Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wireless sensor networks, clustering, Energy efficient protocols, Particles S...IJMIT JOURNAL
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is composed of a large number of small nodes with limited functionality.
The most important issue in this type of networks is energy constraints. In this area several researches have
been done from which clustering is one of the most effective solutions. The goal of clustering is to divide
network into sections each of which has a cluster head (CH). The task of cluster heads collection, data
aggregation and transmission to the base station is undertaken. In this paper, we introduce a new approach
for clustering sensor networks based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm using the optimal
fitness function, which aims to extend network lifetime. The parameters used in this algorithm are residual
energy density, the distance from the base station, intra-cluster distance from the cluster head. Simulation
results show that the proposed method is more effective compared to protocols such as (LEACH, CHEF,
PSO-MV) in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
SIMULATION BASED ANALYSIS OF CLUSTER-BASED PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijngnjournal
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to
systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat
monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making
engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density
and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main
apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to
diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of
techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In
this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on
the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment
and analyze their performance graphically.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wireless sensor networks, clustering, Energy efficient protocols, Particles S...IJMIT JOURNAL
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is composed of a large number of small nodes with limited functionality.
The most important issue in this type of networks is energy constraints. In this area several researches have
been done from which clustering is one of the most effective solutions. The goal of clustering is to divide
network into sections each of which has a cluster head (CH). The task of cluster heads collection, data
aggregation and transmission to the base station is undertaken. In this paper, we introduce a new approach
for clustering sensor networks based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm using the optimal
fitness function, which aims to extend network lifetime. The parameters used in this algorithm are residual
energy density, the distance from the base station, intra-cluster distance from the cluster head. Simulation
results show that the proposed method is more effective compared to protocols such as (LEACH, CHEF,
PSO-MV) in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
SIMULATION BASED ANALYSIS OF CLUSTER-BASED PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKijngnjournal
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to
systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat
monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making
engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density
and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main
apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to
diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of
techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In
this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on
the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment
and analyze their performance graphically.
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document describes the various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are
having vast applications in all fields which utilize sensor nodes. Clustering techniques are required so that sensor networks can
communicate in most efficient way.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
Review on State-Of-The-Art of PEGASIS Protocol in WSNSrahulmonikasharma
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely considered as one of the most important technologies for the twenty first century. Due to the advancements in microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless communication technologies, it has become possible to deploy tiny, cheap, and smart sensors in any physical area. The routing is one of the dominant factors which decide the fate of limited battery resources in WSNs. In this paper, a review on the state-of-the-art on PEGASIS (Power efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System) protocol has been presented. PEGASIS is highly significant in small areas applications, some of the variants of PEGASIS protocol has been studied in this paper. After studying various protocols, it has been found that Chain Based Cluster Cooperative Protocol (CBCCP) has tremendously improved network lifetime by incorporating cluster based concept in routing. Although it has outperformed various routing protocols but it still leave a great margin of improvement in the inter cluster communication. This paper basically focuses on reflecting the significance of chain based protocols in WSNs.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Simulation Based Analysis of Cluster-Based Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networkjosephjonse
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment and analyze their performance graphically.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK CLUSTERING USING PARTICLES SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR RED...IJMIT JOURNAL
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is composed of a large number of small nodes with limited functionality. The most important issue in this type of networks is energy constraints. In this area several researches have been done from which clustering is one of the most effective solutions. The goal of clustering is to divide network into sections each of which has a cluster head (CH). The task of cluster heads collection, data aggregation and transmission to the base station is undertaken. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for clustering sensor networks based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm using the optimal fitness function, which aims to extend network lifetime. The parameters used in this algorithm are residual energy density, the distance from the base station, intra-cluster distance from the cluster head. Simulation results show that the proposed method is more effective compared to protocols such as (LEACH, CHEF, PSO-MV) in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document describes the various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are
