâmico.
CULTURA DE LA INVERSIÓN, AHORRO Y SOSTENIBILIDADLina Naranjo
Este documento discute temas financieros como la inversión, el ahorro y la sostenibilidad desde diferentes perspectivas. Explica que al obtener una deuda como un préstamo se reducen los ingresos para pagarla, pero que una inversión sabia del préstamo puede generar ganancias a largo plazo. También analiza por qué algunas personas malgastan dinero a pesar de tener ingresos altos, y las dificultades que enfrentan otras para que les alcance el sueldo debido al alto costo de vida. El documento con
la naturaleza es fuente de vida para todos los seres humanos porque sin ella todos nosotros estuviéramos muerto por eso debemos cuidarla y enseñar a ñas demás personas a que agan lo mismo y a que aprendan a no contaminar los ríos ni tampoco talar tantos árboles para tener un mundo mejor para que sea el ejemplo de otros lugares.
This document discusses Communitech, a not-for-profit organization founded in 1997 to help tech companies in Canada start and grow. It provides insights into how large, established companies can foster innovation through a portfolio approach that balances executing current business models, experimenting on new ideas, and disrupting existing models. It emphasizes that innovation succeeds through discipline, not just ideas, and stresses the importance of identifying different types of employees - those focused on execution, experimentation, and disruption - and engaging them in appropriate ways to rapidly translate ideas into action.
On the Contingency and Necessity of Social Career Choice from the Perspective...inventionjournals
This article discusses social career choice on the perspective of development of mathematical history. Although various causes contribute to the career choice, there exist its chance and inevitability. However, as long as you choose it, you should pay the effort to get a good result. This paper provides college students with good employment guidance.
In this paper, we have studied various properties of the F- sturcture manifold satisfying 2 0 p F F where p is odd prime. Metric F-structure, kernel, tangent and normal vectors have also been discussed.
Geo-Environmental Study of Kaliasaur Landslide in District Rudraprayag of Gar...inventionjournals
This paper deals with historical and massif landslide of Kaliasaur in district Rudraprayag of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. The study area lies between the two districts of Uttarakhand state i.e., Pauri and Rudraprayag, belongs to lesser Himalaya of Garhwal Region. Kaliasaur landslide is located along Srinagar-Badrinath Highway about 15 km upstream of Srinagar at left bank of Alaknanda River. This slide is very important because it is located on NH-58 which is the only connecting road to outer world and affects daily life of the people.The main focus of the paper is to understand the nature of landslide and its causes, and finally with the help of the intensive field observation, the authors suggested treatment and concrete solution of this geo-environmental problem of the study area.
Evaluation of LdhIsozymes Following the Treatment of Methyl Parathion in the ...inventionjournals
Lactate dehydrogenase converts lactate into pyruvate and has a very important role in carbohydrate metabolism. LDH activity depends on its isozymes and their activities change under pathological conditions. The increase in LDH activity suggests the increased anaerobic conditionsunder the influence of methylparathion to meet the energy demand when the aerobic oxidation is lowered. Following the treatment of methyl parathion there was a differential percentage in increase or decrease of different isozymes in the fish Labeo rohita. There were three distinct bands during the 96h of treatment almost parallel to LDH5 band of human serum suggesting liver damage. This was also confirmed by histopathological studies.
El vallenato es un género musical autóctono de la Costa Caribe colombiana que se interpreta tradicionalmente con acordeón, guacharaca y caja vallenato. Se originó en la antigua provincia de Padilla y su popularidad se ha extendido a todo Colombia y países vecinos. Los ritmos musicales del vallenato incluyen el paseo, el merengue, la puya, el son y la tambora.
El documento describe la evolución histórica del ordenador desde las primeras máquinas mecánicas de calcular en el siglo XVII hasta los ordenadores digitales modernos. Explica que los primeros ordenadores analógicos se construyeron a principios del siglo XX y que durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial se creó el Colossus, considerado el primer ordenador digital totalmente electrónico. Finalmente, detalla los principales componentes de hardware de un ordenador como la placa base, el microprocesador, la memoria y los puertos.
El documento compara los objetivos del deporte y la educación física. Mientras que el objetivo del deporte es crear un atleta capaz de vencer oponentes o romper récords, el objetivo de la educación física es que cada individuo logre conocer, apreciar y valorar su cuerpo y mente, alcanzando un equilibrio físico, mental, espiritual y social. Además, la misión de la educación física en la educación es ayudar a los estudiantes a conocer y comprender su cuerpo, definir sus capac
Ethical Consumerism: The Role Played by Consumer Identity and SelfAlgiva Daniele
This document provides an introduction and literature review on the topic of ethical consumerism and the role of consumer identity and self. It discusses several key themes: 1) Drivers of ethical consumerism including altruism, perceived consumer behavior, ecological values, and green identity; 2) Differences between collectivist societies like India where identity is tied to group, and individualist societies like the US where people prioritize individual preferences; 3) How consumers rationalize the "attitude-behavior gap" through neutralization techniques when their actions don't match pro-environment attitudes to protect their self-identity. The literature review analyzes this topic through the lenses of extended self theory and symbolic interactionism.
The document discusses Islamic ethics in consumerism. It begins with introductions and defines ethics. It notes that ethics deals with standards of what people should do. Islamic ethics are derived from revelation and must remain consistent with fundamental concepts. The document discusses issues like ensuring food is halal and avoiding waste. It emphasizes moderation in spending and using wealth for permitted purposes. Islamic consumer ethics encourage evaluating needs before wants and choosing quality products. Overall the document presents an Islamic approach to ethical consumerism that is based on revelation and encourages moderation.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
El documento describe el sistema digestivo humano, incluyendo las secciones del aparato digestivo como la boca, esófago, estómago e intestino delgado y grueso. Explica las funciones de cada sección como la ingestión, digestión, absorción y eliminación de alimentos. También describe los órganos accesorios como los dientes, glándulas salivales, páncreas, hígado y vesícula biliar, y sus funciones en la digestión.
AULA 6 AUDITORIA DE GESTIÓN LILIANA BUENO CAMBADavicho B
La auditoría de gestión es un examen sistemático de los sistemas de control y procesos de las diversas áreas de una empresa para evaluar el desempeño y niveles de gestión funcional, identificar hallazgos y eventos, y proporcionar recomendaciones de mejora. Permite medir el rendimiento de la empresa y sus recursos, y asegurar que existan medidas correctivas para elevar el desempeño a través de planes operativos y empresariales adecuados.
The document outlines 15 plays or steps for companies to leverage open and collaborative innovation. It recommends both innovating inside the company through invention if certain conditions are met, as well as innovating outside through collaboration if other conditions apply. It provides more details on each of the 15 plays, such as hiring an innovation team, participating in a founders lab, building processes and branding, connecting with external ecosystems, and continuously improving innovation efforts. Timelines and frameworks are also included to blended internal and external innovation approaches over short, medium, and long terms.
