The document discusses the history and development of the modern novel. It begins by defining the novel and its distinguishing length from other forms. It then outlines some antecedents and traces the origins of the modern novel to 18th century Britain. Major developments included the romantic novel of the early 19th century and the realism of Victorian novels. Characteristics of the modern novel include subjectivity, psychological exploration, stream of consciousness techniques, and a reflection of 20th century disillusionment. Some key modern novelists mentioned are Thomas Hardy, D.H. Lawrence, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf.
Wordsworth's preface discusses his views on poetry, including that poetry is the breath and spirit of all science that propagates moral thoughts. Poetry that revolts against moral ideas is revolting against life itself. The language of poetry should be simple and from common people, not elaborate. Wordsworth saw the poet as having a greater knowledge of human nature and sensibility to passionately enter into other lives and translate feelings into words for common people, not just the elite. He defined poetic creation as arising from spontaneous powerful feelings that are then recollected with tranquility.
Concept of war and patriarchy in Ice Candy ManMaria Aleem
This document provides an analysis of Bapsi Sidhwa's novel "Ice Candy Man" through a feminist lens. It discusses key themes of the novel such as patriarchy, the oppression of women in patriarchal societies, and the impact of war and political violence. Specifically, it analyzes the characterization of the female protagonists Lenny and her Ayah Shanta, and how they represent challenges to patriarchal norms. It also examines how the novel depicts the violence and human costs of the partition of India through the experiences of the ethnic minority Parsi community in Lahore. Overall, the document argues that Sidhwa uses "Ice Candy Man" to portray women's issues and provide a "gyn
Jean Rhys' 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea is a prequel to Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, told from the perspective of Antoinette Cosway, the first Mrs. Rochester. The novel explores Antoinette's troubled childhood in Jamaica, her unhappy marriage to an English man who renames her Bertha, and her eventual descent into madness. Wide Sargasso Sea examines themes of postcolonialism, feminism, racial inequality, and the oppressive patriarchal society that contributes to Antoinette's mental breakdown. Through the use of stream of consciousness narration, Rhys presents shifting perspectives that reveal the traumatic experiences and declining mental states of the novel's characters.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Raja Rao's novel "Kanthapura". It discusses the author Raja Rao, the protagonist Moorthy, major women characters, and themes of struggle for freedom and Gandhian influence. It also analyzes the novel's social, religious, and political backgrounds as well as its style, which blends English and Indian elements. In conclusion, the document states that Raja Rao effectively portrayed the total Indian background and created a sense of unified Indian identity through the novel.
The document summarizes the themes of the novel Kanthapura by Raja Rao. The main themes are the struggle for Indian independence and the impact of Mahatma Gandhi's principles of nonviolence and equality. The novel depicts the influence of the Gandhian movement on a small village called Kanthapura in Mysore state, with the central character Murthy representing Gandhi by following his teachings.
biography of s.t coleridge
introduction to biographia literaria
synopsis of chap 14
critical analysis
literary devices
objections and defence
fancy and imagination
primary and secondary imagination
Matthew Arnold was a 19th century English poet and critic. In his famous work "The Study of Poetry", Arnold argues that poetry has a higher purpose to interpret life, provide consolation, and sustain humanity as science and philosophy prove unstable. He believes poetry will increasingly be turned to for its spiritual and intellectual benefits. Arnold advocates for a high standard and strict judgment of poetry, assessing it based on the seriousness of its subject matter and excellence of style. He promotes looking to classical poets like Homer and Milton as the best models of poetry's "grand style".
The document discusses the history and development of the modern novel. It begins by defining the novel and its distinguishing length from other forms. It then outlines some antecedents and traces the origins of the modern novel to 18th century Britain. Major developments included the romantic novel of the early 19th century and the realism of Victorian novels. Characteristics of the modern novel include subjectivity, psychological exploration, stream of consciousness techniques, and a reflection of 20th century disillusionment. Some key modern novelists mentioned are Thomas Hardy, D.H. Lawrence, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf.
Wordsworth's preface discusses his views on poetry, including that poetry is the breath and spirit of all science that propagates moral thoughts. Poetry that revolts against moral ideas is revolting against life itself. The language of poetry should be simple and from common people, not elaborate. Wordsworth saw the poet as having a greater knowledge of human nature and sensibility to passionately enter into other lives and translate feelings into words for common people, not just the elite. He defined poetic creation as arising from spontaneous powerful feelings that are then recollected with tranquility.