having vast applications in all fields which utilize sensor nodes. Clustering techniques are required so that sensor networks can
communicate in most efficient way.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
Review on State-Of-The-Art of PEGASIS Protocol in WSNSrahulmonikasharma
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely considered as one of the most important technologies for the twenty first century. Due to the advancements in microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless communication technologies, it has become possible to deploy tiny, cheap, and smart sensors in any physical area. The routing is one of the dominant factors which decide the fate of limited battery resources in WSNs. In this paper, a review on the state-of-the-art on PEGASIS (Power efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System) protocol has been presented. PEGASIS is highly significant in small areas applications, some of the variants of PEGASIS protocol has been studied in this paper. After studying various protocols, it has been found that Chain Based Cluster Cooperative Protocol (CBCCP) has tremendously improved network lifetime by incorporating cluster based concept in routing. Although it has outperformed various routing protocols but it still leave a great margin of improvement in the inter cluster communication. This paper basically focuses on reflecting the significance of chain based protocols in WSNs.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Simulation Based Analysis of Cluster-Based Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networkjosephjonse
The modern growth in fabricate energy efficient Wireless Sensor Network is liberal a novel way to systematize WSN in applications like surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat monitoring, cropping monitoring, crowd including etc. The rising use of these networks is making engineers evolve novel and efficient ideas in this field. A group of research in data routing, data density and in network aggregation has been proposed in recent years. The energy consumption is the main apprehension in the wireless sensor network. There are many protocols in wireless sensor network to diminish the energy consumption and to put in to the network lifetime. Among a range of types of techniques, clustering is the most efficient technique to diminish the energy expenditure of network. In this effort, LEACH protocol has been second-hand for clustering in which cluster heads are nominated on the basis of distance and energy. The LEACH protocol is been implemented in a simulated environment and analyze their performance graphically.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK CLUSTERING USING PARTICLES SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR RED...IJMIT JOURNAL
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is composed of a large number of small nodes with limited functionality. The most important issue in this type of networks is energy constraints. In this area several researches have been done from which clustering is one of the most effective solutions. The goal of clustering is to divide network into sections each of which has a cluster head (CH). The task of cluster heads collection, data aggregation and transmission to the base station is undertaken. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for clustering sensor networks based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm using the optimal fitness function, which aims to extend network lifetime. The parameters used in this algorithm are residual energy density, the distance from the base station, intra-cluster distance from the cluster head. Simulation results show that the proposed method is more effective compared to protocols such as (LEACH, CHEF, PSO-MV) in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and
packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which
ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer
from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of
sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads
in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption
and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer
and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers
reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and
packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which
ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer
from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of
sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads
in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption
and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer
and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers
reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
Optimizing the Performance of I-mod Leach-PD Protocol in Wireless Sensor Netw...ijsrd.com
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a networks of thousands of inexpensive miniature devices capable of computation, communication and sensing. WSN is being been attracting increasing interest for supporting a new generation of ubiquitous computing systems with great potential for many applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, health care monitoring or home automation. In the near future, wireless sensor network is expected to consists of thousand of inexpensive nodes, each having sensing capability with limited computational and communication power which enables to deploy large scale sensor networks. Large scale WSN is usually implemented as a cluster network. Clustering sensors into groups, so that sensors communicate information only to cluster-heads and then the cluster-heads communicate the aggregated information to the base station, saves energy and thus prolongs network lifetime. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is one of the clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. The advantage of LEACH is that each node has the equal probability to be a cluster head, which makes the energy dissipation of each node be relatively balanced. In LEACH protocol, time is divided into many rounds, in each round, all the nodes contend to be cluster head according to a predefined criterion. This paper focuses on how to set the time length of each round, how to adjust threshold based on the residual energy, and the measurement of energy required for transmission, based on the distance of cluster head from the base station, to prolong the lifetime of the network and increase throughput, which is denoted as the amount of data packs sent to the sink node. The functions of residual energy and required energy, and the time length of each round are deduced, thereby modifying the threshold value calculation. These functions can be used to enhance the performance of cluster-based wireless sensor networks in terms of lifetime and throughput.