UNIMINUTO es una universidad católica que se inspira en los valores del Evangelio y la espiritualidad Eudista. Ofrece educación superior de alta calidad para formar profesionales competentes y contribuir al desarrollo del país de manera justa, reconciliada y en paz. El reglamento estudiantil contiene 21 capítulos y 139 artículos que establecen las normas a seguir. Según el manual, se pierde el curso si se falta al 15% de las clases sin justificación o al 20% con justificación. El proceso
Intrusion Detection System for Classification of Attacks with Cross Validationinventionjournals
Now days, due to rapidly uses of internet, the patterns of network attacks are increasing. There are various organizations and institutes are using internet and access or share the sensitive information in network. To protect information from unauthorized or intruders is one of the important issues. In this paper, we have used decision tree techniques like C4.5 and CART as classifier for classification of attacks. We have proposed an ensemble model that is combination of C4.5 and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) as robust classifier for classification of attacks. We have used NSL-KDD data set with binary and multiclass problem with 10-fold cross validation. The proposed ensemble model gives satisfactory accuracy as 99.67% and 99.53% in case of binary class and multiclass NSL-KDD data set respectively.
La pobreza está causada por factores económicos como los bajos salarios y la mala distribución de los ingresos, pero también por factores sociales como la falta de educación y servicios básicos. Esto resulta en problemas como la desnutrición y falta de oportunidades que obligan a las personas a migrar. Existen diferentes tipos de pobreza como la crónica, temporal, rural y urbana. Para medir la pobreza de forma más completa se debe considerar factores multidimensionales como la salud, nutrición y educación, no solo los ingres
O documento lista as especificações e itens de um veículo Golf, incluindo 7 airbags, ar condicionado, travas e vidros elétricos, direção elétrica, computador de bordo e sistema de entretenimento com tela touchscreen. O documento também detalha diferentes pacotes de opcionais como Comfort, Elegance e Exclusive, que adicionam itens como bancos de couro, rodas maiores e teto solar panorâmico.
CULTURA DE LA INVERSIÓN, AHORRO Y SOSTENIBILIDADLina Naranjo
Este documento discute temas financieros como la inversión, el ahorro y la sostenibilidad desde diferentes perspectivas. Explica que al obtener una deuda como un préstamo se reducen los ingresos para pagarla, pero que una inversión sabia del préstamo puede generar ganancias a largo plazo. También analiza por qué algunas personas malgastan dinero a pesar de tener ingresos altos, y las dificultades que enfrentan otras para que les alcance el sueldo debido al alto costo de vida. El documento con
la naturaleza es fuente de vida para todos los seres humanos porque sin ella todos nosotros estuviéramos muerto por eso debemos cuidarla y enseñar a ñas demás personas a que agan lo mismo y a que aprendan a no contaminar los ríos ni tampoco talar tantos árboles para tener un mundo mejor para que sea el ejemplo de otros lugares.
This document discusses Communitech, a not-for-profit organization founded in 1997 to help tech companies in Canada start and grow. It provides insights into how large, established companies can foster innovation through a portfolio approach that balances executing current business models, experimenting on new ideas, and disrupting existing models. It emphasizes that innovation succeeds through discipline, not just ideas, and stresses the importance of identifying different types of employees - those focused on execution, experimentation, and disruption - and engaging them in appropriate ways to rapidly translate ideas into action.
On the Contingency and Necessity of Social Career Choice from the Perspective...inventionjournals
This article discusses social career choice on the perspective of development of mathematical history. Although various causes contribute to the career choice, there exist its chance and inevitability. However, as long as you choose it, you should pay the effort to get a good result. This paper provides college students with good employment guidance.
In this paper, we have studied various properties of the F- sturcture manifold satisfying 2 0 p F F where p is odd prime. Metric F-structure, kernel, tangent and normal vectors have also been discussed.
Geo-Environmental Study of Kaliasaur Landslide in District Rudraprayag of Gar...inventionjournals
This paper deals with historical and massif landslide of Kaliasaur in district Rudraprayag of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. The study area lies between the two districts of Uttarakhand state i.e., Pauri and Rudraprayag, belongs to lesser Himalaya of Garhwal Region. Kaliasaur landslide is located along Srinagar-Badrinath Highway about 15 km upstream of Srinagar at left bank of Alaknanda River. This slide is very important because it is located on NH-58 which is the only connecting road to outer world and affects daily life of the people.The main focus of the paper is to understand the nature of landslide and its causes, and finally with the help of the intensive field observation, the authors suggested treatment and concrete solution of this geo-environmental problem of the study area.
Evaluation of LdhIsozymes Following the Treatment of Methyl Parathion in the ...inventionjournals
Lactate dehydrogenase converts lactate into pyruvate and has a very important role in carbohydrate metabolism. LDH activity depends on its isozymes and their activities change under pathological conditions. The increase in LDH activity suggests the increased anaerobic conditionsunder the influence of methylparathion to meet the energy demand when the aerobic oxidation is lowered. Following the treatment of methyl parathion there was a differential percentage in increase or decrease of different isozymes in the fish Labeo rohita. There were three distinct bands during the 96h of treatment almost parallel to LDH5 band of human serum suggesting liver damage. This was also confirmed by histopathological studies.
El vallenato es un género musical autóctono de la Costa Caribe colombiana que se interpreta tradicionalmente con acordeón, guacharaca y caja vallenato. Se originó en la antigua provincia de Padilla y su popularidad se ha extendido a todo Colombia y países vecinos. Los ritmos musicales del vallenato incluyen el paseo, el merengue, la puya, el son y la tambora.
El documento describe la evolución histórica del ordenador desde las primeras máquinas mecánicas de calcular en el siglo XVII hasta los ordenadores digitales modernos. Explica que los primeros ordenadores analógicos se construyeron a principios del siglo XX y que durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial se creó el Colossus, considerado el primer ordenador digital totalmente electrónico. Finalmente, detalla los principales componentes de hardware de un ordenador como la placa base, el microprocesador, la memoria y los puertos.
El documento compara los objetivos del deporte y la educación física. Mientras que el objetivo del deporte es crear un atleta capaz de vencer oponentes o romper récords, el objetivo de la educación física es que cada individuo logre conocer, apreciar y valorar su cuerpo y mente, alcanzando un equilibrio físico, mental, espiritual y social. Además, la misión de la educación física en la educación es ayudar a los estudiantes a conocer y comprender su cuerpo, definir sus capac
Ethical Consumerism: The Role Played by Consumer Identity and SelfAlgiva Daniele
This document provides an introduction and literature review on the topic of ethical consumerism and the role of consumer identity and self. It discusses several key themes: 1) Drivers of ethical consumerism including altruism, perceived consumer behavior, ecological values, and green identity; 2) Differences between collectivist societies like India where identity is tied to group, and individualist societies like the US where people prioritize individual preferences; 3) How consumers rationalize the "attitude-behavior gap" through neutralization techniques when their actions don't match pro-environment attitudes to protect their self-identity. The literature review analyzes this topic through the lenses of extended self theory and symbolic interactionism.