Concept of war and patriarchy in Ice Candy ManMaria Aleem
This document provides an analysis of Bapsi Sidhwa's novel "Ice Candy Man" through a feminist lens. It discusses key themes of the novel such as patriarchy, the oppression of women in patriarchal societies, and the impact of war and political violence. Specifically, it analyzes the characterization of the female protagonists Lenny and her Ayah Shanta, and how they represent challenges to patriarchal norms. It also examines how the novel depicts the violence and human costs of the partition of India through the experiences of the ethnic minority Parsi community in Lahore. Overall, the document argues that Sidhwa uses "Ice Candy Man" to portray women's issues and provide a "gyn
Jean Rhys' 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea is a prequel to Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, told from the perspective of Antoinette Cosway, the first Mrs. Rochester. The novel explores Antoinette's troubled childhood in Jamaica, her unhappy marriage to an English man who renames her Bertha, and her eventual descent into madness. Wide Sargasso Sea examines themes of postcolonialism, feminism, racial inequality, and the oppressive patriarchal society that contributes to Antoinette's mental breakdown. Through the use of stream of consciousness narration, Rhys presents shifting perspectives that reveal the traumatic experiences and declining mental states of the novel's characters.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Raja Rao's novel "Kanthapura". It discusses the author Raja Rao, the protagonist Moorthy, major women characters, and themes of struggle for freedom and Gandhian influence. It also analyzes the novel's social, religious, and political backgrounds as well as its style, which blends English and Indian elements. In conclusion, the document states that Raja Rao effectively portrayed the total Indian background and created a sense of unified Indian identity through the novel.
The document summarizes the themes of the novel Kanthapura by Raja Rao. The main themes are the struggle for Indian independence and the impact of Mahatma Gandhi's principles of nonviolence and equality. The novel depicts the influence of the Gandhian movement on a small village called Kanthapura in Mysore state, with the central character Murthy representing Gandhi by following his teachings.
biography of s.t coleridge
introduction to biographia literaria
synopsis of chap 14
critical analysis
literary devices
objections and defence
fancy and imagination
primary and secondary imagination
Matthew Arnold was a 19th century English poet and critic. In his famous work "The Study of Poetry", Arnold argues that poetry has a higher purpose to interpret life, provide consolation, and sustain humanity as science and philosophy prove unstable. He believes poetry will increasingly be turned to for its spiritual and intellectual benefits. Arnold advocates for a high standard and strict judgment of poetry, assessing it based on the seriousness of its subject matter and excellence of style. He promotes looking to classical poets like Homer and Milton as the best models of poetry's "grand style".
This is the summary of Church Going. This is one of the poem of Philip Larkin. Philip Larkin is one of the most prominent poet of English Literature and Language.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, his life and works
Prepared by Ahmad Hussain, Department of English,
Abdul Wali khan University Mardan.
Email: mr.literature123@gmail.com
Facebook page link for Literary students: www.facebook.com/englitpearls
The document discusses novelists of the Victorian era in England. It describes how novels shifted from focusing on action to character development. Novelists used their works to shed light on social problems caused by industrialization, such as child labor. The first generation of Victorian novelists, including Dickens, Thackeray, and Gaskell, addressed contemporary issues through satire, morality tales, and realistic depictions of society. Women writers like the Bronte sisters also produced notable works during this time period examining issues like class and gender. The second generation of novelists, such as Eliot, Hardy, and Meredith, took a more literary approach with greater psychological depth and focus on how Darwinian ideas were transforming views of humanity.
I.A. Richards discusses the two uses of language: the scientific use and the emotive use. The scientific use aims for precise and consistent communication of facts, while the emotive use conveys or evokes emotions in the reader. Richards argues that in the scientific use, references and logical relations are important, while in the emotive use truth and logic are less important than emotional connections between attitudes and references.
