This document summarizes a study of highway capacity and level of service on sections of Interstate 94 and its interchanges in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area. The study found that several segments and ramps were approaching or exceeding capacity based on 2010 and future travel demand projections. In particular, segments from 9th Street to 45th Street and ramps from 9th Street to University Drive were shown to be deficient. The implications of using Highway Capacity Manual 2000 versus 2010 for analysis were also examined.
A Framework for Traffic Planning and Forecasting using Micro-Simulation Calib...ITIIIndustries
This paper presents the application of microsimulation for traffic planning and forecasting, and proposes a new framework to model complex traffic conditions by calibrating and adjusting traffic parameters of a microsimulation model. By using an open source micro-simulator package, TRANSIMS, in this study, animated and numerical results were produced and analysed. The framework of traffic model calibration was evaluated for its usefulness and practicality. Finally, we discuss future applications such as providing end users with real time traffic information through Intelligent Transport System (ITS) integration.
Modeling Truck Movements: A Comparison between the Quick Response Freight Man...inventionjournals
In recent years, with a growing realization of the important impacts of truck traffic on the economy as well as urban congestion and pollution levels, there is a keen interest in modeling truck movements with greater accuracy, robustness, and detail. This paper examines two different approaches for explicitly including truck trips into travel demand forecasting models. The approaches considered are (a) the truck modeling methodology published in the Quick Response Freight Manual (QRFM) and (b) an emerging truck tour-based approach. In this paper, the two approaches are demonstrated and compared using the Birmingham, AL region as a case study and statistical analyses are conducted to evaluate the level of accuracy of both approaches. The results demonstrate that the model using tour-based approach performs better than the one based on the QRFM approach with respect to model accuracy, when compared to field data from the study area. However, the tourbased approach requires a comprehensive data collection and processing effort, whereas the QRFM approach uses the publicly available data such as household and employment data. The decision on the best approach for adoption should be made on a case-by-case basis after considering the tradeoffs between accuracy and data availability and processing requirements. Overall, the findings from this study can be used to support the development of efficient freight truck modeling applications for the Birmingham region. Moreover, lessons learned from the Birmingham case study provide valuable insights that can guide freight modeling efforts of planning agencies in other medium sized communities in the future
A Framework for Traffic Planning and Forecasting using Micro-Simulation Calib...ITIIIndustries
This paper presents the application of microsimulation for traffic planning and forecasting, and proposes a new framework to model complex traffic conditions by calibrating and adjusting traffic parameters of a microsimulation model. By using an open source micro-simulator package, TRANSIMS, in this study, animated and numerical results were produced and analysed. The framework of traffic model calibration was evaluated for its usefulness and practicality. Finally, we discuss future applications such as providing end users with real time traffic information through Intelligent Transport System (ITS) integration.
Modeling Truck Movements: A Comparison between the Quick Response Freight Man...inventionjournals
In recent years, with a growing realization of the important impacts of truck traffic on the economy as well as urban congestion and pollution levels, there is a keen interest in modeling truck movements with greater accuracy, robustness, and detail. This paper examines two different approaches for explicitly including truck trips into travel demand forecasting models. The approaches considered are (a) the truck modeling methodology published in the Quick Response Freight Manual (QRFM) and (b) an emerging truck tour-based approach. In this paper, the two approaches are demonstrated and compared using the Birmingham, AL region as a case study and statistical analyses are conducted to evaluate the level of accuracy of both approaches. The results demonstrate that the model using tour-based approach performs better than the one based on the QRFM approach with respect to model accuracy, when compared to field data from the study area. However, the tourbased approach requires a comprehensive data collection and processing effort, whereas the QRFM approach uses the publicly available data such as household and employment data. The decision on the best approach for adoption should be made on a case-by-case basis after considering the tradeoffs between accuracy and data availability and processing requirements. Overall, the findings from this study can be used to support the development of efficient freight truck modeling applications for the Birmingham region. Moreover, lessons learned from the Birmingham case study provide valuable insights that can guide freight modeling efforts of planning agencies in other medium sized communities in the future
Abstract Fog Computing is a paradigm that extends Cloud computing and services to the edge of the network. Similar to Cloud, Fog provides data, compute, storage, and application services to end-users. It is a model in which data, processing and applications are concentrated in devices at the network edge rather than existing almost entirely in the cloud. This document describes the various features of Fog Computing and a case study along with the actual implementation of fog computing in traffic analysis to understand how fog computing is applied to the edge environment. This document also contains the difference between the fog computing and cloud computing. Keywords— Fog Computing, Characteristics of Fog computing, Application of Fog computing, Difference between Cloud computing and Fog Computing.
Accessing remote android mobile contentseSAT Journals
not only used for calling purpose. Today all mobile Users are using
android phone and can store images, videos, files, contacts etc. Mobile phones now a day are not only for calling purpose but also
for important work like banking, corporate, education etc. In case, if user forgets mobile at home and wants some important data
from it remotely from one place to another place. For this there are several android applications available for smart phones today
that can help one to get it. This paper is presenting an android app for the same “Accessing Remote Android Mobile Contents”.
This app will take user requirement as input and retrieve it. This application requires internet connection first, if it is connected it
will open login prompt. In which user has to provide unique user id and password which is decided during installation of app.
Once the user is validated by remote mobile phone, user will see a menu on his/her screen. User has to select menu option form
that and send it to remote phone. User will receive data (contacts) from remote mobile.
Keywords: Android, Remote Mobile, Local Mobile, Eclipse.
Cds based energy efficient topology control algorithm in wireless sensor net...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a self organized network which consists of large number of sensor nodes that collects the data in a various environment [1, 2]. The sensors work on battery that have limited lifetime so it is a challenge to create an energy efficient network that can reduce the energy consumption and interference in the network graph and thereby extend the network lifetime [2]. For saving energy and extending network lifetime the topology is a well-known technique in WSNs and the widely used topology control strategy is the construction of Connected Dominating Set (CDS) [3, 4]. In this paper, we construct a CDS based energy efficient topology control algorithm i.e. GCDSTC for WSNs. The performance analysis includes the study of GCDSTC algorithm in terms of complexity and compares it with EBTC (Energy Balanced Topology Control) algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the GCDSTC algorithm reduce the energy consumption and interference in the network graph, in order to enhance the network lifetime. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Connected Dominating Set (CDS), Topology Control (TC), etc.