The document discusses Islamic ethics in consumerism. It begins with introductions and defines ethics. It notes that ethics deals with standards of what people should do. Islamic ethics are derived from revelation and must remain consistent with fundamental concepts. The document discusses issues like ensuring food is halal and avoiding waste. It emphasizes moderation in spending and using wealth for permitted purposes. Islamic consumer ethics encourage evaluating needs before wants and choosing quality products. Overall the document presents an Islamic approach to ethical consumerism that is based on revelation and encourages moderation.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Halal Food Consumption Intention by Turkish Immigrantsinventionjournals
Individuals, families or communities who leave their own country to settle in another country are called immigrants. The study of immigrants is rooted in many disciplines. Recently immigrants as consumers are started to be studied by the marketing researchers. Immigrants with different needs, wants and consumption patterns constitute big consumer groups in various parts of the world. Immigrant consumers when immigrated to another country may maintain their original consumption culture, adopt the home country’s consumption culture or express a hybrid consumption culture. This study is to explain the determinants of Muslim immigrants in consuming halal food. Theory of Planned Behavior is used as a theoretical framework component which are attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. A quantitative approach was used to collect data. This study contributes to an understanding of the halal food consuming behavior of immigrants.
Application of Islamic Consumer Theory: An Empirical Analysis in the Context ...Basharat Hossain
This paper presents the results of a survey on 184 graduate students in economics at Dhaka University, Bangladesh regarding the application of Islamic consumer theory. The majority of respondents consider the concepts of halal and haram in economic transactions and oppose interest-based systems. They also think religious concepts like zakat and awqaf should be included in economics curricula. The paper provides an overview of Islamic consumer theory assumptions and principles, which differ from conventional theories by including ethical and religious dimensions. It discusses debates around applying Islamic consumer theory and presents the survey findings as evidence it can be relevant in Bangladesh.
A STUDY ON ETHICS OF CONSUMERISM IN INDIAJoe Osborn
This document summarizes a study on the ethics of consumerism in India. It discusses the rise of ethical consumerism where consumers make purchasing decisions based on how ethically and sustainably a product is made. It outlines some of the factors that influence ethical consumers' decisions, including information from governments, campaign groups, and specialist publications. It also discusses challenges for ethical consumerism like lack of effective product labeling and availability of alternatives. The conclusion states that ethical consumers want guarantees about ethical attributes from suppliers and that both companies and individuals must balance consumerism and identity to ensure improved living conditions are pursued sustainably.
This document summarizes a study on ethics of consumerism in India. It discusses key factors that influence the purchasing decisions of ethical consumers, including governments, campaign groups, the private sector, and specialist publications. It also examines personal values, challenges of ethical consumerism, and concludes that suppliers must address quality challenges to promote ethically certified products and consumers must balance their roles and values.
This document summarizes a study on ethics of consumerism in India. It discusses key factors that influence the purchasing decisions of ethical consumers, including governments, campaign groups, the private sector, and specialist publications. It also examines personal values, challenges of ethical consumerism, and concludes that suppliers must address quality challenges to promote ethically certified products and consumers must balance their roles and values.
Article an integrative framework for cross cultural consumer behaviorgohar Iqbal
This document presents a framework for understanding cross-cultural consumer behavior. It discusses how culture, manifested in symbols, values, heroes and rituals, shapes consumer behavior. The framework integrates existing research and can help marketers better understand foreign consumers. It distinguishes between emic and etic definitions of culture - an emic view focuses on understanding from the culture's perspective, while an etic view compares cultures. The framework identifies areas needing further research to understand the relationships between cultural manifestations and dimensions of consumer behavior.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Impulsive Buying Behavior in Organized Ret...ijtsrd
This research examines the effect of different intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the impulsive buying behavior. Researcher presents the frameworks which demonstrate the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic factors and its impact on purchase decisions. The grocery shopper people from Mumbai region were surveyed for this purpose. The results indicate that the product characteristics are dominant over retail characteristics. The intrinsic factors like culture which consists of collectivism and individualism, self esteem and personality were having moderate effect on impulsive buying behavior. Materialistic people were having significant impact on impulsive buying behavior. The product characteristic like product mix design, price and discounts, hedonic nature of product and store atmosphere were having significant impact on impulsive buying behavior. The special display of the product was having less significance in impulse buying behavior. Different promotional activities and choosing the right product mix were crucial to increase the fruit fall through consumer buying behavior. Kuldeep D. Ghorapade "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Impulsive Buying Behavior in Organized Retail Context" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47788.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/retail-marketing/47788/intrinsic-and-extrinsic-factors-in-impulsive-buying-behavior-in-organized-retail-context/kuldeep-d-ghorapade
Global Environmental Change 12 (2002) 5–13Consumption, humMatthewTennant613
Global Environmental Change 12 (2002) 5–13
Consumption, human needs, and global environmental change
Richard Wilk*
Anthropology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
Abstract
Rapidly increasing levels of consumption ofmaterials, energy, and services are one of the fundamental drivers of global and local
environmental change. Yet consumption is still a poorly understood phenomenon and the social, cultural, economic, and
psychological variables that determine consumption have not been clearly identified. Effective policymaking and prediction is
impossible without knowing what determines and changes consumption levels. Diverse social-scientific models of consumption
are largely incommensurate, poorly articulated, and untested. Rather than argue for one fundamental cause, this author reviews a
number of alternative theoretical approaches, and then proposes a heterodox ‘‘multigenic’’ theory based on the work of
Pierre Bourdieu. Such a theory accepts multiple types of causes of consumption, operating at different analytical levels, from
the individual, through household, community, and ultimately to nations and other groups. Factors impelling and
restraining consumption can therefore be balanced or unbalanced by relatively minor changes in a large number of interrelated
variables. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Consumption; Consumer culture; Social change; Human needs
1. Introduction
Awide varietyof scholars andactivists have identified
modern mass consumer society as a fundamental driver
of both global economic growth and environmental
damage (Redclift, 1996; Stern et al., 1997). The spread
of high-level consumption practices across the planet
has the potential to dramatically increase human
impacts on both local and global resources, and
contribute to continuing climate change (Myers, 1997;
Wilk, 1998). Direct consumption of food, water,
construction materials, energy and other renewable
and nonrenewable resources is the easiest to track and
quantify. Indirect consumption also has major impact
on the environment; extraction, production, disposal
and transportation of goods are linked together in
complex ‘commodity chains’ that can make it very
difficult to assess the full environmental effects of even
common and everyday products like coffee and running
shoes (Ryan and Durning, 1997). Nevertheless, the
WorldWildlife Foundation estimates that the consump-
tion of resources and consequent pollution are currently
increasing by around 2 per cent per year (WWF, 1999).