The document provides an in-depth summary and analysis of the novel "Twilight in Delhi" by Ahmed Ali. It discusses the major themes of the novel such as modernity vs conservatism, sexual repression, colonization and imperialism, culture and family systems, and the decline of Muslim civilization. It analyzes how the novel depicts the clash between traditional and modern values in Delhi and the impact of British colonial rule. It also examines the symbolism and imagery used in the novel to represent these themes and the deterioration of Mughal culture and society.
T.S. Eliot was one of the most influential literary critics of the 20th century. As a critic, he argued for the importance of tradition and history in poetry. He defended the metaphysical poets like Donne for their inventive use of conceits. Eliot also believed that poets after the 17th century experienced a "dissociation of sensibility" where they could no longer fuse thought and emotion. As a poet himself, Eliot's works helped change modern literature with poems like The Waste Land.
Matthew Arnold defined the role and qualities of an ideal critic in his essay "The Function of Criticism at the Present Time". According to Arnold, a critic should disseminate the best ideas from literature in a disinterested manner without interference from their own beliefs. A critic must have extensive knowledge of classical and contemporary literature. Their role is to spread noble ideas and establish a flow of fresh thought to benefit society and prepare the ground for future creative works. Arnold's conception of the critic was one of objectivity, broad learning, and an educator of the public.
1) The document is a paper on feminism in Virginia Woolf's novel "To The Lighthouse". It discusses Woolf and modernism as well as feminist issues in the novel.
2) It analyzes the characters of Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe, portraying them as examples of different stages of feminism. Mrs. Ramsay represents Victorian ideals of femininity while Lily strives for independence as a female artist.
3) Through analyzing these characters and using stream of consciousness techniques, Woolf was able to challenge patriarchal norms and conventions of her time by dramatizing the experiences of women and pushing for their independence.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was a prominent English Romantic poet born in 1772 in Devonshire. Some of his most famous poems include "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," published in 1798 in collaboration with William Wordsworth, and "Kubla Khan," published later that year. Coleridge was known for his intense imaginative power and mastery of language, as evidenced by passages from his poems describing supernatural scenes at sea and the stately pleasure-dome built by Kubla Khan. The document provides an overview of Coleridge's background and career as a poet of the Lake School as well as summaries and excerpts of several of his major works.
The document provides a literary analysis of Bapsi Sidhwa's novel Ice-Candy-Man from a feminist perspective. It discusses how the novel depicts the struggles faced by women in a patriarchal society during the partition of India in 1947 through various female characters. It analyzes how the female characters are marginalized and victimized by men through acts of violence, rape, and lack of autonomy. The analysis argues that Sidhwa uses the novel to advocate for women's rights and equality and a world free of gender-based domination and hierarchy.
The document provides an in-depth analysis of Bapsi Sidhwa's novel Ice-Candy-Man and its portrayal of the partition of India. The summary is:
1) Ice-Candy-Man uses the perspective of a young girl to depict the rising tensions and violence between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs during the partition.
2) The novel illustrates the breakdown of communal relations and social mores as religious extremism took hold.
3) Sidhwa provides historical context and accurately captures the trauma experienced by all communities during this violent period of history.
This document discusses Northrop Frye's views on myth, fiction, and displacement in literature. It notes that myths form an integral part of literature and that many literary works are directly derived from myths. Mythology provides structural principles for literature, such as the rising and falling movements that reappear as principles of comedy and tragedy. Literature is flexible and can merge with mythology. While content in literature is affected by fidelity to experience, its shape comes from traditions and myths. Readers of myths and fiction can understand the true message of the story.
Colridge's view on "IMAGINATION" and role of imagination in Literature.Pooja Bhaliya
Coleridge viewed imagination as key to poetry and divided it into two components: primary and secondary imagination. Primary imagination is the living power of human perception that enables understanding of unity in objects. Secondary imagination is the conscious, creative power possessed by poets to select and reorder raw materials into works of beauty. Fancy differs from imagination as it merely recombines fixed concepts through imitation, while imagination creates through symbolic representation in a chemical-like process.
- Alice Walker was born in 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia and was the youngest of eight siblings. She was blinded in one eye after being shot with a BB gun during a childhood accident.
- She attended Spelman College and later transferred to Sarah Lawrence College, where she was actively involved in civil rights movements.
- Walker published several acclaimed novels including The Color Purple, for which she won the Pulitzer Prize in 1983. She wrote numerous volumes of poetry and short stories as well.