ENERGY SAVINGS IN APPLICATIONS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS TIME CRITICAL REQ...IJCNCJournal
Along with handling and poor storage capacity, each sensor in wireless sensor network (WSN) is equipped
with a limited power source and very difficult to be replaced in most application environments. Improving
the energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks is necessary. In this paper, we mainly focus
on energy consumption savings in applications for wireless sensor networks time critical requirements. Our
Paper accompanying analysis of advanced technologies for energy saving techniques for the optimization
of energy efficiency together with the data transmission is optimal. Moreover, we propose improvements to
increase energy savings in applications for wireless sensor networks require time critical (LEACH
improvements). Simulation results show that our proposed protocol significantly better than LEACH about
the formation of clusters in each round, the average power, the number of nodes alive and average total
received data in base stations.
CBHRP: A Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkCSEIJJournal
A new two layer hierarchical routing protocol called Cluster Based Hierarchical Routing Protocol
(CBHRP) is proposed in this paper. It is an extension of LEACH routing protocol. We introduce cluster
head-set idea for cluster-based routing where several clusters are formed with the deployed sensors to
collect information from target field. On rotation basis, a head-set member receives data from the neighbor
nodes and transmits the aggregated results to the distance base station. This protocol reduces energy
consumption quite significantly and prolongs the life time of sensor network. It is found that CBHRP
performs better than other well accepted hierarchical routing protocols like LEACH in term of energy
consumption and time requirement.
Improvement In LEACH Protocol By Electing Master Cluster Heads To Enhance The...Editor IJCATR
In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes play the most prominent role. These sensor nodes are mainly un-chargeable, so it
raises an issue regarding lifetime of the network. Mainly sensor nodes collect data and transmit it to the Base Station. So, most of the
energy is consumed in the communication process between sensor nodes and the Base Station. In this paper, we present an
improvement on LEACH protocol to enhance the network lifetime. Our goal is to reduce the transmissions between cluster heads and
the sink node. We will choose optimum number of Master Cluster Heads from variation cluster heads present in the network. The
simulation results show that our proposed algorithm enhances the network lifetime as compare to the LEACH protocol.
Improved LEACH protocol for increasing the lifetime of WSNsIJECEIAES
Recently, wireless sensor network (WSN) is taking a high place in several applications: military, industry, and environment. The importance of WSNs in current applications makes the WSNs the most developed technology at the research level and especially in the field of communication and computing. However, WSN’s performance deals with a number of challenges. Energy consumption is the most considerable for many researchers because nodes use energy to collect, treat, and send data, but they have restricted energy. For this reason, numerous efficient energy routing protocols have been developed to save the consumption of power. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is considered as the most attractive one in WSNs. In the present document, we evaluate the LEACH approach effectiveness in the cluster-head (CH) choosing and in data transmission, then we propose an enhanced protocol. The proposed algorithm aims to improve energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of WSN through selecting CHs depending on the remaining power, balancing the number of nodes in clusters, determining abandoned nodes in order to send their data to the sink. Then CHs choose the optimal path to achieve the sink. Simulation results exhibit that the enhanced method can decrease the consumption of energy and prolong the life-cycle of the network.