On a global basis the demand for consumer goods is
not a simple consequence of income levels. Economic
historians now argue that consumer demand has
historically been highly variable, and is a fundamental
cause of economic growth, rather than a consequence of
it (Mukerji, 1983; Tiersten, 1993; Belk, 1995). It is also
apparent that populations at the same income levels can
have drastically different levels of environmental ...
Customer Decision Making Style, Based On Bugis –Makassar Culture in Indonesiainventionjournals
This document summarizes a research article about customer decision making styles based on the Bugis-Makassar culture in Indonesia. The article explores how cultural characteristics and desires of consumers in Makassar, influenced by the Bugis culture, impact their purchasing decisions. Previous research on consumer decision making has focused on demographic and economic factors or compared decision making across different countries and cultures. However, there is a lack of research specifically examining decision making based on the local Bugis-Makassar culture. The article aims to address this gap by exploring the customer decision making model and factors considered in the purchase process according to the Bugis-Makassar cultural background. Understanding local cultural influences can help marketers better predict customer
Consumerism aims to protect consumer interests from unfair business practices. It emerged alongside capitalism and the industrial revolution. Consumerism focuses on protecting consumers' rights to safety, information, choice, and redress. Consumer behavior is influenced by economic, social, psychological, and cultural factors. It involves how consumers select, purchase, use, and dispose of products and services. Understanding consumer profiles and segmentation helps businesses effectively market to different types of consumers.
This document summarizes consumer behavior and the factors that influence it. It discusses that consumer behavior is the study of how individuals select, buy, use, and dispose of goods and services. It is influenced by cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. The major theories of consumer behavior are economic, psychological, psychoanalytical, and sociocultural theories. The document also examines the consumer buying process and models used to understand it.
PATRICK DE PELSMACKER, LIESBETH DRIESEN,AND GLENN RAYP.docxherbertwilson5999
PATRICK DE PELSMACKER, LIESBETH DRIESEN,
AND GLENN RAYP
Do Consumers Care about Ethics? Willingness to
Pay for Fair-Trade Coffee
Consumers’ buying behavior is not consistent with their positive
attitude toward ethical products. In a survey of 808 Belgian respond-
ents, the actual willingness to pay for fair-trade coffee was measured.
It was found that the average price premium that the consumers were
willing to pay for a fair-trade label was 10%. Ten percent of the sample
was prepared to pay the current price premium of 27% in Belgium.
Fair-trade lovers (11%) were more idealistic, aged between 31 and
44 years and less ‘‘conventional.’’ Fair-trade likers (40%) were more
idealistic but sociodemographically not significantly different from
the average consumer.
The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent consumers
were willing to pay for the fair-trade attribute when buying coffee, and
how consumers differed in terms of their willingness to pay. First, we will
describe fair trade within the context of ethical consumer behavior. Sub-
sequently, the research questions used in our study will be examined.
Consumers can express their concern about the ethical behavior of com-
panies by means of ethical buying and consumer behavior. In general, the
ethical consumer feels responsible toward society and expresses these feel-
ings by means of his or her purchasing behavior. Doane (2001) defined
ethical consumption as the purchase of a product that concerns a certain
ethical issue (human rights, labor conditions, animal well-being, environ-
ment, etc.) and is chosen freely by an individual consumer. There are
several dimensions of ethical consumer behavior. Some forms of ethical
consumption benefit the natural environment (e.g., environmentally friendly
products, legally logged wood, animal well-being), while others benefit peo-
ple (e.g., products free from child labor, fair-trade products). Cutting across
this distinction, ethical consumption may benefit people or the environment
close to home (e.g., some types of green products or organic food), or
Patrick De Pelsmacker ([email protected]) is a marketing professor at the University of
Antwerp. Liesbeth Driesen was a researcher at the Ghent University. Glenn Rayp ([email protected])
is a professor in international economics at the Ghent University.
Financial support of the University Development Cooperation of the Flemish Interuniversity Council
is gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to thank the participants of the 33rd European Marketing
Academy (EMAC) conference for their useful comments and suggestions. All remaining errors are ours.
The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2005
ISSN 0022-0078
Copyright 2005 by the American Council on Consumer Interests
WINTER 2005 VOLUME 39, NUMBER 2 363
conversely in a faraway part of the world (e.g., fair-trade products or legally
logged wood). Consumers can translate their ethical concerns by means.
Consumer Behavior and Marketing ResearchNagendra Babu
The document discusses factors that influence consumer behavior. There are four main types of factors: cultural factors, social factors, personal factors, and psychological factors. Cultural factors include culture, subcultures, and social classes that shape a person's values and preferences. Social factors encompass reference groups like family, friends, and social roles/status that provide social influence. Personal factors relate to demographics like age and lifestyle as well as income that impact purchasing power. Psychological factors refer to personality, self-concept, and motivations that underlie consumer decision making. Understanding how these various factors intersect is important for marketers to effectively target and influence consumers.
THE YEARBOOK OF THE ,,GH.ZANE” INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH VOL.docxchristalgrieg
THE YEARBOOK OF THE ,,GH.ZANE” INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH VOL. 21, ISSUE 1, 17-24, 2012
An. Inst.Cerc.Ec.„Gh. Zane”, t. 21, i.I, Iaşi, 2012, p. 17-24
RADU IONEL URSANU1 The progress of ideas
MODELS FOR ASCERTAINING THE RELIGIOSITY’S EFFECTS ON THE CONSUMER’S BEHAVIOUR
Abstract.
The influence of the religion on the consumer behavior is a subject that is extensively studied. Religion is a significant cultural element which should certainly be investigated, because it represents one of the largest, universal and social institutions, with a powerful influence, which hall-marks in various ways the attitudes of individuals, their values and behaviours, on the personal, and the social, level as well. Our article is an overview of the models that contribute to measuring religiosity on consumer behavior. Based on these patterns we propose our own model.
Key-words: religion, consumer behavior, models of measuring religiosity on consumer behavior
1. Introduction
Cultural and sub-cultural constructs are becoming increasingly important for the comprehension of the consumer’s behaviour. The previous research, conducted in the cultural field with regard to the shaping up of the consumerist behaviour, has established that, generally, cultural values represent fundamental factors in determining the individual’s ways of conduct within the consumerist sphere of life (Schouten, J. W. and McAlexander, J. H. , 1995, p. 86; Shaw, D. S. and Clarke, I. , 1998). Researchers are agreeing that the culture’s construct is difficult to investigate because if its complex nature (McCort, D.J. and Malhotra, N.K., 1993, p. 75). Culture has been often defined as those values, norms, rituals, beliefs and symbols which are shared by the members of a group or a society. This includes behavioural patterns, acquired responses, basic presuppositions and assumptions, customs, traditional thinking, feeling and reaction habits (Shweder, 1991, p. 78). The very complex and abstract nature of this spiritual medium, makes it almost impossible for any empirical research to study the phenomenon of culture adequately, within the framework of a unified concept. This leads to the “unpacking” of culture in order to understand its dimensions and to grasp the influence it has on the behaviour of people, as well as its consequences (McCort, D. J. and Malhotra, N. K. , 1993, p. 89).