- Walker's work often depicts the experiences of African American women and themes of sexism, poverty, and racism, but also celebrates strengths like self-worth, spirituality, and family.
The document discusses the concepts of patriarchy, colonialism, feminism, and postcolonial feminism. It examines how women experience oppression under both patriarchal systems and colonial rule, referred to as "double colonization." Several key points are made: postcolonial feminism emerged in response to Western feminism focusing solely on Western women's experiences; indigenous gender roles were often more equitable than those brought by colonizers; and nationalist movements often appropriated images of passive women while doing little to liberate women from patriarchal subordination. The document also notes that postcolonial theory risks perpetuating patriarchy if it does not consider gender issues.
This document provides a biography and overview of the 19th century American poet Walt Whitman. It notes that he was a nurse during the Civil War and opposed the extension of slavery. One of his major works was Leaves of Grass, in which he pioneered the use of free verse. The document also analyzes his poem "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" about the loss of his mother, focusing on its themes of love, loss, and the poet's ability to translate personal experiences into song.
Fancy and Imagination in Biographia LiterariaDharaba Gohil
This document summarizes Coleridge's distinction between fancy and imagination as outlined in his work Biographia Literaria. It explains that Coleridge defines fancy as a mechanical, associative faculty that merely reproduces materials, while imagination is a creative faculty. Coleridge further distinguishes between primary imagination, which is the living power of human perception, and secondary imagination, which is the artistic faculty that exists alongside the conscious will. The document provides examples from Coleridge to illustrate these concepts and their significance to his aesthetic theory.
Virginia Woolf was an influential English writer and feminist in the early 20th century. She was born into a wealthy family with a large library that fostered her love of reading and writing. Woolf suffered from depression throughout her life, which some attribute to abuse by two of her step-brothers as a child. She wrote several famous modernist novels that explored feminist themes and consciousness, such as Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse. Woolf also had a profound interest in women's rights. She ultimately took her own life in 1941 due to her lifelong struggle with mental illness.
Matthew Arnold viewed poetry as the "criticism of life" that is governed by poetic truth and beauty. He believed the best poetry has seriousness of substance combined with superior style and diction. Arnold analyzed poets using his "touchstone method" of comparison and advocated for disinterested criticism. However, critics argue he did not always practice disinterested criticism and overemphasized morality. Overall, Arnold made significant contributions to literary criticism through his analysis of poets and emphasis on poetry's relationship to interpreting life.
Edward Said was a prominent Palestinian scholar who published the influential book Orientalism in 1978. In the book, Said argues that Orientalism refers to the academic study of Near and Far Eastern societies by Western scholars. He challenges the concept of orientalism, which positions the East and West in opposition. In his essay "Crisis in Orientalism", Said describes how Orientalist scholars held textual attitudes towards the Orient that did not align with reality and shaped the West's view of the East. Their writings supported the colonization of regions like Africa and the Orient throughout the late 19th century. Said concludes by noting the disparity between the Orientalist texts and real-world conditions, representing an intellectual crisis.
This document discusses the use of myth in Raja Rao's novel Kanthapura. It provides context that Kanthapura tells the story of a South Indian village and explores issues of caste discrimination. The document then analyzes how Raja Rao uses myths, particularly from the Ramayana, to draw parallels between the characters and events in the novel to India's independence movement led by Gandhi and Nehru. Specific myths discussed include drawing connections between Rama and Gandhi, Sita and India under British rule, and Ravana and the British rulers. The document also examines how a temple priest in the novel elevates Gandhi to god-like status through his storytelling of Hindu myths.
R.K. Narayan was a leading Indian author who wrote in English. He is renowned for his works set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi. Some of his most famous works include The Guide and Malgudi Days. Narayan received many honors for his contributions to Indian literature in English, including the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan awards. His simple yet compelling writing style brought small-town Indian life to international audiences.
This is the summary of Church Going. This is one of the poem of Philip Larkin. Philip Larkin is one of the most prominent poet of English Literature and Language.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, his life and works
Prepared by Ahmad Hussain, Department of English,
Abdul Wali khan University Mardan.