A survey on bandwidth allocation schemes in wsns using tdma based mac protocoleSAT Journals
applications. The real time applications of WSNs such as bandwidth sensitivity and sharing priority especially their cap
artificial intelligence between sensor node communications are very important
storage capacity, processing speed, collision between the nodes, overhearing, idle listening and limited bandwidth al
the major constraints of wireless sensor networks. There are many approaches to meet these actual requirements of WSNs. In th
paper we study designing of MAC layer by considering the bandwidth in terms of time slot allocation in a pure TDMA/
based networks, which provides considerable amount of profit by avoiding collision, overhearing idle listening and finally
provides energy efficiency. Bandwidth allocation can be studied by considering the different types of network topologies.
Keywords: DSN, WSN, MAC, TDMA.
Lung cancer disease analyzes using pso based fuzzy logic systemeSAT Journals
Abstract
Main objective of this paper to improve accuracy of lung cancer disease investigation utilizing molecule swarm enhancement
(PSO) in combination with fuzzy expert system. This paper briefly a introduce fuzzy expert systems and this proposed scheme
compared with related methods. Experimental results of the proposed system simulated by MATLAB 2014.
Experimental study of heat transfer and hydrodynamics of falling film on a no...eSAT Journals
Abstract
An improved evaporator with helical finned tube falling film is presented. Its technology of building is simple and it is a question
of piling plates in two wings, identical and simple forms, by respecting a regular gap between them to get the densely populated
double helical finned tube of walk of staircase. This new evaporator design introduces advantages to have two helical fins taken
up in parallel allowing doubling its area of exchange, a helical geometry allowing influencing flow favorably for a good
distribution of the film and a strong density of walk of staircase playing promoters turbulence role that can improve its heat
transfer coefficient side film. Thermal study, in heating, evaporating and convective boiling regimes, allowed showing, on the
basis of the criterion of the thermal height unit, HTU, a better performance compared with mono-finned evaporators and the
smooth double helical finned tube without walk of staircase of the same density.
Keywords - helical evaporator, falling film, double fins, density of walk of staircase, HTU
Abstract
The methods used for conventional software development cannot be used directly for the development of web applications. Today
most of the companies use scrum methodology for the development of web applications. But it seem to be difficult to use the scrum
in large projects because of the change of requirement late in the project and also it is difficult apply scrum in a big team. This
paper identifies and analyses the various changes required in the scrum methodology to make them applicable for the large
projects and reduce the cost.
Keywords: software development model, hybrid model, scrum methodology, prototype models
Inveterate migraine treatment using vibration a non-invasive methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
Migraine is a neurological syndrome which causes moderate to severe head ache. The migraine headache is associated with
nausea, vomiting, photophobia, pulsating sensationmostly at one side of the head and visual disturbances. Most of the migraines
are treated and taken care only at the postdromal stage. Acute migraines are treated with the drugs which causes some gastro
intestinal problems, chest pain, reduce in the blood pressure, dizziness. The other method for migraine treatment includes
neurostimulation and nerve decompression.This project embraces the use of non-invasive method using a vibration where it is
placed at the acupressure points. These points when used in a right manner can relieve Headaches and migraine. The vibration is
created by a set of electronic components and arduino where the vibration frequency can be changed manually as per the wish of
the patient’s comfort. These readings of frequencies used with respect to the digital samples can be monitored by the external SD
card where it can be further verified by the doctor on special cases.
KeyWords: NerveDecompression, Dromal stage, Neurostimulation
Identification of road traffic fatal crashes leading factors using principal ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Traffic crash fatalities create primary safety concern beyond the traffic congestion and delay. Therefore, the purpose of this study
is to identify the principal components/factors associated with road traffic crash in the U.S. through retrospective reviewing based
on more than two million records of fatal crashes and 38 years (1975-2012) of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
official’s Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) database. This study portrays an integrated geographic information system
and SAS application in order to find the major factors forcing traffic crashes. The resulting geospatial analysis and principal
components analysis yielded critical significant factors causing fatal traffic crashes. The outcomes of this research could be used
in transportation safety policy making and planning significantly.
Key Words: Accident Analysis Prevention, Clustering, Crash Hot Spot, Geographic Information Systems, Principal
Components Analysis, and Traffic Crash
A fpga implementation of data hiding using lsb matching methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
Data Hiding is one of the familiar methodologies used nowadays to authenticate and resolve the copyrights of the digital data.
This paper discusses the verilog based FPGA implementation of data hiding in grayscale image using the concept of the LSB
Matching technique. In this verilog based data hiding process the secret digital signature is hidden in the host image then
analyzed with the PSNR value and Payload capacity.
Keywords: Data hiding, Least-Significant-bit matching method, Reversible, Gray Scale Image, Real Time
LSB Embedding, FPGA- Implementation etc
Effect of salt magnesium chloride on vapour liquid equilibria of binary aze...eSAT Journals
Abstract Separation of azeotropic liquid mixtures using distillation is a challenging task for process engineers. A straight distillation is not useful for complete separation of mixture components for azeotropic liquid mixtures. The conventional process using liquid entrainer is energy intensive and involves running extra distillation column. The salt which dissolve in liquid mixture but has different solubility in components of liquid mixture can be used as the extracting agent like that of liquid entrainer. The added salt can hold the component in equilibrium liquid phase which has more solubility and hence can enrich the equilibrium vapour phase with the other component. Therefore the added salt has the capability to alter the relative volatility of liquid mixture. The Vapour – Liquid Equilibrium data indicates the relative amount of components in liquid and vapour phase and hence indicates extend up to which liquid mixture can be separated using distillation. In this paper we have studied the separation of one of the important azeotropic liquid mixture Ethyl Acetate –Ethanol in presence of salt Magnesium Chloride. The Vapour – Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) data of binary liquid mixture Ethyl Acetate (A)- Ethanol (B) without salt and with salt is obtained experimentally by using modified Othmer’s still. The system found to forms the minimum boiling azeotrope at 0.550 mole fraction of ethyl acetate at 71.7 0C under the normal atmospheric pressure. The effect of addition of salt Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) has been studied on the vapour - liquid equilibria of ethyl acetate- ethanol. Two different compositions of salt (20% and 25% by weight of ethanol in mixture) have been tried and corresponding shift in azeotropic point towards the higher composition of ethyl acetate than without salt is noted. Keywords: VLE, binary, azeotrope, mole fraction, salt.