In spite of the rich scholarly literature interested in the various forms of culture and their effect on the consumer’s behaviour, there is limited research on the topic of the religion’s role and relationship, as a cultural element, with the consumer’s conduct. Most studies are focused on sub-cultural factors, such as ethnicity, nationality or values, which are deemed to be important predictors of the consumer’s behaviour.
Religion is a significant cultural element which should certainly be investigated, because it represents one of the largest, universal and social institutions, with a powerful i ...
The document discusses various aspects of cultural differences that affect international marketing. It provides examples of how cultures differ in their use of language, non-verbal communication, consumption patterns, and evaluation of products. Religions, social institutions, and manners/customs are identified as elements of culture that marketers must understand to effectively operate across borders.
This document discusses consumer behavior and the factors that influence it. It defines consumer behavior as how individuals make decisions to spend resources on consumer goods and services. Consumer behavior is influenced by internal factors like personal characteristics, psychology, and external factors like culture and society. The document outlines the consumer decision making process and categories it includes routine, limited, and extensive decision making. It explores how motivation, beliefs, attitudes, perception, and learning impact consumer psychology. Social factors like reference groups, family, and status also influence behavior as do cultural influences like culture, subcultures, and social class. Understanding consumer behavior is important for industries like textiles to focus on what consumers buy, where they shop, how they learn about products, and socio
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The Role of Religious Sensibilities on The Relationship Between Religious Rules And Hedonic Product Consumption Behavior In Turkey
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 4 ||April. 2016 || PP.12-20
www.ijhssi.org 12 | P a g e
The Role of Religious Sensibilities on The Relationship Between
Religious Rules And Hedonic Product Consumption Behavior In
Turkey
İlkay Karaduman1
1
(Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences/ Istanbul Aydin University, Turkey)
Abstract: No matter what the religion is the impact of the religious beliefs cannot be neglected on consumer
behavior. In Islamic countries or wherever Islamic population has a large market, the Muslim consumer is
ultra-sensitive on their beliefs. With a global point of view “Halal food” looks like the main concern of Muslim
consumers but there are several other rules that especially global companies should strictly follow in Muslim
target markets. Islamic rules which can be applied in marketing vary from bribery to hoarding. Countries
governing under Islamic Shari'ah apply these rules as law articles which mandate people to follow. In other
countries with major Islamic populations like Turkey which adopts modern law systems do not directly follow
Islamic rules in business and marketing. But in these countries also Islamic rules has an impact on consumer
behavior. Ethical systems and religious lifestyle in these countries reveals Islamic sensitivities other than law.
In this study it is examined the impact of Muslim consumers’ religious rules on hedonic consumption and the
mediating role of religioussensibilities on this relationship. A qualitative approach has been followed in the
research and focus group interview method has been conducted.
Keywords : Muslim consumer, hedonic consumption, consumer behavior
I. INTRODUCTION
In all religions, religious beliefs have some variety of impacts on consumer behavior. While in some religions
these effects are negligible, in countries which have higher Islamic populations, the Muslim consumer is usually
ultra-sensitive about their beliefs. Since “Halal food” looks like the main concern of Muslim consumers, there
are several other rules that global companies should strictly follow in Muslim target markets.
Islamic rules which can be applied in marketing vary from prohibition of bribery to avoiding waste
consumption. Countries governing under Islamic Shari'ah apply these rules as law articles which mandate
people to follow. In other countries with major Islamic populations like Turkey which adopts modern law
systems do not directly follow Islamic rules in business. But ethical system in these countries reveals Islamic
sensitivities other than law.
To satisfy their emotions and to fulfill their desires people consume some products and this kind of consumption
is called hedonic consumption. It differs from utilitarian consumption with its rationale. Since utilitarian
consumption occurs to satisfy the survival needs, hedonic consumption occurs only to satisfy feelings.
Sheffield (2006) provides a broad and interdisciplinary approach and redefines marketing with a theological
point of view. On the business, The Islamic perspective is gaining accelerated importance(Alserhan & Alserhan,
2012). Especially luxury consumption as a part of hedonic consumption behavior creates a rapidly developing
market in Muslim population. Extravagance and waste are strictly forbidden by Islamic rules and this hedonic
behavior can be accepted as “tabzir” with a simple explanation spending resources for the products that people
can live easily without.
In this study it is examined the impact of Muslim consumers’ sensibilities and Islamic rules on the consumption
of hedonic products in Turkey. In the first part of the study it is made an extensive literature review on the
subject, in the second part hypotheses has been generated according to conceptual framework, in the third part
findings of the study explained and in the last part limitations of the study and directions for future research
have been listed.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Hedonic consumption is a relatively new research field for psychologists and marketing researchers and it has a
research interest for more than 30 years. More than thirty years ago, the study of Hirschman and Holbrook
(1982) advocated greater attention to hedonic consumption and the myriad ways in which consumers seek
pleasure and enjoyment. (Alba & Williams, 2013)
In the literature today, it can be found many articles on hedonic behavior and hedonic consumption. Hirschman
& Holbrook (1982a)define hedonic consumption as a part of consumer behavior which is related the interaction
of multiple sensors and emotional sides of peoples’ experience with the products they consume.Hedonic
consumption refers consuming to feel a situational pleasure of consuming situation itself. Usually hedonic
2. The Role Of Religious Sensibilities On The Relationship Between Religious Rules And Hedonic
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consumption aspects are not directly related to the product itself. Consumer may seek those pleasure and
enjoyment (Alba & Williams, 2013)in the buying process. Hedonic consumptionfocuses on consumption’s
experiential side offers which is subjective and can be described with words “sensation seeking, emotional
arousal and fantasizing” (Lacher, 1989).
It is not clear how to decide if a product is hedonic or utilitarian or it is not easy to define a behavior as hedonic.
Most consumption behavior may have utilitarian and hedonic side together and researchers should focus on the
rationale of the behavior to tell the difference. It is always possible to see simple utilitarian goods as hedonic
ones. Dhar & Wertenbroch (2000)explains this situation with the example of buying detergent because of its
scent. Utilitarian products may also turn to hedonic objects over time: retro products, antiques etc. And different
consumers may attach different levels of hedonic meaning to the same product. But the products that cannot be
used for utilitarian purposes are directly hedonic products.
