The document provides an overview of the development of painting, sculpture, and architecture from prehistoric times through the 20th century. It covers major periods and styles such as Prehistoric, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Romantic, and modern styles. For each period, it discusses important works, artists, materials, and stylistic features. The development of these art forms is traced across multiple civilizations and eras.

1. CHAPTER 5:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAINTING
PRE-HISTORIC PAINTING= (40,000 B.C – 9000 B.C)
The following are utilized to produce pre-historic paintings
 Animal Spear
 Rudimentary Materials
-drawn on cave, stones, and on earth-filled ground
-drawings or illustrations dealt heavily with hunting and
employed stylistics treatment

2. PRE-HISTORIC GREEK PAINTING
• Four Periods
1.Formative or Pre-Greek Period- Motif was sea and nature
2.First Greek Period- Egyptian influences
3.Golden Age (480-400 B.C)- aesthetics ideals is based on the
representation of human characters as an expression of
divine system

3. 4. Hellenistic Period (4th Century- 1st B.C)
Heightened individualism
Tragic mood
Contorted faces (Lacaustic painting)
Subject matter of painting in Pre-historic Greece
Young wide males
Draped female
Wounded soldiers
Scenes from everyday life

4. PRE- HISTORIC ROMAN PAINTING
 Cross  Alpha  Grapes
 Fish  Omega  Dove
 Lamb  Triumphal wreaths  Peacock
Two Periods
•Etruscan Period (2000-1000 B.C)- ancestor worship, catacombs,
and sarcophagus
•Roman Period (2000 B.C- 400A.D)- commemorative statues,
sarcophagus, frescoes, design with vine motifs
•Served as the cult of ancestors and defied emperors
•MEDIEVAL PERIOD PAINTING-- Three Periods
•Early Christian Art- Symbols of the ff:

5. STYLES WHICH BEGAN IN THIS PERIOD
•Haloed Christ
•Martyrs
•Saints
•Virgin Mary
Spiritual Expression took precedence over physical
beauty.

6. 1.Byzantine Art – Christ as creator and Mary the
mother of God
2.Gothic Art- religious, grotesques, calmer and plastic
in style
Madonna and Child of Franco-Flemish – school gazing
playful mood is an example
Franco- Flemish paintings – portable easel painting
and oil painting

7. Features of Illustration
- Altar pieces with general wings that open and close
- Children’s faces- were painted like small adults
- Spectator was even drawn into the picture
- Landscape was incorporated using open window
technique distant views of town, people and river can
be seen.

8. RENAISSANCE PERIOD PAINTING
Three Periods
1. Early Renaissance (14th -15th Century) –
emphasis on simplicity, gestures, and
expression. Man and nature depicted in
fresco technique.

9. 2. High Renaissance (16th Century) – centre was in
painting style of
 Florence
 Venice
 Rome
Consist of the following:
 Deepening of pictorial space
 Making the sky more dramatic with dark clouds and flashes of light
- Da Vinci introduced the chiaroscuro
- Michael Angelo dramatized the position of figures in his famous
contrapuesto-twists

10. 3. Mannerism Period- human figured rendered
through the use of oil paints of sumptuous, warm
and sensual colours.
Famous Painters
Giotto
Leonardo da Vinci
Raffaello Sanzio (Rafael)
Michelangelo (The Creation of Adam)

11. BAROQUE PERIOD PAINTING
Ornate and fantastic
Appeal to the emotions
Sensual and highly decorative
Use of light and shadow to produce dramatic effects
Shows figures of diagonal, twists and zigzags
 Famous Painters
Peter Rubens
Rembrandt
El Greco
Diego Velasquez
Bartolome Esteban Murillo

12. Watteau William Hogarth
Jean Antoine Joshua Reynolds
Jean-Honore Francois Boucher
Fragonard
ROCOCO PERIOD PAINTING
•Emphasis voluptuousness and picturesque and intimate
presentation of form and country
•Use of soft pastel colors, rendering the landscape, smoking and
hazy with the subject always centre of the canvas.
•Famous Painters

13. ROMANTIC PERIOD PAINTING
Artist reactions to past events,
landscapes and people
Painting is richer than Rococo
Francisco Goya Famous painter

14. Simplicity Perfect Balance Sense of depth in art
Brilliance Brightness of colours
19TH CENTURY PERIOD PAINTING
-aimed to please the public
Movements appeared are the following:
1. Impressionism - Paul Cezanne the greatest impressionist and Father
of Modern Art.
Achievements of the Impressionist

15. 2.Expressionism- Vincent Van Gough the Father of Expressionism
Used the following:
Bright colors
Pure Colors
Mixed on the palette but applied to the canvas in small dots or
strokes
Gough’s works are notable with the following:
Rough Bold colors
Beauty Simplicity
Emotional Honesty
Paul Gaugin- also practice simplicity in art, study the technique of
craftsmen, applied these to his canvas, simplifying the outline of
forms but employing strong patches of colors.
•Tahiti Women- Paul Gaugin
•Starry Night- Vincent Van Gough

16. Development of Sculpture
- Sculpture is an art form which employs modelling.
Modelling- refers to the technique by which a
material is shaped and formed into a single mass
or a block of material having tri-dimensional form.