A new multimodel approach for human authentication sclera vein and finger ve...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The vein structure is stable over time and can be manipulated for identifying human. The sclera portion of the human eye has blood vessel pattern which is unique for each human being. So, the sclera vein pattern can be used for a useful biometric feature. A few research works has been done over finger vein pattern recognition. Finger vein is an important biometric technique for personal identification and authentication. The finger vein is a blood vessel network under the finger skin. The network pattern is distinct for each individual, unaffected by aging and it is internal i.e. inside human skin which can always guarantee more security authentication. Sclera vein pattern recognition can face a few challenges like: the vein structure moves as the eye moves, low image quality, multilayered structure of the sclera vein and thickness of the sclera vein changes with the excitement level of the human body. To overcome this limitation, the multimodel biometrics is proposed through which the user can be authenticated either sclera vein or finger vein recognition. Sclera vein recognition used Y-shape descriptor and finger vein recognition used repeated line tracking based feature extraction method to effectively eliminate the most unlikely matches respectively. According to the available work in literatures and commercial utilization experiences, sclera vein and finger vein multimodality ensures higher performance and spoofing resistance. Thus building the multimodel biometric system increases the population coverage and improves the accuracy of the human recognition.
Keywords: Sclera Vein Recognition, Sclera Feature Matching, Sclera Matching, Sclera Segmentation, Feature Extraction, Finger Vein Recognition, Multimodel Biometrics
A review of effect of welding and post weld heat treatment on microstructure ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today getting high thermal efficiency in thermal and nuclear power plant is a big challenge. Many new material are developed. SA 335 grade 91 steel is modified high chrome-moly martenstitic steel. This material is having excellent toughness and high temperature creep strength. During welding, this material is having tremendous change in its microstructure and hence mechanical property. Many research works were done in this area. This paper discusses weld ability of P91 material. Effect of different welding process, type of filler wire, its chemical composition and type of flux is discussed in this paper. PWHT is necessary after welding of P91 steel. PWHT temperature and its duration affects phase transformation and mechanical properties of weld metal, HAZ and parent metal. Major focus is given on hardness, creep resistance and notch toughness.
Keywords - P91, Welding, Microstructure, Toughness, Creep, Hardness, PWHT
Isolation and screening of haloalkaline protease producing bacteria from tann...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Twenty bacterial strains were isolated on selective milk agar plates (pH 9.0) from tannery solid waste on the basis of different
colony morphology. These strains exhibited variable haloalkaline protease activity and were tolerant to different concentration of
both chromate (350-1450 μg/ml) and NaCl (2-9%). Those having clearance zone greater than 20.0 mm were considered as
significant isolate. Out of twenty, nine strains were interestingly tolerant to high concentration of Cr(VI) (850-1450 mg/l) and
NaCl (6.5-9%) and exhibited vibrant clear zone diameter between 21-35 mm. All these isolates in this study were capable of
reducing Cr(VI) aerobically and the reduction values ranged between 50.0-76.0% after 16-20 h of growth. Further, significant
haloalkaline protease production was observed in these bacteria within 24 h under wide temperature (25-45°C) and pH (8.0-10.5)
range. The potential of these strains to produce protease at higher rate in the presence of wheat bran as a cheap carbon source
and yeast extract or beef extract as a nitrogen source makes them a potential candidate for industrial applications and removal of
Cr(VI) and proteinaceous waste simultaneously from industrial waste of alkaline nature.
Key words: Tannery waste, chromate resistant, bacteria, haloalkaline, protease
Application of dry cell hho gas generator with pulse width modulation on sinj...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Dry cell HHO gas generator performance optimization was done by varying the duty cycle of pulse width modulation, pwm. HHO
gas generated subsequently applied to the Sinjai spark ignition engine port injection, 2-cylinder 650 cc with gas inlet mechanism
using a venturi. Variations performed on HHO gas generator is the duty cycle of pwm, ie 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% (or the
same as non pwm). The parameters of performance were calculated includes specific energy input, efficiency and temperature of
the HHO generator. HHO gas is obtained then used as a fuel mixture in the Sinjai engine and inserted through a venturi
mechanism which is mounted on the duct of combustion air inlet. Furthermore, the effect of the addition of HHO gas on the
performance of the Sinjai engine measured includes parameters of torque, power, BMEP, specific fuel consumption and thermal
efficiency. Sinjai engine performance optimization done on setting ignition timing for minimum advance for best torque, MBT
mechanism. The results show that optimum performance of HHO gas generator is generated by pwm system with 40% duty cycle
with parameters such as specific energy input of 33,121 MJ/kg, generator efficiency of 20,064% and generator temperature can
be maintained below 60 0C. Application of HHO gas generator in point above on standart ignition timing Sinjai engine produce
in an increase of performance such as torque, power, BMEP and thermal efficiency respectively of 2.27%, 2.76% and 3.05% and
a decrease of bsfc 7.76 %. Retarded ignition timing is adjusted to MBT is able to increase performance such as torque, power,
thermal efficiency, respectively 6.55%, 7,65%, 15,50% and a decrease of bsfc 22,06 %.
Keywords: Sinjai Engine, HHO Gas Generator, HHO Gas, PWM, MBT And Engine Performance
Performance investigation of conventional heat pipe with hydrocarbon as worki...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This work attempts to analyses the performance of conventional heat pipe with hydrocarbon as working fluid. The performance
investigation involves the determination of thermal resistance of conventional heat pipe at various heat input. And to determine
the best hydrocarbon working fluid out of the acetone and methanol. Conventional heat pipe is filled with acetone and methanol
with the filling ratio of 60 % with this filling ratio the performance of the device is investigated.
Keywords: Working Fluid, Heat Transfer, Thermal Resistance.
A low cost method of real time pavement condition data sharing to expedite ma...UVision
A low cost method of real time pavement condition data sharing to expedite maintenance intervention
Pavements for roads in cities and highways are degraded with potholes, cracking, and rutting distresses. There is a strong need to identify these locations and sections with undesired longitudinal roughness quickly and accurately every year. Traditionally, expensive standalone survey vehicles for roughness measurements and more expensive multi-function vehicles are employed by highway agencies or through contract services, which most cities and local agencies can’t afford. The primary objective of this study is to describe a low cost method to collect essential pavement condition data and share real time to expedite maintenance intervention needs. This facilitates rapid identification of pavement sections with undesired longitudinal roughness and local defects. This paper discusses the impact of social media, crowd sourcing, and advances in cheaper accurate motion sensors and cloud server data processing. These tools make it possible to develop easy-to-use low cost methods, which are affordable by city public work and smaller road agencies.
Focused on the lane occupancy phenomenon, this paper analyzes the roads during two different accidents to the evacuation period. Firstly, according to the statistical data, this paper calculated the correction coefficients under the road traffic condition, and then obtained the actual traffic capacity result at each moment of the road when combining the function model of the actual traffic capacity corrected by the running speed and the road traffic condition. Next the actual traffic capacity results are fitted to the Smooth spline interpolation, and then the actual traffic capacity is further verified by the traffic congestion situation. The actual traffic capacity of the road during the accident to evacuation is summarized as follows: the actual traffic capacity shows a nonlinear trend, that is, ascending-attenuating-recovering and gradually stabilizing. Finally, using Mann-Whitney U test to carry out the difference test on the actual traffic capacity, it is found that there is significant difference between the two groups of data, and the actual traffic capacity of the second case is stronger than that of the first one, and the reasons for the difference are analyzed as follows: the ratio of the steering traffic volume at the downstream intersection is different; this road section includes the community intersection and there are vehicles entering and leaving; meanwhile the speed of each lane is different and there are buildings near the lane. The above conclusions will provide theoretical basis for the traffic management department to correctly guide the vehicle driving, approve the road construction, design the road channelization plan, set the roadside parking space and the non-port-type bus stations.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Abstract Fog Computing is a paradigm that extends Cloud computing and services to the edge of the network. Similar to Cloud, Fog provides data, compute, storage, and application services to end-users. It is a model in which data, processing and applications are concentrated in devices at the network edge rather than existing almost entirely in the cloud. This document describes the various features of Fog Computing and a case study along with the actual implementation of fog computing in traffic analysis to understand how fog computing is applied to the edge environment. This document also contains the difference between the fog computing and cloud computing. Keywords— Fog Computing, Characteristics of Fog computing, Application of Fog computing, Difference between Cloud computing and Fog Computing.
Accessing remote android mobile contentseSAT Journals
not only used for calling purpose. Today all mobile Users are using
android phone and can store images, videos, files, contacts etc. Mobile phones now a day are not only for calling purpose but also
for important work like banking, corporate, education etc. In case, if user forgets mobile at home and wants some important data
from it remotely from one place to another place. For this there are several android applications available for smart phones today
that can help one to get it. This paper is presenting an android app for the same “Accessing Remote Android Mobile Contents”.
This app will take user requirement as input and retrieve it. This application requires internet connection first, if it is connected it
will open login prompt. In which user has to provide unique user id and password which is decided during installation of app.
Once the user is validated by remote mobile phone, user will see a menu on his/her screen. User has to select menu option form
that and send it to remote phone. User will receive data (contacts) from remote mobile.
Keywords: Android, Remote Mobile, Local Mobile, Eclipse.
Cds based energy efficient topology control algorithm in wireless sensor net...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a self organized network which consists of large number of sensor nodes that collects the data in a various environment [1, 2]. The sensors work on battery that have limited lifetime so it is a challenge to create an energy efficient network that can reduce the energy consumption and interference in the network graph and thereby extend the network lifetime [2]. For saving energy and extending network lifetime the topology is a well-known technique in WSNs and the widely used topology control strategy is the construction of Connected Dominating Set (CDS) [3, 4]. In this paper, we construct a CDS based energy efficient topology control algorithm i.e. GCDSTC for WSNs. The performance analysis includes the study of GCDSTC algorithm in terms of complexity and compares it with EBTC (Energy Balanced Topology Control) algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the GCDSTC algorithm reduce the energy consumption and interference in the network graph, in order to enhance the network lifetime. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Connected Dominating Set (CDS), Topology Control (TC), etc.
A survey on bandwidth allocation schemes in wsns using tdma based mac protocoleSAT Journals
applications. The real time applications of WSNs such as bandwidth sensitivity and sharing priority especially their cap
artificial intelligence between sensor node communications are very important
storage capacity, processing speed, collision between the nodes, overhearing, idle listening and limited bandwidth al
the major constraints of wireless sensor networks. There are many approaches to meet these actual requirements of WSNs. In th
paper we study designing of MAC layer by considering the bandwidth in terms of time slot allocation in a pure TDMA/
based networks, which provides considerable amount of profit by avoiding collision, overhearing idle listening and finally
provides energy efficiency. Bandwidth allocation can be studied by considering the different types of network topologies.
Keywords: DSN, WSN, MAC, TDMA.
Lung cancer disease analyzes using pso based fuzzy logic systemeSAT Journals
Abstract
Main objective of this paper to improve accuracy of lung cancer disease investigation utilizing molecule swarm enhancement
(PSO) in combination with fuzzy expert system. This paper briefly a introduce fuzzy expert systems and this proposed scheme
compared with related methods. Experimental results of the proposed system simulated by MATLAB 2014.
Experimental study of heat transfer and hydrodynamics of falling film on a no...eSAT Journals
Abstract
An improved evaporator with helical finned tube falling film is presented. Its technology of building is simple and it is a question
of piling plates in two wings, identical and simple forms, by respecting a regular gap between them to get the densely populated
double helical finned tube of walk of staircase. This new evaporator design introduces advantages to have two helical fins taken
up in parallel allowing doubling its area of exchange, a helical geometry allowing influencing flow favorably for a good
distribution of the film and a strong density of walk of staircase playing promoters turbulence role that can improve its heat
transfer coefficient side film. Thermal study, in heating, evaporating and convective boiling regimes, allowed showing, on the
basis of the criterion of the thermal height unit, HTU, a better performance compared with mono-finned evaporators and the
smooth double helical finned tube without walk of staircase of the same density.
Keywords - helical evaporator, falling film, double fins, density of walk of staircase, HTU
Abstract
The methods used for conventional software development cannot be used directly for the development of web applications. Today
most of the companies use scrum methodology for the development of web applications. But it seem to be difficult to use the scrum
in large projects because of the change of requirement late in the project and also it is difficult apply scrum in a big team. This
paper identifies and analyses the various changes required in the scrum methodology to make them applicable for the large
projects and reduce the cost.
Keywords: software development model, hybrid model, scrum methodology, prototype models
Inveterate migraine treatment using vibration a non-invasive methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
Migraine is a neurological syndrome which causes moderate to severe head ache. The migraine headache is associated with
nausea, vomiting, photophobia, pulsating sensationmostly at one side of the head and visual disturbances. Most of the migraines
are treated and taken care only at the postdromal stage. Acute migraines are treated with the drugs which causes some gastro
intestinal problems, chest pain, reduce in the blood pressure, dizziness. The other method for migraine treatment includes
neurostimulation and nerve decompression.This project embraces the use of non-invasive method using a vibration where it is
placed at the acupressure points. These points when used in a right manner can relieve Headaches and migraine. The vibration is
created by a set of electronic components and arduino where the vibration frequency can be changed manually as per the wish of
the patient’s comfort. These readings of frequencies used with respect to the digital samples can be monitored by the external SD
card where it can be further verified by the doctor on special cases.
KeyWords: NerveDecompression, Dromal stage, Neurostimulation
Identification of road traffic fatal crashes leading factors using principal ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Traffic crash fatalities create primary safety concern beyond the traffic congestion and delay. Therefore, the purpose of this study
is to identify the principal components/factors associated with road traffic crash in the U.S. through retrospective reviewing based
on more than two million records of fatal crashes and 38 years (1975-2012) of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
official’s Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) database. This study portrays an integrated geographic information system
and SAS application in order to find the major factors forcing traffic crashes. The resulting geospatial analysis and principal
components analysis yielded critical significant factors causing fatal traffic crashes. The outcomes of this research could be used
in transportation safety policy making and planning significantly.
Key Words: Accident Analysis Prevention, Clustering, Crash Hot Spot, Geographic Information Systems, Principal
Components Analysis, and Traffic Crash
A fpga implementation of data hiding using lsb matching methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
Data Hiding is one of the familiar methodologies used nowadays to authenticate and resolve the copyrights of the digital data.
This paper discusses the verilog based FPGA implementation of data hiding in grayscale image using the concept of the LSB
Matching technique. In this verilog based data hiding process the secret digital signature is hidden in the host image then
analyzed with the PSNR value and Payload capacity.
Keywords: Data hiding, Least-Significant-bit matching method, Reversible, Gray Scale Image, Real Time
LSB Embedding, FPGA- Implementation etc
Effect of salt magnesium chloride on vapour liquid equilibria of binary aze...eSAT Journals
Abstract Separation of azeotropic liquid mixtures using distillation is a challenging task for process engineers. A straight distillation is not useful for complete separation of mixture components for azeotropic liquid mixtures. The conventional process using liquid entrainer is energy intensive and involves running extra distillation column. The salt which dissolve in liquid mixture but has different solubility in components of liquid mixture can be used as the extracting agent like that of liquid entrainer. The added salt can hold the component in equilibrium liquid phase which has more solubility and hence can enrich the equilibrium vapour phase with the other component. Therefore the added salt has the capability to alter the relative volatility of liquid mixture. The Vapour – Liquid Equilibrium data indicates the relative amount of components in liquid and vapour phase and hence indicates extend up to which liquid mixture can be separated using distillation. In this paper we have studied the separation of one of the important azeotropic liquid mixture Ethyl Acetate –Ethanol in presence of salt Magnesium Chloride. The Vapour – Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) data of binary liquid mixture Ethyl Acetate (A)- Ethanol (B) without salt and with salt is obtained experimentally by using modified Othmer’s still. The system found to forms the minimum boiling azeotrope at 0.550 mole fraction of ethyl acetate at 71.7 0C under the normal atmospheric pressure. The effect of addition of salt Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) has been studied on the vapour - liquid equilibria of ethyl acetate- ethanol. Two different compositions of salt (20% and 25% by weight of ethanol in mixture) have been tried and corresponding shift in azeotropic point towards the higher composition of ethyl acetate than without salt is noted. Keywords: VLE, binary, azeotrope, mole fraction, salt.
A new multimodel approach for human authentication sclera vein and finger ve...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The vein structure is stable over time and can be manipulated for identifying human. The sclera portion of the human eye has blood vessel pattern which is unique for each human being. So, the sclera vein pattern can be used for a useful biometric feature. A few research works has been done over finger vein pattern recognition. Finger vein is an important biometric technique for personal identification and authentication. The finger vein is a blood vessel network under the finger skin. The network pattern is distinct for each individual, unaffected by aging and it is internal i.e. inside human skin which can always guarantee more security authentication. Sclera vein pattern recognition can face a few challenges like: the vein structure moves as the eye moves, low image quality, multilayered structure of the sclera vein and thickness of the sclera vein changes with the excitement level of the human body. To overcome this limitation, the multimodel biometrics is proposed through which the user can be authenticated either sclera vein or finger vein recognition. Sclera vein recognition used Y-shape descriptor and finger vein recognition used repeated line tracking based feature extraction method to effectively eliminate the most unlikely matches respectively. According to the available work in literatures and commercial utilization experiences, sclera vein and finger vein multimodality ensures higher performance and spoofing resistance. Thus building the multimodel biometric system increases the population coverage and improves the accuracy of the human recognition.
Keywords: Sclera Vein Recognition, Sclera Feature Matching, Sclera Matching, Sclera Segmentation, Feature Extraction, Finger Vein Recognition, Multimodel Biometrics
A review of effect of welding and post weld heat treatment on microstructure ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today getting high thermal efficiency in thermal and nuclear power plant is a big challenge. Many new material are developed. SA 335 grade 91 steel is modified high chrome-moly martenstitic steel. This material is having excellent toughness and high temperature creep strength. During welding, this material is having tremendous change in its microstructure and hence mechanical property. Many research works were done in this area. This paper discusses weld ability of P91 material. Effect of different welding process, type of filler wire, its chemical composition and type of flux is discussed in this paper. PWHT is necessary after welding of P91 steel. PWHT temperature and its duration affects phase transformation and mechanical properties of weld metal, HAZ and parent metal. Major focus is given on hardness, creep resistance and notch toughness.
Keywords - P91, Welding, Microstructure, Toughness, Creep, Hardness, PWHT
Isolation and screening of haloalkaline protease producing bacteria from tann...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Twenty bacterial strains were isolated on selective milk agar plates (pH 9.0) from tannery solid waste on the basis of different
colony morphology. These strains exhibited variable haloalkaline protease activity and were tolerant to different concentration of
both chromate (350-1450 μg/ml) and NaCl (2-9%). Those having clearance zone greater than 20.0 mm were considered as
significant isolate. Out of twenty, nine strains were interestingly tolerant to high concentration of Cr(VI) (850-1450 mg/l) and
NaCl (6.5-9%) and exhibited vibrant clear zone diameter between 21-35 mm. All these isolates in this study were capable of
reducing Cr(VI) aerobically and the reduction values ranged between 50.0-76.0% after 16-20 h of growth. Further, significant
haloalkaline protease production was observed in these bacteria within 24 h under wide temperature (25-45°C) and pH (8.0-10.5)
range. The potential of these strains to produce protease at higher rate in the presence of wheat bran as a cheap carbon source
and yeast extract or beef extract as a nitrogen source makes them a potential candidate for industrial applications and removal of
Cr(VI) and proteinaceous waste simultaneously from industrial waste of alkaline nature.
Key words: Tannery waste, chromate resistant, bacteria, haloalkaline, protease
Application of dry cell hho gas generator with pulse width modulation on sinj...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Dry cell HHO gas generator performance optimization was done by varying the duty cycle of pulse width modulation, pwm. HHO
gas generated subsequently applied to the Sinjai spark ignition engine port injection, 2-cylinder 650 cc with gas inlet mechanism
using a venturi. Variations performed on HHO gas generator is the duty cycle of pwm, ie 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% (or the
same as non pwm). The parameters of performance were calculated includes specific energy input, efficiency and temperature of
the HHO generator. HHO gas is obtained then used as a fuel mixture in the Sinjai engine and inserted through a venturi
mechanism which is mounted on the duct of combustion air inlet. Furthermore, the effect of the addition of HHO gas on the
performance of the Sinjai engine measured includes parameters of torque, power, BMEP, specific fuel consumption and thermal
efficiency. Sinjai engine performance optimization done on setting ignition timing for minimum advance for best torque, MBT
mechanism. The results show that optimum performance of HHO gas generator is generated by pwm system with 40% duty cycle
with parameters such as specific energy input of 33,121 MJ/kg, generator efficiency of 20,064% and generator temperature can
be maintained below 60 0C. Application of HHO gas generator in point above on standart ignition timing Sinjai engine produce
in an increase of performance such as torque, power, BMEP and thermal efficiency respectively of 2.27%, 2.76% and 3.05% and
a decrease of bsfc 7.76 %. Retarded ignition timing is adjusted to MBT is able to increase performance such as torque, power,
thermal efficiency, respectively 6.55%, 7,65%, 15,50% and a decrease of bsfc 22,06 %.
Keywords: Sinjai Engine, HHO Gas Generator, HHO Gas, PWM, MBT And Engine Performance
Performance investigation of conventional heat pipe with hydrocarbon as worki...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This work attempts to analyses the performance of conventional heat pipe with hydrocarbon as working fluid. The performance
investigation involves the determination of thermal resistance of conventional heat pipe at various heat input. And to determine
the best hydrocarbon working fluid out of the acetone and methanol. Conventional heat pipe is filled with acetone and methanol
with the filling ratio of 60 % with this filling ratio the performance of the device is investigated.
Keywords: Working Fluid, Heat Transfer, Thermal Resistance.
A low cost method of real time pavement condition data sharing to expedite ma...UVision
A low cost method of real time pavement condition data sharing to expedite maintenance intervention
Pavements for roads in cities and highways are degraded with potholes, cracking, and rutting distresses. There is a strong need to identify these locations and sections with undesired longitudinal roughness quickly and accurately every year. Traditionally, expensive standalone survey vehicles for roughness measurements and more expensive multi-function vehicles are employed by highway agencies or through contract services, which most cities and local agencies can’t afford. The primary objective of this study is to describe a low cost method to collect essential pavement condition data and share real time to expedite maintenance intervention needs. This facilitates rapid identification of pavement sections with undesired longitudinal roughness and local defects. This paper discusses the impact of social media, crowd sourcing, and advances in cheaper accurate motion sensors and cloud server data processing. These tools make it possible to develop easy-to-use low cost methods, which are affordable by city public work and smaller road agencies.
Focused on the lane occupancy phenomenon, this paper analyzes the roads during two different accidents to the evacuation period. Firstly, according to the statistical data, this paper calculated the correction coefficients under the road traffic condition, and then obtained the actual traffic capacity result at each moment of the road when combining the function model of the actual traffic capacity corrected by the running speed and the road traffic condition. Next the actual traffic capacity results are fitted to the Smooth spline interpolation, and then the actual traffic capacity is further verified by the traffic congestion situation. The actual traffic capacity of the road during the accident to evacuation is summarized as follows: the actual traffic capacity shows a nonlinear trend, that is, ascending-attenuating-recovering and gradually stabilizing. Finally, using Mann-Whitney U test to carry out the difference test on the actual traffic capacity, it is found that there is significant difference between the two groups of data, and the actual traffic capacity of the second case is stronger than that of the first one, and the reasons for the difference are analyzed as follows: the ratio of the steering traffic volume at the downstream intersection is different; this road section includes the community intersection and there are vehicles entering and leaving; meanwhile the speed of each lane is different and there are buildings near the lane. The above conclusions will provide theoretical basis for the traffic management department to correctly guide the vehicle driving, approve the road construction, design the road channelization plan, set the roadside parking space and the non-port-type bus stations.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
AHP-DEMATEL Based Research on the Influencing Factors of the Daily Maintenanc...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Highway maintenance is equally crucial across borders; this paper first conducts statistics and case study research on daily federal and provincial highway maintenance costs in China's principal influencing factors. Finally, it looks at those results with the tools of AHP-DEMAT. Yet, the overall degree of influence of each factor of influence is collected to classify the significant influence factors. The results found that: the main factors influencing the daily maintenance costs of national and provincial trunk highways are: highway grade, traffic flow, service life, structure type, topography, pavement thickness, and pavement width; the influence of climate factors on costs can be adequately considered when formulating standards for daily maintenance costs for provinces/regions with a broad geographic range.
The Distributional Impacts of Transportation Networks in Chinamalin84
The presentation slides of "The Distributional Impacts of Transportation Networks in China", published in the Journal of International Economics in 2024
North Oakland Community Analysis Final ReportSara Barz
In September 2014, representatives from the City of Oakland (“the City”) and the Bay Area Rapid Transit District (“BART”) approached the CP 218 Transportation Studio with questions about travel behavior and the transportation network in and around the MacArthur BART Station in Oakland, California (Figure 1). In search of data to support the proposed Complete Streets Plan for Telegraph Avenue, the City was particularly interested in travel patterns generated by commercial activity in the Temescal Commercial District (“Temescal”). Meanwhile, BART was broadly interested in promoting urban densities that would support transit, in addition to the impacts of a new transit-oriented development adjacent to the MacArthur BART Station.
With these prompts, our studio team quickly concluded that these concerns were interesting, but ultimately too narrow in scope given the magnitude of changes coming to the MacArthur area. After some exploratory analysis, we found that market and regulatory forces at regional and local levels have converged in the MacArthur area to create the conflicts and opportunities presented by urban infill growth:
• The MacArthur BART area has been promoted by regional authorities as an ideal location for new growth based on its ability b to serve new residents by transit. This designation is formalized as a Priority Development Area (“PDA”) in the region’s state- mandated plan for growth through 2040, “Plan Bay Area.”
• A new transit-oriented development, MacArthur Station, adjacent to the MacArthur BART Station, is expected to bring more than 1,000 new residents to the area over the next decade (a 17% increase).
• The real estate market in this area has recovered from the recession and begun to appreciate significantly, driving up rents and threatening potential displacement of existing residents.
• In 2015, the City of Oakland will repave and reconfigure a stretch of Telegraph Avenue that runs adjacent to the MacArthur BART Station. The City’s Complete Streets Plan will reduce travel lanes to make room for new bike lanes, which merchants in Temescal have opposed, fearing adverse impacts on auto travel and shoppers’ accessibility to the district.
Considering this context, we found ourselves wondering, how do we improve the transportation network a) to serve existing and anticipated residents and businesses and b) to create a pleasant, efficient, and safe multimodal neighborhood and corridor? Implicit in these guiding questions about the role of a transportation network were the narrower questions about travel patterns, population density, and potential impacts of the proposed Complete Streets Plan.
Similar to Implications of highway capacity manual on freeway measure of effectiveness a case study (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Implications of highway capacity manual on freeway measure of effectiveness a case study
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IMPLICATIONS OF HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL ON FREEWAY
MEASURE OF EFFECTIVENESS: A CASE STUDY
Mohammad M Molla1
1
Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University,
North Dakota, USA
Abstract
The Fargo-Moorhead Metropolitan Area’s rapid population and employment annual growth rate of 2.5 percent leading an
opportunity for transportation infrastructure development. The forecasted growth will add demand, new number of trips, persons,
vehicles, and vehicle hour travel, vehicle miles travel in the two principal Interstates (I-29 and I-94) in the Fargo-Moorhead
Metropolitan Area. Consequentially, due to the increasing demand, interstates planning performance could be affected
significantly in this area and will increase congestion, and thus, require a study with measuring of effectiveness in planning
context. Therefore, a study of interstate within the Fargo-Moorhead metro area will be performed with measuring the deficiencies
of several parameters such as volume, capacity, and level of service. The study will identify and provide guidance on congested
areas incurred due to the forecasted/induced travel demand.
Key Words: Interstate Operational Analysis, I-29 Corridor, I-94 Corridor, Travel Demand, and MPO
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Overview
The Fargo-Moorhead Metropolitan Planning Area (MPA)
lies in two counties, which is Cass County in North Dakota
and Clay County in Minnesota and 15 cities (Fargo, West
Fargo, Horace, Kindred, Mapleton, Casselton, Harwood,
Argusville, Oxbow Cities in North Dakota and Moorhead,
Dilworth, Sabin, Glydin, Hawley, Barnesville Cities in
Minnesota). According to US Census 2010, this MPA
population was 187,587 (Ulteigh and McKibben
Demographics Research, 2012). Since the current
population is more than two hundreds thousands, according
to (Transportation Research Board, 2012), this MPA could
be designated as medium size MPA. In this medium size
MPA; Fargo is one of the largest cities which hold 105,549
populations (more than 56 percent). According to 2014 long
range transportation plan, more than 95% of the workers
who lives in Cass and Clay counties works within Cass and
Clay county. The majority of the commuting working
pattern for this MPA is within the MPA.
Based on Federal Functional Classification System (Federal
Highway Administration, 2015) and (Fargo-Moorhead
Metropolitan Council of Governments, 2014), Interstates 29
and 94 displayed in Figure 1 are the two major principal
interstates/facilities that could support the radial commuting
pattern for this regional travel within the region and MPA
(Fargo-Moorhead Metropolitan Council of Governments,
2014). Beside this commuting, the interstate I-29 north
connect the Winnipeg in Canada, I-29 south connect to
Brookings in South Dakota, I-94 east connect to
Minneapolis in Minnesota, and I-94 west connect to Billings
in Montana. These two interstates are serving as the major
mode for peoples, goods and freight movement. There are
more than 200 interstate lane miles, which is more than
6.5% of total lanes miles of this MPA. These interstate
facilities are being using approximately 18% of total daily
vehicle miles traveled.
The existing travel demand model replicate very reasonably
the daily total vehicle miles travel especially for the
interstate facility. The model 2010 also included a base year
scenario for the year 2010. Since the study area’s
transportation system would be affected to meeting the
future growth, interstate facilities may become congested.
Travel demand planning model utilize highway capacity
manual (HCM) to validate it’s forecasting power. HCM
2010 and 2000 may lead to significant difference in
measuring the level of service and volume-capacity ratio.
Forecasting for 2010 in base year 2000 with HCM 2000
might be different if HCM 2010 is used. Even though the
level of services is relative to each location and methods of
selection, for a same location it may produce two different
results.
Therefore, this study will first measure the effectiveness/
performance of the interstate facilities considering the base
year condition 2010 and will provide guidance for
stakeholders, and will study the implications of highway
capacity manual 2000 and 2010 based on planning model
approach.
1.2. Problem Statement
There are more than 200 interstate lane miles, which is more
than 6.5% of total lanes miles of the Fargo-Moorhead Metro
Area. The interstate facilities are being using approximately
18% of total daily vehicle miles traveled based on the
existing travel demand model developed for the base year
2010. The existing travel demand model replicate very
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reasonably the daily total vehicle miles travel especially for
the interstate facility. Since the study area’s transportation
system would be affected to meeting the future growth,
interstate facilities may become congested. Therefore, this
study will measure the effectiveness/performance of the
interstate facilities considering the base year condition 2010,
and will provide guidance for stakeholders, and will study
the implications of highway capacity manual 2000 and 2010
based on planning model approach.
Fig -1: Interstates Facilities in the Fargo-Moorhead
Metropolitan Area
1.3. Objective
This study will perform a case study with I-94 Eastbound
principal Interstate in the Fargo-Moorhead Metropolitan
Area. The study will identify and provide guidance on
congested areas on the freeway facilities incurred based on
future demand. The study will include the areas with
deficiencies in volume, capacity and level of services that
need to be improved towards meeting the demand. Finally,
the study will compare the implications of highway capacity
manual 2000 and 2010.