“Hedonic alternative tends to be rated more highly than a comparable utilitarian alternative when each is
presented singly, but the utilitarian alternative tends to be chosen over the hedonic alternative when the two are
presented jointly” (Okada, 2005).
This means that if consumer may find both utilitarian and hedonic product together, tend to choose utilitarian
one. This approach neglects the meaning of hedonic product and the reason why consumer choose hedonic one.
If utilitarian product can be chosen in lieu of hedonic product, it shows that consumer is making his/her decision
by comparing their utilities.
Researches who study on psychology and marketing have a huge interest in the experiences of consumers,
including their behaviors’ hedonic and utilitarian outcomes (Babin & Darden, 2004). Excessive buying behavior
of hedonist consumers creates hedonic adaptation. This adaptation can be defined as the decrease in the affective
intensity of good and bad situations (Frederick & Loewenstein, 1999). If consumer buys hedonic products
multiple times, buying situation will no longer give pleasure to them because of the adaptation.
Not only products but also positive and negative situations may end up with hedonic adaptation. (Lyubomirsky,
2012) Six studies examined by Nelson & Meyvis (2008)demonstrate that interrupting a consumption experience
may create more enjoyable experiences if the experience was enjoyable at first but if the experience is an
unpleasant one, interruption can make it irritating. Some studies on hedonic consumption and hedonic
adaptation can be seen in Table 1:
Table 1: Studies on Hedonic Consumption and Hedonic Adaptation
Hedonic
Consumption
(e.g. Alba & Williams, 2013; Babin & Darden, 2004; Bruwer & Alant, 2009; Caporale, Policastro, Tuorila, &
Monteleone, 2009; de Witt Huberts, Evers, & de Ridder, 2012; Dhar & Wertenbroch, 2000; Hirschman &
Holbrook, 1982; Jones, Reynolds, & Arnold, 2006; Kronrod, Grinstein, & Wathieu, 2012; Lacher, 1989; Lim
& Ang, 2008; Nelson & Meyvis, 2008; Okada, 2005; Tifferet & Herstein, 2012; Wakefield & Barnes, 1996;
Zhong & Mitchell, 2010)
Hedonic Adaptation (e.g. Armenta, Bao, Lyubomirsky, & Sheldon, 2014; Bagenstos & Schlanger, 2007; Bao & Lyubomirsky,
2013; Frederick & Loewenstein, 1999; Lyubomirsky, 2012; Nicolao, 2010; Perez-Truglia, 2012; Quoidbach
& Dunn, 2013; Riis et al., 2005; Sheldon & Lyubomirsky, 2012)
In retail shopping, main motivations to engage consumers have two dimensions: utilitarian and
hedonic(Childers, Carr, Peck, & Carson, 2001). Retail shopping creates a value for consumers and this value is
not restricted only with the value of the product bought but the shopping itself also creates a value. In their
studyJones et al. (2006) mentioned that most of the previous researches were not focused on the outcomes of
shopping value.
The Republic of Turkey, located between Europe and Asia has 99.8 % Muslim population.Not all Muslim
population lives under the rules of Islamic Law (Shariah). In secular countries like Turkey, Azerbaijan, the
majority of the population is Muslim.Even ifthecountry is not governing by Islamic Shari’ah rules but Islamic
rules and sensitivities have a huge impact on the consumption behavior of the population. Purchasing habits of
Turkish people has influenced both from Islamic traditions and modern world requirements. Turkey has near
400 shopping malls more than any European country and retail shopping is a part of society’s daily life.
Luxury product consumption has a great interest and Turkey has its own luxury brands and mainly in larger
cities stores of world’s most famous luxury brands. Luxury market in the country has good profit margins and
this situation creates a large target market for global luxury brands. Not only for luxury products, but also all
other hedonic products have a huge shopping interest in the retail environment.
Business between Muslim people and others have been shaped by Islamic business values. These values have
genuine effects on consumer behavior. In their study Alserhan & Alserhan (2012)classifies Islamic business
values and rules as follows:
Bribery (rashwa) has been prohibited.
Fraud and cheating in any kind of business have been prohibited.
3. The Role Of Religious Sensibilities On The Relationship Between Religious Rules And Hedonic
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Discrimination has been prohibited.
Greater social responsibility has been encouraged.
Gambling and lotteries prohibited.
Earnings from alcoholic drinks prohibited.
Hoarding, extravagance and wasting have been prohibited.
Khraim (2010)argues that religion has a significant role in consumer behavior. Religion has a huge impact in
our lives bot socially and culturally but its importance is disregarded in marketing theories (Yousaf, 2014). In
his study, Arham(2010) argues that most of the elements of modern marketing theory can be applied in Muslim
consumers. Also Islamic religious teachings can be applied in modern marketing theory but in Islamic
Marketing area advancement of knowledge requires reflexivity and self-critique (Jafari, 2012).
“Religious commitment affects individuals' attitudes towards consumption patterns, as well as their social
behavior. When making decisions about buying a new product, different factors influence the consumers. Most
of these factors have been investigated in many studies; however, religion, as key factor in consumers' lives, has
largely been neglected in this area”(Behboudi, Vazifehdoust, Najafi, & Najafi, 2014).
There are limited researches and publications on marketing in emerging markets and reaching especially Islamic
markets require efficient and effective specialized marketing strategies (Marinov, 2006).
In their study, Hashim & Hamzah (2014)argue that Islam should be accepted as a way of life and the marketing
code of conduct should be guided by the main references of Islamic rules: Quran and Hadith. But Islamic
marketing theory, models and approaches are rather limited and under development according to Islamic
worldview (tasawwur) and Islamic epistemology (Adnan, 2013). Religious aspects not only affect consumers’
behavior but also their reaction to advertising messages (Islam & Alam, 2013). For Muslim target markets, in
their marketing communication efforts marketers usually use Islamic symbols and cues (Yousaf, 2014)not only
in counties governing by Islamic Shari’ah rules but also in countries which have large Muslim populations.
El-Bassiouny (2015)’s study argues Islamic Shari'ah compliance in traditional marketing.Alom & Haque(2011)
refer Islamic world-view as an integration of religious, cultural and universal values which can help the welfare
of the world and create socioeconomic justice by visualizing a consumer oriented marketing environment. But
in the Islamic marketing area the lack of extensive research limits its effect to a certain extent (Saeed and
Karamat Baig, 2013)andin their studiesSandikci (2011); Soesilowati(2010) indicate that Muslim consumers
cannot be assumed as a “homogeneous and preexisting market segment”.In Alserhan and Alserhan (2012)’s
study it is alsoargued the issue of homogeneity of Muslim consumers as a market segment.For Muslim
population, buying behavior of the consumers affected by the religious beliefs and this affects the advertising
appeals that can be used in Muslim target markets (Behboudi et al, 2010). This study also indicates that Muslim
consumers can be accepted as a behavioral market segment.