Energy efficient data communication approach in wireless sensor networksijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based
configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor
node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed
description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop
data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use
of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the
proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the
total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for
longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable
region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA COMMUNICATION APPROACH IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
SLGC: A New Cluster Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network for Decrease...IJCSEA Journal
Decrease energy consumption and maximizing network lifetime are important parameters in designing and protocols for wireless sensor network (WSN).Clustering is one of the efficient methods in energy consumption by Cluster-Head in WSN. Besides, CH can process and aggregate data sent by cluster members, thus reducing network traffic for sending data to sink. In this paper presents a new cluster routing algorithm by dividing network into grids. In each grid computes the center-gravity and threshold of energy for selecting the node that has the best condition base on these parameters in grid for selecting Cluster-Head in current round, also SLGC selecting Cluster-Heads for next rounds thereby this CHs reduce the volume of controlling messages for next rounds and inform nodes for sending data into CH of respective round. This algorithm prolong network lifetime and decrease energy consumption by selecting CH in grid and sending data of grid to sink by this CH. Result of simulation shows that SLGC algorithm in comparison with the previous clustering algorithm has maximizing network lifetime and decrease energy consumption in network.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
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• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING WITH CLUSTER TOPOLOGY PRESERVATION
1. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
DOI: 10.5121/ijwmn.2016.8502 19
INCREASE THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS USING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING
WITH CLUSTER TOPOLOGY PRESERVATION
Javad Baqeri, Ali Sedighimanesh and Mohammad Sedighimanesh
Department of Electrical, Computer and It Engineering
Islamic Azad University of Qazvin
Qom, Iran
ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes with limited energy. Since the life time
of each sensor is equivalent to the battery life, the energy issue is considered as a major challenge.
Clustering has been proposed as a strategy to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Cluster size,
number of Cluster head per cluster and the selection of cluster head are considered as important factors in
clustering. In this research by studying LEACH algorithm and optimized algorithms of this protocol and by
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, a new algorithm based on hierarchical clustering to increase the
lifetime of the sensor network is proposed. In this study, with a special mechanism the environment of
network is layered and the optimal number of cluster head in each layer is selected and then recruit for the
formation of clusters in the same layer by controlling the topology of the clusters is done independently.
Then the data is sent through the by cluster heads through the multi- stage to the main station. Simulation
results show that the above mentioned method increases the life time about 70% compared to the LEACH.
KEYWORDS
wireless sensor network, lifetime, hierarchical clustering, cluster heads, cluster topology, multiple hop.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Networks are special type of wireless networks that hundreds or thousands of
sensor nodes-are working together[1]. In general, wireless sensor network consists of a large
number of small wireless devices which are called sensor nodes these sensors have multiple tasks
like detection, computation and communication[2]. The network has developed in recent years
and is widely used in many applications including environmental monitoring, object recognition,
event tracking and security surveillance applications. Wireless sensor networks are severely
limited resources. Limitations include the limited energy resources, short-range connectivity, low
bandwidth, limited amount of memory and processing at each sensor. Since sensor nodes are
working with battery, they have a limited life and battery charging for sensor nodes is often
difficult[3]. Operators such as sensing, communications and computing consume sensor energy;
2. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
20
information transfer is the main source of energy consumption. Each wireless sensor node has the
capability of collecting data and sending them to the base station. In fact, the base station is the
interface between sensor networks and the user, which needs information. Scalability is
considered one of the most important factors in the in wireless sensor networks. Due to the
limited energy of nodes, simultaneous operation of all nodes, drains node energy and reduce their
longevity. Therefore, the issue of energy in wireless sensor network is considered a crisis.
Clustering protocols, is a good way to increase the lifetime of wireless sensor network. In
clustering, hole network is divided into clusters. In every cluster, a node is selected as cluster
head. Cluster members transfer their processed information to cluster head in a single-stage or
multi-stage manner. Then, after gathering information, cluster head transmits to the base station
through the single-stage or multi-stage line[4, 5].
2. ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Routing protocols can be discussed in four categorized groups. The four groups are:
• Data-Centric Protocols or flat routing
• Location-based protocols
• Protocols aware of service quality
• Hierarchical protocols
In this study, we work on hierarchical protocols[6, 7].
2.1.Hierarchical Protocols
In this protocols the network is divided into different sub-sections which is called cluster, in each
of clusters, cluster head (CH) takes duties such as combining data and removing duplicate data.
As previously mentioned, as well as other telecommunications networks, scalability, or the ability
to expand the network is one of the most important design parameters in of wireless sensor
networks. To enhance network capability to cover larger areas without any problems occur in the
quality of network services, network segmentation into several clusters have been proposed [5, 6].
2.2.The Concept of Clustering
Clustering is an efficient approach for load balancing between sensor nodes and prolong the life
of the network. With clustering, transmitted data of nodes within the cluster is integrated by
cluster head, and are transmitted to base station either directly or through an intermediary with
other cluster heads. So your communication overhead that nodes can send their data to the base
station comes straight down. So nodes can reduce their communication overhead that results from
straight transmission of their data to base station comes down. The aim of utilizing the clustering
3. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
21
approach in sensor networks, is to reduce the volume of data sent and received, and finally
reducing power consumption for communications between nodes.
In fact, the cluster head nodes operate as a gateway between the base station and sensor nodes. In
other words, cluster head is such as sink for the cluster nodes and base station is such as sink for
cluster heads. The main station, is the processing center of the data received from the sensor
nodes and also where data is accessed by the end user. Usually this station is designed in a fixed
local and with a long distance from the sensor nodes. In addition, the structure formed between
the sensor nodes and cluster heads and base stations, can be repeated as many times as needed
and create multiple layers in a hierarchy wireless sensor network[8-10].
3.RELATED WORK
3.1 LEACH Protocol
LEACH protocol aims to cut wireless sensor network energy consumption through the process
based on clustering. To achieve this goal LEACH protocol dynamically elects the nodes as cluster
head, eventually forms cluster. Communication within the cluster is single-stage. After receiving
information CH sends information to the base station or ahead CHs. For uniform distribution of
energy among the nodes, LEACH periodically changes the CH. LEACH performance is
controlled via execution round. CH is selected at the beginning of each round. Each turn consists
of two phases, the preparation and maintenance. In the preparation phase, the cluster heads are
selected and cluster is formed. Then the cluster communication schedule is determined. In the
second phase data transmission to CH and after that to base station is performed based on the
schedule of the first phase. Duration of maintenance phase to reduce overhead is more than
preparation.
Preparation consists of three stages of declaration, cluster configuration and scheduling. LEACH
Executes at the beginning of each round and elects heads randomly. Initially, each node selects a
random number between 0 and 1. If the random number is less than T(n). T(n) is calculated as
follows [9]:
Tn =
4. , if n ∈ G
0, otherwise
# (1)
In Eq.(1), p is the perfect percent of CH, r ongoing round, G the set of not selected nodes in the
end 1 / p. Selected CH is announced to neighbors as the new CH. To send this announcement,
LEACH uses the CSMA to avoid collision of announcements. When nodes receive the
announcement message, they select their CH based on the received signal strength. If a node
receives announcement messages from a CH, automatically becomes a member of that cluster.
After the announcement phase, the cluster is formed. CSMA is utilized to prevent from collision
between messages of nodes. Finally, the scheduling is performed. After the formation of cluster,
the maintenance begins. During the maintenance phase, the nodes begin to sense and send
5. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
22
information to CH. Then CH compresses the information and sends them to the base station.
After the maintenance phase the preparation phase begins again. This trend continues during the
lifetime of the network. The continuous change of CH leads to an equal distribution of power
between the nodes. During the maintenance phase, only one node is active at any moment. Which
will lead to increased longevity. LEACH ends in a few execution rounds. LEACH doesn't
guarantee about the location and number of CH, and change in cluster size is high. Therefore,
other versions of LEACH have been proposed[11-13].
4. PRESENTATION OF PROPOSED APPROACH
LEACH protocol is one of the most famous clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks in
which the selection criteria for cluster head is a random probability function in the entire network.
In the proposed mechanism the network environment is layered and the basis of this layering is
such that every layer environment from the side of main station to the end of network
environment is increased with a certain factor. Then in the execution of the algorithm the
environment of every layer is treated like the environment of entire network. Due to layering of
the network environment instead of using a single phase transmission, the multi-stage
transmission of data from lower layers to higher layers up to the base station is utilized.