17. Pre- historic Sculpture
 Consists of rude forms carved in stones
and woods
 Figures and images were created to
commemorate heroes and heroines and
perpetuate the memory of men

18. EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE- gone through four periods
1.First Dynasty Period- (5000 years ago)
-sun, moon, stars, sacred animals are common
subjects
-decorated tombs of dead with scenes from his life,
signs of rank, profession with assurance that his
spirit continue exist within the tomb
-statues began to flourish in this period

19. 2. Old Kingdom Period
-portrait sculpture emphasized
-Five life-like structures existed
-Statues are single or in family groups
-Faces were always calm and grave
-Statues with royal personage are larger than the
ordinary for impression of movement
and splendor.

20. 3. Middle Kingdom Period
- Faces of statues made during this period depicted
individual mood but their bodies were still rigid and
straight in posture.
4. New Kingdom Period
- Life-like and vigorous looking figures
- depicted in usual poses, walking, dancing, and
bending
- figures shows dignity and serenity

21. FORMS OF EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE
 PALLETTES- shield pieces of stone with relief carving
 WALL CARVING- bas-reliefs or high reliefs found in wall of
tombs
 STATUES- figures of men and women in sitting and
standing position usually impressive
GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA – is an example of pre-historic Egyptian
sculpture

22. GREEK SCULPTURE - gone through three stages
1. Daedalic Period - Marble was heavily used; nude male statues
produced
2. Classical Age -‘’ Golden Age’’ or ‘’Age of Pericles’’ in Greece
- Temples of Gods and goddesses were adorned
-Many statues depicted young victors of Greek games
and athletic contest
-The human body is the emphasized of art
-Male are always naked and women are draped
3. Later Greek Period - Male and Female show figures in a very little
or no clothing at all.
 VENUS DE MILO- THE EXAMPLE OF Pre-historic Greek Sculpture

23.  ROMAN SCULPTURE - portrayed famous men and women in bust forms.
Personalities were represented as if in real life, including their individual
imperfections.
 BYZANTINE SCULPTURE - Classified into two periods
1. Early Byzantine Sculpture- no statues can be seen in the churches and basilicas
only symbols or signs as mosaic
2. Later Byzantine Sculpture- Statues replaced by mosaic symbols and signs.
- Biblical statues adorned like churches, basilicas, and even
homes
-statues are tall, dignified, straight, exquisitely carved,
sometimes covered with jewels
CHRIST- shown as fully garbed, matured, and has a dark-beard and haunting
eyes.

24. ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE- prominence to Biblical
characters and human figures as subjects
 Biblical and human figures were carved in
statues or in reliefs with the bodies fully clothed,
flat, elongated and faces grave and remote.
 Draperies were usually swirled in whirlpool
patterns around these figures.
 Arches of churches were decorated with zigzag
and geometric designs.

25. GOTHIC SCULPTURE
Human features were given a natural and
life-like look, both in bodies and facial
expressions. They wore garments to give
the impression of real bodies.

26.  RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE- divided into three periods
1. Early Renaissance Sculpture - anatomical shapes,
proportions, and perspectives to indicate a more scientific
attitude towards art.
2. Middle Renaissance Sculpture - end of 15th Century
became secular than religious. Palaces were adorned with
sculpture cast in bronze.
3. Later Part of the Renaissance - subjects were legends and
myths of Greece and Rome and given complete freedom on
their choice of subjects.