In the literature there are many studies on Islamic business and Islamic Marketing. Some studies which have
high academic influence on Islamic Marketing and the specified research area of marketing of Islamic banking
products can be seen in Table 1:
Table 2: Islamic Marketing in Literature
Study Area Studies in Literature
Studies on Islamic Marketing (e.g. Abdullah & Ahmad, 2010; Adnan, 2013; Hussnain, 2011; Jafari, 2012;
Kadirov, 2014; Koku & Savas, 2014; Marinov, 2006; Wilson & Grant, 2013)
Studies on marketing Islamic Banking
Products
(e.g. Elbeck & Dedoussis, 2010; Hassan, Chachi, & Latiff, 2008; Kamarulzaman &
Madun, 2013; Loo, 2010; Naser & Moutinho, 1997; Tameme & Asutay, 2012)
In Islamic markets there are two main product categories: legitimate (halal) and illegitimate (haram) products.
Halal products are the products permitted to consume by Islamic rules and only products in this category can be
marketed for Muslim target markets. Haram products are the products strictly forbidden to consume by Muslim
consumers. In countries governing by Islamic Shari’ah rules like Saudi Arabia it is forbidden to market these
products but in Turkey where secularism apply, it is possible to market haram products like alcoholic drinks.
Other Islamic product types can be seen in Table 2 below:
Table 3: Islamic Product Categories
Islamic Products
Halal Products Haram Products Mushtabeh Products
Wajib Mandoob Makrooh
Products mandatory to
consume
Preferable products Products discouraged to
consume
Products forbidden to
consume
Products Muslims
should refrain
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In his study Abdul Cader(2015) also mentions that the Quran, Prophet Mohammed’s sayings and behaviors, his
companion’s examples and Islamic scholars’ interpretations are the essential sources of Islamic marketing and
this sources arrange relationships between consumers and sellers. In their research, Anwar(2011) argued the
issues that cannot be accepted in Islamic marketing system with an Islamic point of view as “over-zealous
marketing to over-dressing the product”.
“Islamic economists meanwhile refer to Islamic sources such as Quran, Sunnah, Ijma’, Qiyas (normative) and
refer to conventional theories that are not contradicting with Shari’ah in clarifying their economic issues”
(Ramli & Mirza, 2007).
Classifying products or other things as un-Islamic is not a rule of the religion it is a human behavior. This
human behavior can be named as “Islamic or religious sensibilities”. Religiosity triggers religious sensibilities.
In their studyAlam et.al. (2001) verify that religiosity plays a mediator role in the relationship of“Muslim
consumers’ behavior” and “relative and contextual variables”.In Turkey, where most of them population is
Muslim, consumers have sensibilities on some issues they accept un-Islamic. These issues conclude sensibilities
on suspicious food (if they do not know the food contains pork or alcohol), productions of the countries they
accept as enemies of Islam.
“The Muslim consumer is ultra-sensitive and the Muslim masses are easily swayed against anything that can be
classified as un-Islamic be it a country, a company, a product, a process and so on” (Alserhan & Alserhan,
2012).
Controversial, sensitive and vulgar issues in marketingand their reflections on advertisements and other
marketing communications create sensibilities on Muslim consumers.In Islamic society many products can be
accepted vulgar even if they actually are health products (hygienic pads, contraception products, condoms etc.)
or basic clothing (pants, bras, stockings, boxers etc.)
III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESES
Conceptual model that show the mediator role of religious sensibilities on the relationship between
religious rules and hedonic consumption can be seen on Fig.1 below:
Figure 1: Conceptual Model of the Research
In the conceptual model, Religious Rules can be accepted as an independent variable and Hedonic Consumption
as a dependent variable. The variable Religious Sensibilities affected by religious rules and affects hedonic
consumption and can be accepted as a mediator variable. According to the conceptual model of the research
directional hypotheses has been generated and explained below:
In Khraim (2010)’s study it is argued that religion has a significant role in consumer behavior. Literature review
on the relationship between religious rules and consumer behavior show a relationship between two variables
and since hedonic consumption is a specific type of consumer behavior hypothetically there is a relationship
between two variables. Especially for Muslim consumer religious rules creates a dominating effect on their
product choices and acts as a consumer.
H1: There is a negative effect ofindependent variable (ReligiousRules) on dependent variable (Hedonic
Consumption.)
The study of Rice and Al-Mossawi (2002) shows that advertisements can trigger of Muslim
consumers’sensibilities on advertisements. Alserhan (2006)’s study shows that Muslim people are over-sensitive
on consuming products. Many other studies argue the sensibilities of Muslim people as consumers.
H2: There is a negative effect of mediator variable (Religious Sensibilities) on dependent variable (Hedonic
Consumption).
Islamic rules create sensibilities on people. Alam et.al. (2001)’s study shows that religiosity affects sensibilities
of Islamic Society.
Religious Rules
Religious
Sensibilities
Hedonic
Consumption
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H3: There is a positive effect of religious rules on Islamic sensibilities.
This study is trying to find an answer to the question on the mediating impact of the mediator variable on the
negative relationship between independent and dependent variable.
H4: Mediator variable (Religious Sensibilities) plays a mediating role in the negative relationship between
religious rules and hedonic consumption.
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS
To reach a consensus on the subject a focus group study has been conducted. In their study Grudens-Schuck,
Allen, & Larson (2004) explained the fundamentals of focus group study. As also Krueger(1997) mentioned 6-8
participants is preferable for an efficient focus group study. In this study 7 participants attended to eachfocus
groupand five group constructed. Each group named from G1 to G5. Participants have been chosen between
candidates from Muslim population. Demographic distribution of participants can be seen in Table 4:
Table 4: Demographic Distribution of Participants
Age
0-18 0
Education
High School
or less
0
Religion
Muslim 30
IncomeLevel
Less than 1000 $ 14
18-25 14 University
Student
12 Not
specified
5 1000-1500 6
25-35 12 Bachelors 10 Other - 1500-2500 10
35-45 9 Masters 10 2500-3500 3
45+ 0 PhD 3 3500+ 2
The usage of focus groups in social sciences has a great interest between researchers. To verify the method
many studies have been conducted. The history and nature of the focus group study have been explained
(Liamputtong, 2010), group dynamics in focus groups have been argued (Farnsworth & Boon, 2010),
conducting focus groups explained (Stewart & Furse, 1985) and reporting focus group data studied (Krueger,
1997; Sim, 1998). Other studies about the usage areBreen (2006); Duggleby (2005); Kidd & Parshall (2000);
Morgan (2002); Onwuegbuzie, Dickinson, Leech, & Zoran (2009).
