This document summarizes an academic conference on inclusive education. It defines inclusion as educating students with disabilities in general education settings with appropriate support. It discusses international documents supporting inclusive education and Philippine policies mandating inclusion. Research shows social and academic benefits of inclusion for students with and without disabilities. Effective inclusion requires strong leadership, collaboration, high expectations, and community involvement. The document advocates moving from a medical model focusing on impairment to a social model valuing diversity.

1. INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
4th National Conference
Workshop in Special Education
Ma. Paz A. Manaligod, PhD
Miriam College

2. Inclusion defined:
◦ Education of students with disabilities in general
education settings (Mastropieri & Scruggs, 2000)
All students with a disability have a right to be
educated in the general education setting with
appropriate support and services.

4. What is Inclusive Education?
◦ Inclusion means including all children and young people in their
local mainstream school.
◦ Inclusion means young people and adults with disabilities being
included in mainstream society.
◦ Inclusion is an ongoing process.
◦ Inclusive schools help the development of communities where all
people are equally valued and have the same opportunities for
participation.

7. INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS on INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
◦UN Conventions on the Rights of the Child (1989)
◦World Declaration on Education for All (1990)
◦UNESCO Salamanca Statement and Framework for
Action (1994)
“Inclusion and participation are essential to human dignity and to the enjoyment and
exercise of human rights. Within the field of education this is reflected in the development of
strategies to bring about a genuine equalisation of opportunity” (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO), 1994:11)

8. Our EDUCATION POLICIES
◦The right to education is a basic human right.
◦All children and youth shall have access to quality
education.
◦Inclusive education shall be concerned with all
learners, with focus on those who have traditionally
been excluded from educational opportunities.
◦Support system shall be organized and delivered
holistically.

9. PUBLIC POLICY SUPPORT on INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
◦ The 1987 Philippine Constitution Art. IV. Sec 2 mandates the state to encourage non-formal, informal and
indigenous learning systems as well as learning independent and out of school youth study programs and to provide adult citizens, the
disabled and OSY with training on civics, vocational efficiency and other skills.
◦ P.D. 603 - The Child and Youth Welfare Code PD 603 (1974) – Article 3 accounts for the rights of the
child.
◦ RA. 7610 – Special Protection of Children against Child Abuse,
Exploitation and Discrimination Act Art 1 section 2 states that a comprehensive program shall be
formulated to protect children against any form of abuse which endanger child survival and normal development
◦ R.A. 7277- The Magna Carta for Disabled Persons amended by R.A 9442
Provides for the rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the mainstream of
society
◦ Policies and Guidelines in Special Education Art 1 Sec 5 states that the ultimate goal of SPED shall
be the integration or mainsteaming of learners with special needs into the regular school system and eventually into the community

10. Moving towards Inclusion
◦ Human Rights movement in the 1960s.
◦ Changing views on people with disabilities within the wider
society.
◦ Focusing on similarities between children with disabilities and
other children, rather than differences.
(Frederickson & Cline, 2002)

11. Research on the advantages of Inclusion
(Salend, 2005 & Smith et al., 2006)
◦Students with disabilities who are included in the
general education curricula can benefit socially
and academically without facing the stigma of
segregated or pull-out classrooms.
◦Standards for behavior and instruction are
higher, and students with classifications have
more opportunity to reach higher standards and
become independent learners.

12. ◦Students without disabilities can benefit from
inclusive settings.
Academic performance is equal or superior to
comparative groups of students educated in a
noninclusive setting.
Students with disabilities do not significantly limit
or interrupt instructional time for
nondisabled peers in inclusive settings.
Friendships and awareness of diversity are also
benefits of the inclusive classroom.

13. ◦ All students are learners who benefit from a
meaningful, challenging, and appropriate
curriculum and differentiated instruction
techniques that address their unique strengths
and needs (Salend, 2005)
Inclusion education is the collaborative effort of
general educators, parents, related service
providers and all school community members who
share a role in the successful education of
students with special needs.

14. Inclusive Education and the Research Evidence
◦No evidence that segregated education fosters social or
academic progress over mainstream school education.
◦Some studies show advantages to inclusive placements
if accompanied by an appropriate individualised
programme.
◦Other studies have reported that there is a small to
moderate advantage to inclusion on both social and
academic outcomes.
( Frederickson & Cline, 2002)

15. Inclusive Education and the Research Evidence
◦Evidence suggests that inclusion supported progress
of children without disabilities.
◦Inclusion found to have positive impact and
facilitates the education of all children.
◦Teacher time not affected by presence of students
with special educational needs
( Frederickson & Cline, 2002)