27.  BAROQUE SCULPTURE- 17TH Century depicted the beauty of art and
stressed on the expression of emotion.
FAMOUS SPANISH SCULPTOR
1. Gian Lorenzo - Bernini
2. Gregorio Fernandez - Piedad of Gregorio
 ROCOCO SCULPTURE- ornate and exquisite designed purely for
ornamental purposes. Appeared largely in furniture, panels, vases,
and urns.
-First used in the court of the French King Louis XV

28.  19th CENTURY SCULPTURE- there were two schools in this
period
1. Neo-classicism
2. Romantic Realism
Neo-classical schools - perfect human anatomy endowed
with calm, reflective look
Romantic Realistic School - realistic figures with
psychological attitude of the French revolution.
AUGUSTE RODIN- Prominent 19TH CENTURY SCULPTURE

29.  20TH CENTURY SCULPTURE- mainly concerned with the human body
1. Pablo Picasso- the Father of Abstract sculpture and Julio Gonzalez advocated a
regeneration of plastic shapes through geometric organization of the human
body. Abstract remained tied to Biology
2. Henry Moore and his associates depicted anxiety and terror in the sculpture
3. Alberto Giacometti- carved or endowed a figure with action or feeling by using
thinned-out matter using rising and upward in empty space.
In 1990 geometric shapes emerged, which lead to a new tools of sculpture—the
blow torch
Sculpture show contemporary fear and terror in this period.

30. The Development of Architecture
before The Paleolithic and Mesolithic Age people used
caves for shelter and for most religious ceremonies.
Beginnings of architecture took place in a Neolithic Age
The New Stone Age lasted through 8000-3000 B.C.

31. Western Architecture is divided into four areas
1. Architecture of Mesopotamia- Temple became dominant
Architecture of Sumerians- ziggurat temple represents
god-centred structure
Architecture of Assyrians- Palace of King Sargon II
Architecture of the Neo- Babylonians- Ishtar-Gate built by
King Nebuchadnezzar II
Architecture of the Persians- The Palace at Persepolis

32. 2. Architecture of Ancient Egypt- in the Valley of Nile
used readily available materials
Seeds
Papyrus
Palm Branch Ribs
Timber
Wood
Stone

33. Two Types of Egyptian architecture are:
 Simple Steriometric Shape of mass
 Rhytmically articulated columnar
hall,tombs, pyramids and temples
displayed these types of Architecture

34.  Architecture of Old Kingdom
-The Mastaba- bench
-Pyramid of Zoser- Near Cairo
-Pyramid of Giza – symbol of pharaonic Power
 Architecture of the Middle Kingdom (2130-1580 B.C)
rock-cut tombs at Beni-Hasan
Basic Design elements are Portico, vestibule, columned
hall, and Sacred chamber

35.  Architecture of the New Kingdom – characterized by
grandiose temple, e.g. Mortuary Temple Of Queen
Hatshepsut located at Deir el-Bahri constructed 1500
B.C symbol of peace on earth. Other temple
established are:
 Mortuary Temple of Ramses II
 Temples of Ancient Gods
 Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak
 Temple of Amun-Mut-Khonsu at Luxor

36. 3. Aegean and Ancient Architecture (1600-1200 BC)
 The Palace of Knossos, Crete (1600-1400 BC) -
oblong shape of the court and the general layout
of the palace shows centralized arrangement.
 The Mycenaean Architecture (1400-1200 BC)- the
Citadel of Tiryns was representative architecture
of this era.

37. The Ancient Greek Architecture - is essentially
columnar and trabeated.
The Elevation consists of three parts:
1. Platform or base
2. Columns
3. Superstructure or entablature
The combination of the three parts is called an architectural
order.

38. Doric Order - the earliest of the Greek architectural orders
also called muscular order.
Corinthians Order - variant of Ionic order, those not consists
of volutes bit stylized acanythus leaves.
Ionian and Corinthians Order were in regards to feminine
with inverted bell shape.
Columns rest on a three-stepped platform or base.
Capital consists of two elements
 Lower- echinus(circular and cushion like)
 Upper- abacus (square that provides support of the entablature)

39. 4. Etruscan and Ancient Rome
Etruscan house is simple rectangular
structure which grew progressively more
complex.
Etruscan Temple – function primarily as an
interior space a shelter protected by wide
overhang of its roof.

40. Ancient Roman Architecture- is a combination of axis and center.
First develop interior architectural space on a large scale.
Typical Roman Values
 Persistence
 Tenacity in reaching goals
 Superiority over the barbarians
 Outgoing conquering mentality
- Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre of Rome (70-83 AD)
- The Basilica Ulpia in Rome
- The Pantheon
- The Baths of Caracalla
- The Basilica of Maxentius in Rome

41. Architecture in Medieval World
The architectural form and style in this era are classified into
1. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture- consisted of two
building types
 The Christian Basilica - rectangular building with an apse
for the altar at one end.
 The Martyrium- a circular building interpreted as center.
Ex. Santa Sabina, Santa Costanza, Old St. Peter’s Basilica,
Church of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
Byzantine Architecture – is represented by San Vitale
Dome and Hagias Sophia created highly spiritualized space.