Email: mr.literature123@gmail.com
Facebook page link for Literary students: www.facebook.com/englitpearls
The document discusses novelists of the Victorian era in England. It describes how novels shifted from focusing on action to character development. Novelists used their works to shed light on social problems caused by industrialization, such as child labor. The first generation of Victorian novelists, including Dickens, Thackeray, and Gaskell, addressed contemporary issues through satire, morality tales, and realistic depictions of society. Women writers like the Bronte sisters also produced notable works during this time period examining issues like class and gender. The second generation of novelists, such as Eliot, Hardy, and Meredith, took a more literary approach with greater psychological depth and focus on how Darwinian ideas were transforming views of humanity.
I.A. Richards discusses the two uses of language: the scientific use and the emotive use. The scientific use aims for precise and consistent communication of facts, while the emotive use conveys or evokes emotions in the reader. Richards argues that in the scientific use, references and logical relations are important, while in the emotive use truth and logic are less important than emotional connections between attitudes and references.
The document provides an in-depth summary and analysis of the novel "Twilight in Delhi" by Ahmed Ali. It discusses the major themes of the novel such as modernity vs conservatism, sexual repression, colonization and imperialism, culture and family systems, and the decline of Muslim civilization. It analyzes how the novel depicts the clash between traditional and modern values in Delhi and the impact of British colonial rule. It also examines the symbolism and imagery used in the novel to represent these themes and the deterioration of Mughal culture and society.
T.S. Eliot was one of the most influential literary critics of the 20th century. As a critic, he argued for the importance of tradition and history in poetry. He defended the metaphysical poets like Donne for their inventive use of conceits. Eliot also believed that poets after the 17th century experienced a "dissociation of sensibility" where they could no longer fuse thought and emotion. As a poet himself, Eliot's works helped change modern literature with poems like The Waste Land.
Matthew Arnold defined the role and qualities of an ideal critic in his essay "The Function of Criticism at the Present Time". According to Arnold, a critic should disseminate the best ideas from literature in a disinterested manner without interference from their own beliefs. A critic must have extensive knowledge of classical and contemporary literature. Their role is to spread noble ideas and establish a flow of fresh thought to benefit society and prepare the ground for future creative works. Arnold's conception of the critic was one of objectivity, broad learning, and an educator of the public.
1) The document is a paper on feminism in Virginia Woolf's novel "To The Lighthouse". It discusses Woolf and modernism as well as feminist issues in the novel.
2) It analyzes the characters of Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe, portraying them as examples of different stages of feminism. Mrs. Ramsay represents Victorian ideals of femininity while Lily strives for independence as a female artist.
3) Through analyzing these characters and using stream of consciousness techniques, Woolf was able to challenge patriarchal norms and conventions of her time by dramatizing the experiences of women and pushing for their independence.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was a prominent English Romantic poet born in 1772 in Devonshire. Some of his most famous poems include "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," published in 1798 in collaboration with William Wordsworth, and "Kubla Khan," published later that year. Coleridge was known for his intense imaginative power and mastery of language, as evidenced by passages from his poems describing supernatural scenes at sea and the stately pleasure-dome built by Kubla Khan. The document provides an overview of Coleridge's background and career as a poet of the Lake School as well as summaries and excerpts of several of his major works.
The document provides a literary analysis of Bapsi Sidhwa's novel Ice-Candy-Man from a feminist perspective. It discusses how the novel depicts the struggles faced by women in a patriarchal society during the partition of India in 1947 through various female characters. It analyzes how the female characters are marginalized and victimized by men through acts of violence, rape, and lack of autonomy. The analysis argues that Sidhwa uses the novel to advocate for women's rights and equality and a world free of gender-based domination and hierarchy.
The document provides an in-depth analysis of Bapsi Sidhwa's novel Ice-Candy-Man and its portrayal of the partition of India. The summary is:
1) Ice-Candy-Man uses the perspective of a young girl to depict the rising tensions and violence between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs during the partition.
2) The novel illustrates the breakdown of communal relations and social mores as religious extremism took hold.
3) Sidhwa provides historical context and accurately captures the trauma experienced by all communities during this violent period of history.
This document discusses Northrop Frye's views on myth, fiction, and displacement in literature. It notes that myths form an integral part of literature and that many literary works are directly derived from myths. Mythology provides structural principles for literature, such as the rising and falling movements that reappear as principles of comedy and tragedy. Literature is flexible and can merge with mythology. While content in literature is affected by fidelity to experience, its shape comes from traditions and myths. Readers of myths and fiction can understand the true message of the story.
Colridge's view on "IMAGINATION" and role of imagination in Literature.Pooja Bhaliya
Coleridge viewed imagination as key to poetry and divided it into two components: primary and secondary imagination. Primary imagination is the living power of human perception that enables understanding of unity in objects. Secondary imagination is the conscious, creative power possessed by poets to select and reorder raw materials into works of beauty. Fancy differs from imagination as it merely recombines fixed concepts through imitation, while imagination creates through symbolic representation in a chemical-like process.
- Alice Walker was born in 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia and was the youngest of eight siblings. She was blinded in one eye after being shot with a BB gun during a childhood accident.
- She attended Spelman College and later transferred to Sarah Lawrence College, where she was actively involved in civil rights movements.
- Walker published several acclaimed novels including The Color Purple, for which she won the Pulitzer Prize in 1983. She wrote numerous volumes of poetry and short stories as well.
- Walker's work often depicts the experiences of African American women and themes of sexism, poverty, and racism, but also celebrates strengths like self-worth, spirituality, and family.
The document discusses the concepts of patriarchy, colonialism, feminism, and postcolonial feminism. It examines how women experience oppression under both patriarchal systems and colonial rule, referred to as "double colonization." Several key points are made: postcolonial feminism emerged in response to Western feminism focusing solely on Western women's experiences; indigenous gender roles were often more equitable than those brought by colonizers; and nationalist movements often appropriated images of passive women while doing little to liberate women from patriarchal subordination. The document also notes that postcolonial theory risks perpetuating patriarchy if it does not consider gender issues.
This document provides a biography and overview of the 19th century American poet Walt Whitman. It notes that he was a nurse during the Civil War and opposed the extension of slavery. One of his major works was Leaves of Grass, in which he pioneered the use of free verse. The document also analyzes his poem "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" about the loss of his mother, focusing on its themes of love, loss, and the poet's ability to translate personal experiences into song.
Fancy and Imagination in Biographia LiterariaDharaba Gohil
This document summarizes Coleridge's distinction between fancy and imagination as outlined in his work Biographia Literaria. It explains that Coleridge defines fancy as a mechanical, associative faculty that merely reproduces materials, while imagination is a creative faculty. Coleridge further distinguishes between primary imagination, which is the living power of human perception, and secondary imagination, which is the artistic faculty that exists alongside the conscious will. The document provides examples from Coleridge to illustrate these concepts and their significance to his aesthetic theory.
Virginia Woolf was an influential English writer and feminist in the early 20th century. She was born into a wealthy family with a large library that fostered her love of reading and writing. Woolf suffered from depression throughout her life, which some attribute to abuse by two of her step-brothers as a child. She wrote several famous modernist novels that explored feminist themes and consciousness, such as Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse. Woolf also had a profound interest in women's rights. She ultimately took her own life in 1941 due to her lifelong struggle with mental illness.
Matthew Arnold viewed poetry as the "criticism of life" that is governed by poetic truth and beauty. He believed the best poetry has seriousness of substance combined with superior style and diction. Arnold analyzed poets using his "touchstone method" of comparison and advocated for disinterested criticism. However, critics argue he did not always practice disinterested criticism and overemphasized morality. Overall, Arnold made significant contributions to literary criticism through his analysis of poets and emphasis on poetry's relationship to interpreting life.
Edward Said was a prominent Palestinian scholar who published the influential book Orientalism in 1978. In the book, Said argues that Orientalism refers to the academic study of Near and Far Eastern societies by Western scholars. He challenges the concept of orientalism, which positions the East and West in opposition. In his essay "Crisis in Orientalism", Said describes how Orientalist scholars held textual attitudes towards the Orient that did not align with reality and shaped the West's view of the East. Their writings supported the colonization of regions like Africa and the Orient throughout the late 19th century. Said concludes by noting the disparity between the Orientalist texts and real-world conditions, representing an intellectual crisis.
This document discusses the use of myth in Raja Rao's novel Kanthapura. It provides context that Kanthapura tells the story of a South Indian village and explores issues of caste discrimination. The document then analyzes how Raja Rao uses myths, particularly from the Ramayana, to draw parallels between the characters and events in the novel to India's independence movement led by Gandhi and Nehru. Specific myths discussed include drawing connections between Rama and Gandhi, Sita and India under British rule, and Ravana and the British rulers. The document also examines how a temple priest in the novel elevates Gandhi to god-like status through his storytelling of Hindu myths.
R.K. Narayan was a leading Indian author who wrote in English. He is renowned for his works set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi. Some of his most famous works include The Guide and Malgudi Days. Narayan received many honors for his contributions to Indian literature in English, including the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan awards. His simple yet compelling writing style brought small-town Indian life to international audiences.
Translation Studies- Shifting Centres and Emerging Margins.pptxKatariyaGhanshyam
This presentation was presented on 12th January 2024 at Department of English, MKBU on the topic of Shifting Centres and Emerging Margins by E. V. Ramakrishnan in context of Translation Studies and Literary Translation
Shifting centers and Emerging Margins:Translation and the Shaping of Modernis...Trushali Dodiya
The presentation summarized a chapter from E.V. Ramakrishnan's book "Indigenous Imaginaries" that examines the important role of translation in shaping modernist poetry in major Indian languages between 1950-1970. It introduced the presenters Trushali Dodiya, Ghanshyam Katariya, and Upasna Goswami, and provided an abstract of the chapter. The key points, arguments, and analysis from the article were then summarized, focusing on how translations of European modernists introduced new ideas and disrupted prevailing sensibilities in India. The chapter also studied poets like Sudhindranath Dutta, B. S. Mardhekar and Ayyappa Paniker to understand the selective
This document provides background information on the novel Kanthapura by Raja Rao. It discusses the novel as a Gandhian epic, focusing on the social, religious, and political background of the village of Kanthapura. It also examines Moorthy, the main character, as a representation of Gandhi, and key Gandhian concepts like truth, non-violence, and satyagraha that are portrayed in the novel.
This document provides background information on the novel Kanthapura by Raja Rao. It discusses the novel as a Gandhian epic that depicts village life in South India in the contemporary political background of the independence movement led by Gandhi. It notes Gandhi's views on caste divisions, religion, and raising the flag of revolution. It also characterizes the character Moorthy as a follower of Gandhi's principles of truth, nonviolence, and satyagraha.
Radhakrishnan's Literary Legacy_ Influence on Indian Writing .pptxNirali Dabhi
This document provides a summary of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's literary works and influence on Indian literature. It notes that while Radhakrishnan was not a literary author himself, his philosophical writings have significantly shaped themes in Indian literature by encouraging exploration of concepts like spirituality and ethics. His efforts to promote Indian philosophy and bridge Eastern and Western thought also left a strong legacy that continues to inspire modern authors.
This document discusses Gandhian literature and its influence. It provides background on Mahatma Gandhi as a writer and journalist, noting his simplicity, directness, and ability to reveal truths. It then lists several influential writers of Gandhian literature, such as Raja Rammohan Roy, Sarojini Naidu, and Mulk Raj Anand. Their works focused on themes like Gandhi's lifestyle, rural life, economics, politics, and morality. The document concludes that Gandhian literature influenced society by educating people in their own languages and providing solutions to problems of the time.
This document provides background information on the novel "Kanthapura" by Raja Rao. It discusses the social background of villages in South India during the time period, including the caste system that divided people into Brahmins, Pariahs, potters, and weavers. The villages were typically orthodox and superstitious, with illiterate populations living in poverty. Women and Dalits faced difficult situations. Religion and celebration of festivals centered social life, while beliefs mingled past and present. The novel uses this setting to explore the social, political, and religious discourses occurring during the rise of Gandhism and nationalism in India.
“ Shifting Centres and Emerging Margins: Translation and the Shaping of the Modernist Discourse in Indian Poetry”
in Indigenous Imaginaries: Literature, Region, Modernity by E.V. Ramakrishanan
In this Presentation I described Universal Themes and Cultural Context used in Jayanta Mahapatra's works. This comes under Post Independence era in which new Ideas.
A study of the multi dimensional themes of r.k.narayan’s the english teacher.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes and analyzes R.K. Narayan's novel The English Teacher. It discusses several key themes in the novel, including colonial paranoia, autobiographical elements, and spiritual manifestation.