16. The Medical Model of Disability
Child is a problem
Diagnosis
Impairment becomes focus of attention
Assessment, monitoring, programmes of therapy imposed
Segregation and alternative services
‘Ordinary’ needs put on hold
Re-entry if ‘normal’ enough permanent exclusion

18. The Social Model of Disability
Child is valued
Strengths and needs defined by self and others
OUTCOME based programme designed
Resources made available to ‘ordinary services’
Training for parents and professionals
Relationships nurtured
DIVERSITY WELCOMED
Society evolves

20. Paz / Introduction 20

21. Components of Effective Inclusive
Education- Research Evidence
◦Strong visionary leadership
◦Flexible pupil groupings and adaptable teaching
style
◦High expectations for all pupils
◦Collaboration
◦Community and parental involvement
( Frederickson & Cline, 2002)

25. Curriculum is about relationship; the
interconnectedness of
everything -- Sarah Pirtle

28. ◦ New attitudes and new ways in relating are needed
-Helping the student feel better about herself/ himself
-Making the child realize that her/ his disability does not reflect
who they are as persons
-Enable the child identify her/his strengths, which s/he can use
to cope with their daily concerns
Paz / Introduction 28

30. Elements of a Successful Teacher-Parent Partnership
1. The existence of a two-way communication.
2. The determination of both to work together to
enhance learning at home and at school.
3. The provision of mutual support.
4. The opportunity for both parents and teachers to
jointly decide on matters pertaining to the education
of the child.

31. Success Failure
Negative Appraisal
•Pessimism
•Self-doubt
•Learned helplessness
•Low self-esteem
Negative Behavior
•Verbal & Physical Aggression
•Withdrawal
•Avoidance
•Substance Misuse
Negative Feelings
Negative Beliefs
•I’ll never finish it.
•Nothing ever goes right with
me.
•People don’t like me.
•Anxiety
•Low mood
•Frustrations
•Anger
Positive Appraisal
•Optimism
•Self-efficacy
Positive feelings
•Optimism
•Enthusiasm
•Buoyancy
Positive thoughts
•I can do this.
•It is not beyond me.
•I’ll get there in the end.
•I will manage this.
Positive behavior
•Creative
•Islands of Competence

33. Paz / Introduction 33
◦
I felt like an outsider, movies
made me feel inside my
own skill set.
Making movies was my great
escape….a lot of energy can
be put to constructive use or
damaging use like bullying.”
Steven Spielberg
Jurassic Park, War Horse, Indiana Jones, ET,
Schindler’s List

34. Jay Leno has worked very hard
all his life. A mild dyslexic, he did
not do very well in school
getting mainly C’s and D’s.
Jay had his heart set on
having a college education
and sat outside the admission
officers’ office 12 hours a day 5
days a week until he was
accepted into the University.
Paz / Introduction 34

35. Mathematics Disorder: Calculation skills are weaker
than general ability (Dyscalculia)
Hans Christian Andersen
◦ The Emperor's New Clothes
◦ The Princess and the Pea
◦ Thumbelina
◦ The Snow Queen
◦ The Ugly Duckling
◦ The Little Mermaid
* dyslexia, adhd
Paz / Introduction 35

36. ◦ Albert Einstein Being one of the most
important great minds of his century
Albert Einstein is known to suffer from
Aspergers Syndrome.
He would not remember the months in
the year yet he would succeed in
solving some of the most complicated
mathematical formulas of the time
without any trouble. He may have
never learned how to properly tie his
shoelaces but his scientific contributions
and theories still have a major effect on
all of today’s current knowledge of
science.
*dyslexia
Paz / Introduction 36

37. ◦ "The part of other people that has
emotional relationships is not part of me."
- Dr. Temple Grandin
◦ I THINK IN PICTURES.
Words are like a second language to
me. I translate both spoken and
written words into full-color movies,
complete with sound, which run like a
VCR tape in my head. When
somebody speaks to me, his words
are instantly translated into pictures.
Language-based thinkers often find
this phenomenon difficult to
understand, but in my job as an
equipment designer for the livestock
industry, visual thinking is a
tremendous advantage.
Paz / Introduction 37

38. --film producer
-showman,
-innovator (animation and theme
park design
- 59 Academy Award
nominations
- 26 Oscars,
- 7 Emmy Awards.
* holds the record for the
individual with the most
awards and the most
nominations.
Paz / Introduction 38

39. Phelps was diagnosed with
ADHD at a young age.
He started swimming at age
seven, partly to provide him with an
outlet for his energy. He excelled as a
swimmer, and by the age of 10 held a
national record for his age group.
I've gone through a lot of tough times and I've
made many mistakes.
I've found those mistakes have enabled me to
become a stronger person and help other people.
It's times like that you need your close friends and
family to support you
39 Paz / Introduction

40. Robert Fulghum

41. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING