Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Gunji near Kalapani, Uttarakhand has sparked controversy in Nepal. Opposition parties in Nepal have alleged that Modi visited “our territory” without notifying their authorities and are demanding an explanation for how this occurred.

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2. India and Nepal Border Disputes
GS2: International Relations

3. India and Nepal Border Disputes:
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Gunji near
Kalapani, Uttarakhand has sparked controversy in Nepal.
• Nepal's opposition parties allege that Modi visited their
territory without prior notification and demand an
explanation.

4. Kalapani-Limpiyadhura-Lipulekh Tri-Junction:
• The region, spanning over 1,700 kilometers, is a subject of
dispute stemming from the historical 1816 Sugauli Treaty
that delineated the border.
• Both India and Nepal claim this region, despite being under
India's administration.

5. Sugauli Treaty of1816:
• This treaty defined Nepal's territorial boundaries after the Anglo-Nepal War.
• Key provisions included establishing Nepal's boundaries, with the Kali River
as the western border, but it lacked specifics on the river's origin.
Origin of theBorder Dispute:
• Nepal claims the Mahakali River's origin at Limpiyadhura, forming the basis
of its territorial claim.
• India asserts that the River Kali originates from the south of Kalapani, which
it considers part of its territory.

6. StrategicSignificanceofLipulekhandKalapani:
• The region is strategically significant for border security and geopolitical
considerations.
• It also serves as a vital route to Kailash Mansarovar, a pilgrimage destination.
RecommendationsforResolvingIndia-NepalBorder
Disputes:
• Advocate for a diplomatic and negotiated resolution.
• Focus on historical evidence and joint border management.
• Foster people-to-people contacts and enhance diplomatic dialogue.
• Collaborate on cross-border crime prevention for sustainable peace and
security.

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