4.1 Modeling the Consumed Energy
Consumed energy in the wireless sensor network consists of three parts: data, data reception and
data processing. Energy model is given in Eq. (2)[7,12]:
$
PK = E)*)+ ∗ K + E. ∗ d0
∗ K
P1K = E)*)+ ∗ k
P+3K = E+3 ∗ k
# (2)
PT, PR and Pcpu represent the consumed energy of transmission, receiving and processing k bits of
data respectively. EelecEamp and Ecpu represent energy consumption (nJ / bit) per bit transmission in
radio domain, required energy for transmitting in a larger domain than Eelec and required energy to
processing per bit, respectively. According to Eq.(2), the total energy consumption of k bits is as
shown inEq.(3)[8, 14].
456789 = 45:8;,=7 + 4??=@? + 4A:6B? (3)
(4) PC.* = k2E)*)+ + E+3 + E. × d0
In Eq. (3,4), we will see that energy consumption has a direct relationship with the amount of data
transmission. If the transmitted data is less, we will use less energy. If the transmission distance is
less than the threshold, the consumed energy will have a relationship with d2
. If the transmission
distance is greater than the threshold, it has a relationship with d4
. Therefore, as the transmission
distance is lower, energy consumption can be reduced.
6. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
23
4.2 Layering Model
In the proposed mechanism by using Eq.(5), the network environment is layered proportional to
the distance from the base station.
m=y-k (5)
k=∑ J=
=
J= =
K
L
L
M
L
L
N
J= = 2=OP
, Q ≥ 2=O
STUS
J= = Q, Q J= +
1
2
J= P
STUS
J= = J= + Q, Q J= +
1
2
J= P
#
In Eq.(4), the value of y is the network environment length, k is the aggregation of layers, m is
difference of network environment length and aggregation of layers and L _ ((i)) is the size of the
ith layer. In allocation of environment to each layer, conditions of (4) equation should be
analyzed. Numerous values of Li and Li + 1 with different relationships can be extracted. This is,
indeed, the main conceptbeing in accordance with Y = L1 + L2 + ... + Li. Also, in the covering of
clustering,the principle of optimality of layers is important.
4.3 The Optimal Number of Cluster Heads
The optimal number of cluster heads in LEACH protocol is a system parameter that is calculated
analytically and given as the optimal percentage of cluster heads to the total number of nodes in
the beginning of the implementation of the Protocol.
In the proposed mechanism the optimal number of cluster heads in each layer is different. In it
has been stated that if one node has less than 0.074× log nneighboring nodes, the network
connection is likely to be cut and if a node has more than 0.074× log n neighboring nodes, the
network is connected. In the proposed mechanism,Eq. (6) has utilized as an idea for the optimum
number of members for a cluster with regard to maintaining communication and network
coverage[12].
Q] = ^5.1774 × lognc (6)
In relation Eq. (6), n is the total number of nodes in the network and Q min determines the
optimal number of members for a cluster. According to the assumptions, the optimum number of
cluster heads for the total network is obtained using Eq.(7).
7. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
24
=KC
]
^d.eef×*g ]c
(7)
In the proposed method, the optimal value of cluster head for each layer is calculated separately,
for this purpose,Eq. (8) is used.
(8)
+1
⌉
ij
k
×
KC =⌈
]j
^d.eef×*g ]jc
In relation Eq.(8),n،L ، y و KC are the nodes in the ith layer, the size of the ith layer, the
length of network environment and the optimal number of cluster heads in the ith layer
respectively. In this stage, by taking into consideration the size and number of nodes per layer and
the number of nodes in every layer, the optimum number of cluster heads in every layer and
equivalent to that layer is obtained.
4.4 Clustering Model
In the clustering algorithms, cluster head acts as a central controller.Clusterheads,by collecting
data from members of the cluster and transmitting the data after compression through the multi-
stagepath, have an important role. Thus the energy consumption in cluster heads is more
important than other nodes[9]. To conserve cluster heads energy and preserve the connection link
of cluster heads near to the main station, it is better that the number of members of clusters near
to the main station be less, so that the cluster heads near to the main stationallocate more of their
energy to receiving data from lower layers and transmitting data to the higher layers or main
station.
After layering network environment, the nodes will be informed by the base station that in which
layer they are placed and it becomes clear that how many nodes exist in each layer.Cluster
formation in each layer is done independently. In each cluster, cluster head, receives data from
the member and after data aggregation, sends them to the upper layer or base station. If the
number of nodes near the base station is large, the cluster size in that layer (i.e. clusters with more
members) will be large and this leads to early energy discharge of clusters close to the main
station, because these nodes in addition to the routing for lower layers, they are responsible to
data integration from the members. If the cluster size is too small, the number of nodes in cluster
becomes very small number and the small size of cluster leads to early discharge of cluster head.
Therefore, in the proposed algorithm for the propose of correlated clustering of each layer to layer
to the distance from the base station and the size of that layer, by using Eq.(7) in the section C,
calculates the optimum number of heads for each layer separately. As a result, in each layer the
optimal numbers of CHs are obtained, so that from the premature energy discharge in the cluster
headsare prevented in the upper layers that are the bottleneck for other layers.
8. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
25
4.5 Making Symmetric the Size of Clusters
In section C, the problem of the uncertainty of the optimal number of cluster heads in LEACH
algorithm has fixed, but there is still the problem of the uncertainty about the balance of clusters.
In the proposed mechanism for each layer, clustering is executed separately. After determining
the optimal number of nodes per layer in relation E.q(8), the number of cluster nodes in a layer
minus the optimal number of CH in that layer according to Eq.(9) is divided to the optimum
number of CH in the layer.
Ci=n
ni Kopt i
Kopt i
o (9)
In the relationship Eq.(9), n،KC C are the number of nodes in the ith layer, the optimal number
of CH in the ith layer and the number of cluster members for the ith layer, respectively. Therefore
the maximum cluster members in the ith layer are equal to Ci.
With the implementation of this algorithm in the proposed mechanism, the equal numbers of
members are placed in each cluster. Hence the same time is spent for combining data in CHs and
also the energy of CHs is consumed equally at all clusters. As a result, we will have load and
energy balancing in the network.
4.6 Routing Model
In the proposed mechanism,routing between the layers is done from the lowest layer to the upper
layers. The algorithm then serves so that the CHs of lowest layer exchanges messages with
itsupper layer. Taking into account the residual energy and the distance from CHs of upper layer,
the most appropriate cluster head or the best path to the upper layer is selected and with a
message reports its status and request to the considered cluster head.This action is done for each
cluster head separately.
The algorithm works for all the layers so that the first layer is the closest layer to the base station.
In this layer, there is no need for routing and CHs of this layer transmit data to the base station
directly. Fig. 1.shows the routing model in of the proposed mechanism.
9. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
26
Figure. 1: A view of a layered model, clustering, making symmetrical and routing model in the proposed
mechanism
5. SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
In this section, we analyze the proposed algorithms and compareit with the past algorithms.
MATLAB software is used for simulation. The initial parameters for the simulation of wireless
sensor network for simulation of 100 nodesare given in TABLE.1 below.
TABLE.1: The initial parameters of the wireless sensor network
Value
Parameter
100
×
100 m2
Size Of Environment
0.5 (J)
Primary Energy
7(nJ/bit)
Ecpu
50 (nJ/bit)
Eelec
0.659 (nJ/m2
)
Eamp
Base Station
Node
10. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
27
4000Bit
Size Of paket
50×150
Base Station Point
5.1 The Assumptions Considered in the Simulation
• The position of base station is fixed and it has unlimited energy.
• The position of base station is outside of the network and it has already been identified.
• Network environmentis square withdetermined number of sensors.
• All sensors in the homogenous condition are uniform and they have equaland
limitedinitial energy.
• Heterogeneous sensors have initial energy double times of typical sensors.
• Sensors have random uniform distribution.
• Sensors have been placed in a fixed manner.
• Sensors are aware of their location.
• Initial energy of sensor is clear.
• Identifier of each sensor is unique.
5.2 Simulation Results
The lifetime of proposed mechanism has been compared with E-LEACH LEACH protocols with
regard to assumptions in Table.1. As can be seen in Fig.2 and3, the proposed mechanism
compared to other protocols has increased network lifetime.
Figure.2: Comparison of the lifetime of the proposed mechanism with LEACH and E-LEACH protocols.
As is shown in fig. 2, related curve to the life of proposed method moves with a lower slope than
the other methods.
11. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
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Figure.3: Comparison of the lifetime of proposed mechanism with LEACH and E-LEACH protocol
Fig.3 has compared the lifetime of the proposed mechanism with E-LEACH and LEACH
protocols. As shown in the figure, time interval of the last dead node in the proposed mechanism
compared to other protocols is nearly double.
Table.2 shows death of nodes in three cases, the death of the first node, death of 50% and death of
80% of the nodes.
Table.2: comparison of the death ofthe nodes in proposed mechanism withE-LEACH and LEACH
protocols, with different lifetimes compared to turn of execution
Lifetime
Death of 80 % of nodes Death of 50 % of nodes Death of first node Method
1972 1600 791
Proposed
mechanism
1160 944 788 LEACH
1320 1035 797 E-LEACH
According to Table. 2, the proposed mechanism in the death first sensor node is nearly equal to
compared protocols. However, during the performance of the network, while 50% of sensor
nodes disable due to energy depletion, the proposed mechanism displays a better performance.
12. International Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016
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6. CONCLUSION
In this study, a method is presented to increase the lifetime of wireless sensor networks using
hierarchical clustering which operates based on layering network environment, as if divides the
network environment into heterogeneous sections. The size of layers of network increases with
distance from the base station, and in each layer after determining the number of sensor nodes,
using a new method,the optimal number of CHs in each layer can be determined separately. In the
proposed mechanism, heterogeneous clustering is a function of size of layer and the number of
nodes in the layer. Also the method of transmitting data in the proposed mechanism is from the
lower layers to the upper layers in a multi-stage manner. In chapter four, the proposed mechanism
has been discussed in detail.Simulation results show that the mechanism of layering and making
symmetric the clusters and multi-stage transmission of data to the base station in the proposed
mechanism is working properly. Comparison of the life in the proposed mechanism with the E-
LEACH and LEACH protocols has shown an increase about 70% and 60%.
In future research in line with this study, the following are recommended:
- To inter-cluster routing and data transmission to the base station in the proposed mechanism in
each layer of ant population algorithm should be utilized independently.
- Layering of network environment should be done dynamically and with regard to abundance of
nodes in the network environment and the network environment size.
- The optimal time to replace CHs in the proposed mechanism be considered.
- The mobile sensor nodes or mobile base stations should be used.
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AUTHORS
JavadBaqeri is a graduate student in the School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Qazvin Islamic
azadUniversity(QIAU),Iran. he received a Bachelor degree from University of Science
and Technology Shomal, iran. His research areas are wireless communications and
Network. and a Master degree from QIAU. His current research interests include
wireless and mobile communications, cooperative communications, optimization theory
on communications.
Ali Sedighimanesh is a graduate student in the School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Qazvin Islamic
azadUniversity(QIAU),Iran. he received a Bachelor degree from University of Science
and Technology Parand, iran. His research areas are wireless communications and
Network. and a Master degree from QIAU. His current research interests include
wireless and mobile communications, cooperative communications, optimization theory
on communications.
Mohammad Sedighimanesh is a graduate student in the School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Qazvin Islamic
azadUniversity(QIAU),Iran. he received a Bachelor degree from University of Science
and Technology Zanjan, iran. His research areas are wireless communications and
Network. and a Master degree from QIAU. His current research interests include
wireless and mobile communications, cooperative communications, optimization
theory on communications.