42. 2. Islamic Architecture ( 850-1600 AD) – the most
important contribution of Islamic Architecture is the
development of a new kind of interior space using
Roman and Byzantine dome as a point of departure.
Mosque - Great Mosque of Samara on the Tigris
River
Palace - Alhambra Palace in Granada Spain,
mausoleum Taj Mahal in Agra India
The tombs and the Forts.

43. 3. Carolingian, Ottonian Architecture and Romanesque
Architecture
Carolingian Architecture was emphasized on the
west which work on the temporal power of the
emperor. The Pope and Emperor joins hands in
perfect equality Exemplified by St. Michael Church
in Fulda, Hesse, Germany

44. Ottoman Architecture- is architectural flourished
during the reign of Emperor Otto the Great (936-975)
style was developed in Mid- 10th Century lasted mid-
11th Century.
Romanesque Architecture (100-1200 AD)- bay system,
cross-on-groin-vaulting, semi-circular arches for the
opening in the walls, massive enclosing walls,
incorporation of towers into the church building
proper.

45. Three types of church building
 Pilgrimage churches
 Monastic churches
 Imperial cathedrals
Examples are:
- Cathedral Santiago de Compostela
- Cluny Abbey in France
- Imperial Cathedral of Germany
- St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice, Italy
- Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio in Milan, Italy
- Cathedral of Pisa in Tuscany, Italy

46. 4. Gothic Architecture ( 1150-1500 AD)
The Gothic Age produced just one primary building type, the City Cathedral.
The features of the Gothic style are:
• The pointed arch
• Flying buttress
• Rib vault
Examples:
 Choir of Abbey Church of Saint-Denis
 Laon Cathedral in Paris
 Notre Dame de Paris
 Chartres Cathedral
 Reims Cathedral
 Amiens Cathedral in France
 Salisbury Cathedral in England
 St. Elizabeth Cathedral in Germany

47. Architecture In The Modern World
- Architecture in the Modern World is
divided into Renaissance Architecture
and Baroque Architecture.

48. Renaissance Architecture in Italy (1420-1600 AD)
Dome – is a double shell structure built according to Gothic Style.
Makes man standing in the center of the dome revealing self-sufficient
individuality of man, acting not by the grace of God but more by the
power of his own agency.
Structures Established are:
 Santo Spirito
 Pazzi Chapel
 Palazzo Medici Riccardi
 Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, Italy
 Basilica of Sant’ Andrea in Mantua, Italy

49. Baroque Architecture (1600-1750 AD)
Baroque- was odd, irregular and grotesque
It consists of two centers and a path connecting them. One center, the
interior, located under the tomb and is occupied by the main altar. The
exterior is made of oblisk the path connects the exterior and interior space
of the facade. Both centers, exterior and interior convey meaning of goal, of
arrival, arrival at the end of a pilgrimage, and final arrival at the end of life—
path under the dome of heaven.
Examples are:
 St. Peter’s Basilica
 San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane in Rome
 The Royal Church of San Lorenzo in Turin, Italy

50. Architecture In The Contemporary World
-characterized by the use of industrial material especially
steel, glass, and concrete deprived of ornamentation and
assembled so as to form simple geometric volumes freely laid
out in space.
 Romanticism (1750-1850 AD)- remain essentially lifeless
Examples:
Guardian of the Fields at Ledoux
German Embassy in Petersburg
Street Facade of Altes Museum

51. Architecture of the Engineers (1800-1900 AD) such as bridges, railroad
stations, large halls for work and exhibitions of new ideas and paved the
way for contemporary architecture. Availability of new building materials
like Iron and Steel
Examples of Building are:
 Severn Bridge of England and Wales
 Bridges over the Mena Strait
 Eiffel Tower- embodies the triumph of man over the forces of
nature.
It symbolizes high achievement of man—that he can
conquer, subdue, and control nature using these new
materials.

52. Architecture of the Chicago School
Architecture of Art Nouveau
Architecture of Pioto-Rationalism
Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
up to 191rst

53. Contemporary Architecture comes to a first climax
and synthesis in the Architecture of International
Style which some call the Architecture of
Rationalism and Functionalism.
Architects of the International Style showed genuine
concern for emotional and physical well - being of men.
Urban planning was intended to provide a healthy city
environment.

54. Famous Architects Constructed Buildings are:
 Walter Gropius -Bauhaus Building in Germany
 Le Corbusier - Tugendhat House in Czech Republic
 Mies - Villa Savoye in France
-Centennial Hall
- Einstein Tower in Germany