In the first half of the novel, the protagonist Krishnan expresses dissatisfaction with and irritation towards the colonial administration at his school. His statements reveal a pro-Hindu perspective and opposition to the imposition of British culture. The second half contains many autobiographical elements reflecting Narayan's own experience after his wife's death. It depicts Krishnan's sorrow and difficulty raising his daughter alone. Finally, the novel focuses on Krishnan's spiritual conversations with his deceased wife's spirit. These conversations mirror Jungian
This document provides a summary of the novel "Kanthapura" by Raja Rao. It discusses the social background of villages in South India during the time period, including the caste system that divided people into Brahmins, Pariahs, potters, and weavers. The villages were orthodox, superstitious, and women and Dalits faced poor treatment. Religion and mythology played a central role in village life, and people celebrated various festivals while holding strong beliefs in local deities. Raja Rao's novel effectively portrayed the traditional social and cultural aspects of Indian villages.
This document provides a summary of the novel "Kanthapura" by Raja Rao. It discusses the social background of villages in South India during the time period, including the caste system that divided people into Brahmins, Pariahs, potters, and weavers. The villages were orthodox, superstitious, and women and Dalits faced poor treatment. The social background also involved beliefs in mythology, poverty, and religion centered around festivals and gods/goddesses. Raja Rao depicts this traditional Indian social culture through the novel.
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Kanthapura as postcolonial text : Treatment of Indian sensibility in kanthapura
1. Name :- Dharti Makwana
Batch :- 2019- 2021
Semester :- M.A. sem - 1
Enrollment No. :- 2069108420200024
Submitted :- Smt. S.B.Gardi Department of English
M.K.Bhvnagar University
Email : dharteemakwana789@gmail.com
Paper No. :- Indian Writing in English - 1
Topic :- kanthapura as postcolonial text: Treatment of
Indian sensibility in kanthapura
2. What is postcolonialis
● A theoretical approach in various
disciplines that is concerned with
the lasting impact of colonization
in former colonies.
● Raja Rao applies postcolonial
perspectives through the novel
● Characters are involved in anti-
colonial movement
3. ● In kanthapura encounters of two cultures
● Redefines and reinterprets of imposing
cultural and traditions
● Raja Rao’s indianization of the novel from
and emphasis on the decolonization of
english language interpret form the
postcolonial perspective
● He doesn't consider English as aliens
language
4. ● Raja Rao’s approach can be connected to
subaltern studies.
● Strong foundation of Indian English novel
with Mulkraj Anand & R.K. Narayan
● Indian cast system in kanthapura
5. Article on Raja Rao's kanthapura in
The New York Times - sunday January 5, 1964
● Illustration of ‘insider’ and
‘outsiders’
● Past mingles with the
present
● Combination of an ancient
classic and sharp,satirical
wit
6. Indianess in kanthapura
● Indianess means “perception or feeling of ‘being
Indian’ socially, culturally and spiritually”
● Three technique to present indianess: idioms,
phrases, proverbs
● Influenced of motther tongue in kanthapura as
given below
● “ Every Squirrel has his day”
● “ The policeman are not your Uncle's sons”
● “You can not straighten a dog's tail”
7. Representation of reality
● Decolonization of English language gets an
artistic manifestation
● Use of Indian flavoured abuses
● “If her parents are poor, let them set fire to
their dhoti and sari and die. Oh ,if only I
could have had the courage to put lizard-
poison into their food”
8. Typical Indian method of narration
● Story narrates by woman Achakka for new
comers
● Achakka’s Imagination provides perfect
opportunity to mingle God with men
● Highly believes Goddess Kenchamma,
mother of Himavathy
● Social, political, cultural issues of India
9. Parallelism between Ramayana and
freedom movement
Kanthapura Ramayana
Swaraj Sita
Mahatma Gandhi Rama
Nehru Bharat
Gandhi's trip to England Rama's journey to lanka
10. Conclusion
● Represent the language of the colonizer to
portray Indian sensibility
● Kanthapura writing in English is different from
colonizer
● Indian typical style of writing translation of
Indian, phrases, idioms and proverbs
● Indianess make kanthapura postcolonial text