As a qualitative research method focus group interviewing is very appropriate for researching motivations,
decisions and priorities of the participants (Berg and Lune, 2014). This study also investigates priorities of the
consumers between rules and sensibilities.
In the focus group study researcher leaded each group and in the first step to find an answer to H1 Islamic rules
must be followed in marketing has been argued with the participants. In this step open-ended word association
questions have been asked and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) pictures have been given to participants.
Thematic apperception test is a type of open ended question research and rely on the storytelling of the attendees
about the pictures given on the study (Freed & Eccker, 1946). Summary of the results can be seen in the Table 5
below:
Table 5: Focus Group Interview Summary for H1
Session Number of
Participants
Inspected Inquiries and
Ispection Method
Summary of the Results
G1-5/1 7x5 Word Association Test on
Religious Rules and Hedonic
Consumption
It is observed that especially words bribery, discrimination, cheating,
gambling perceived as sinful and cannot be used in marketing.
- Bribery cannot be used in any marketing efforts of companies but
promotions cannot be accepted as bribery.
- Any kind of discrimination cannot be used in marketing efforts of
companies including advertisements.
- What can be accepted as gambling was a discussion issue.
- In Islam consuming alcoholic drinks is a sin but marketing alcoholic
drinks without marketing communications give consumers free will to
buy it and can be acceptable.
- Words associated with hedonic consumption also accepted as not right
for the religion but created a slighter negative effect on participants.
Hoarding, extravagance and waste can be accepted as a part of hedonic
consumption.
- Hedonic consumption can be controlled by consumers and as a result
products associated with hedonic consumption can be marketed.
-Marketing communications of hedonic products should not encourage
consumers to hoard, unnecessary spending and wasting.
Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT) with photos associated
hedonic consumption
Pictures of jewelry, luxury watches, luxury cars and expensive cosmetics
given to participants and they created short stories as Muslim consumers.
- Better income levels encourage hedonic consumption.
- Negative psychological moods can encourage hedonic consumption.
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- Hedonic consumption can result discrimination.
-Advertising can encourage consumers to consume hedonically.
At the end of the first session, participants agreed that religious rules have a negative effect on hedonic
consumption. H1 of the study accepted. In the second session of the study H2 is tested and the summary of the
results can be seen in Table 6 below:
Table 6: Focus Group Interview Summary for H2
Session Number of
Participants
Inspected Inquiries and
Ispection Method
Summary of the Results
G1-5/2 7x5 Word Association test of
religious sensibilities
It is observed that anything against religious sensibilities even if they
cause any sin or not should not be marketed.
- Anything against the religion itself, or its holy book and its prophet is
the main cause for sensibilities.
- Other causes of religious sensibilities are based on the things against
religious way of life.
- Products that cause the main reasons of religious sensibilities should not
be promoted and marketed.
- Some hedonic products can trigger of religious sensibilities.
- Marketing communications that trigger off religious sensibilities can
create sensibilities against the hedonic product marketed.
Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT) with photos associated
hedonic consumption
In this part of the study printed advertisements which may trigger of
religious sensibilities have shown to participants.
- No matter what is marketed marketing communications should not
trigger of religious sensibilities.
-Hedonic products with marketing communication messages against
religious sensibilities create a negative impact on the product.
At the end of the second session, participants agreed that religious sensibilities have a negative effect on hedonic
consumption. H2 of the study accepted. In the third session of the study H3 is tested. In this part of the study
word associations and pictures have not been used by the moderator of the group. Summary of the results can be
seen in Table 7 below:
Table 7: Focus Group Interview Summary for H3
Session Number of
Participants
Inspected Inquiries and
Ispection Method
Summary of the Results
G1-5/3 7x5 Discussion of religious
rules on religious
sensibilities
Moderator of the session leaded participants to share their opinions about
the subject one by one. At the end of this process a discussion period have
been moderated.
- Religious rules are not the main reason of religious sensibilities but they
have an effect that cannot be neglected.
- Even if religious rules are not against all religious sensibilities, products
prohibited by religion may cause religious sensibilities.
At the end of the third session, participants agreed that religious rules have a positive effect on religious
sensibilities. H3 of the study accepted. In the fourth session of the study H4 is tested and the summary of the
results can be seen in Table 8 below:
Table 8: Focus Group Interview Summary for H4
Session Number of
Participants
Inspected Inquiries and
Ispection Method
Summary of the Results
G1-5/4 7x5 Discussion of the mediating
effect of religious
sensibilities in the
relationship of religious rules
and hedonic consumption
Moderator of the session leaded participants to share their opinions
about the subject one by one. At the end of this process a discussion
period have been moderated.
-As there was a consensus of opinion in the first and second sessions,
religious rules and sensibilities have a negative impact on hedonic
consumption.
- Subjects causing religious sensibilities may have an increasing effect
on the relationship between religious rules and religious sensibilities.
- Hedonic consumption is prohibited by religion and if these products
are against religious sensibilities this situation may increase the effect of
religious rules on religious sensibilities.
At the end of the fourth session, participants agreed that religious sensibilities have a positive effect on the
negative relationship between religious rules and hedonic consumption. H4 of the study accepted.
At the end of the four sessions of focus group interview the study reached a consensus on all four hypotheses of
the study. This shows that both religious rules and religious sensibilities have a negative effect on hedonic
consumption and religious sensibilities may augment the negative effect of religious rules on hedonic
consumption.
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The Religion Islam prohibits some behavior which can be accepted as hedonic. The results of the focus group
interview suggest that anything against the religious sensibilities of the target market may harm the relationship
between the consumer and the company.
V. CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY AND DIRECTIONS FOR
FURTHER RESEARCH
In this research it is examined the role of religious sensibilities on the relationship of religious rules with
hedonic product consumption of Turkish consumers. Even if The Republic of Turkey is a secular country, 99.8
% of its population is Muslim. This presents a huge Muslim market that has religious sensibilities. In Turkey’s
secular law system, people can consume any product and there are no legitimate restrictions on products against
Islamic rules. At the same time people have freewill as consumers to choose not to spend prohibited products by
Islam. Since hedonic consumption can be accepted as a sin by Muslim population, religious rules affects their
consumption negatively. Religious rules are not the main source of sensibilities but they affect sensibilities
positively.
At the same time religious sensibilities also affect negatively the consumption of hedonic products. But this is
not the only one effect of religious sensibilities. They play a mediating role on the relationship between rules
and consumption.
In this research, a focus group interview study has been conducted with a qualitative research approach. To have
justified and reliable study results five group has been constructed with seven participants for each of them.
Using a qualitative method may be seen as a limitation of the study butconducting focus group interview with
word associations and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a new approach for this type of qualitative
research.
To examine the perceptions of the consumers a survey could be conducted with a larger consumer group and the
results could be examined with structural equation modelling but in this subjects asking questions could affect
the religious sensibilities of the participants negatively.
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