2. DATA COLLECTION, MODEL AND
METHODOLOGY
2.1. Study Area
This study area was limited to only Fargo-Moorhead
Metropolitan Area, which has been presented in Figure 2.
The study area included interstates I-94 Eastbound. The
twenty two miles I-94 interstate in the study area has 13
interchanges.
Eastbound of interstate I-94 was divided into total 33 roads
segments, which is presented in Figure 3. There were also
16 off-ramps and 14 on-ramps on the 13 interchanges of the
eastbound of I-94 included in the studies. The details of
ramp locations are presented in Table 1.
Fig -2: Study Location
Fig -3: I-94 Eastbound Segments
Fig -4: I-94 Ramp Locations
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Table -1: Details of Ramp Locations
Type Sl Locations Segment Type Segment Length
Ramp 1 165th Ave SE Off-Ramp 1477
Ramp 2 165th Ave SE On-Ramp 1701
Ramp 3 38th St NW Off-Ramp 1513
Ramp 4 39th St NW On-Ramp 1441
Ramp 5 26th St NW Off-Ramp 1716
Ramp 26 26th St NW On-Ramp 946
Ramp 6 Sheyenne Street Off-Ramp 1605
Ramp 7 Sheyenne Street On-Ramp 1422
Ramp 8 9th St E Off-Ramp 2854
Ramp 9 9th St E On-Ramp 1027
Ramp 10 9th St E On-Ramp 2592
Ramp 11 45th St S Off-Ramp 2266
Ramp 12 45th St S On-Ramp 1522
Ramp 13 45th St S On-Ramp 1723
Ramp 14 I-29 Off-Ramp 2692
Ramp 15 I-29 Off-Ramp 1864
Ramp 16 I-29 On-Ramp 1145
Ramp 17 I-29 On-Ramp 3049
Ramp 18 25th St S Off-Ramp 2144
Ramp 19 25th St S On-Ramp 873
Ramp 20 University Dr S Off-Ramp 1353
Ramp 21 University Dr S On-Ramp 1270
Ramp 22 University Dr S On-Ramp 1263
Ramp 23 8th St S Off-Ramp 1151
Ramp 24 8th St S On-Ramp 1679
Ramp 25 20th St S Off-Ramp 1955
Ramp 27 34th St S Off-Ramp 1560
Ramp 28 34th St S On-Ramp 2199
Ramp 29 70th St S Off-Ramp 1160
Ramp 30 70th St S On-Ramp 2182
2.2. Model Selection
Existing Travel Demand Model for the base year 2010 for
the Fargo-Moorhead Metropolitan Planning Area was utilize
for this study.
2.3. Software Utilization
Since the model were developed using Cube Voyager,
different models and scenarios running have been performed
inside the Cube Voyager. ArcGIS was utilized for
geodatabase and shape file editing and mapping purposes.
Besides this, spreadsheet and SAS language was used for
data processing and statistical analysis.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Link Performance
The estimated volume-to-capacity ratio matrix presented in
Table 2 and Figures 5 and 6 indicated that seven out of 33
segments with a v/c ratio greater than 1.0. A total of 12
segments with a v/c ratio greater than 0.90. The interstate I-
94 eastbound is globally oversaturated. All this 12 segments
are situated in the urban area.
Table -2: Segmented Performance Conditions
Segment Lanes V/C LOS HCM 2010 LOS HCM 2000
6 2 0.50 B B
7 2 0.58 B B
8 2 0.54 B B
9 2 0.65 B B
10 2 0.59 C B
11 2 1.05 D D
12 2 1.29 C E
13 2 1.13 C D
14 3 0.99 C D
15 3 1.09 C D
16 3 0.98 C D
17 2 0.98 D B
18 3 1.48 C F
19 3 0.98 C D
20 3 1.08 C D
21 3 1.08 C D
22 3 0.84 C C
23 3 0.88 C C
24 3 0.93 B C
25 2 0.79 B C
26 2 0.82 A C
27 2 0.73 B B
28 2 0.73 B C
29 2 0.73 A C
30 2 0.43 B C
31 2 0.47 A B
32 2 0.27 A A
33 2 0.29 A A
It can be inferred that in the central part of interstate v/c
capacity is increasing, i.e., the central part of interstate is
deficient against the current capacity. From 9th
street E to
34th
street S are experiencing more traffic and showing
deficiency in volume capacity ration.
Segment wide level of service was measured based on
highway capacity software, which used highway capacity
manual 2000. Segment wide level of service was also
measured based on highway capacity manual 2010. Both of
these results have been presented in Table 2 and Figure 6.
Both the manuals produced similar results except in the
central part. Since in the planning purpose, level of service
C and D both are acceptable. Thus, based on HCM 2010,
interstate I-94 eastbound has acceptable level of service.
However, based on HCM 2000, two segments between 9th
street E and 45th
street S, and between I-29 and 25th
Street S
were having E and F level of services, which indicated
deficiency in level of services.
In order to achieve a target or goal level of services C for
both of this segment, a new lane may require to between 9th
street E and 45th
street. Two new lanes need to be added
between I-29 to 25th
street S to achieve a level of service C.
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Fig -5: V/C Ratio of Link Segments
Fig -6: Level of Service on I-94 Eastbound
3.2. Ramp Performance
Even though I-94 eastbound link segments is showing pretty
good level of services, however, 13 interchanges along the
eastbound are showing severely deficiency in level of
service in the central part of the metropolitan planning area.
Volume to capacity and level of service is presented in
Table 3. More details of each interchanges is included in
Appendix A.1.
It was revealed that five ramps located (on-ramp in 9th
St E,
off-ramp I-29, on-ramp I-29, 25th
St S off-ramp, and 8th
Street S off-ramp) is having severe volume to capacity ratio,
which was more than 1.0. Based on HCM 2010, four ramps
(off-ramp I-29, on-ramp I-29, 25th
St S off-ramp, and 8th
Street S off-ramps) are having level of service F and on-
ramp in 9th
St E are having level of service E. Since majority
of the ramp from 9th
St E to University Dr. S is deficient in
level of service, which has the similar case in link segment,
therefore, special focus is necessary for the deficient ramp
and areas. There are many ways the better level of service of
ramp could be attained. Here, addition of lanes approach
was considered. Adding one more lane on ramp segment
number 9 to 19 except ramp segment number 16 where two
more lanes requires defined in Table 3 may facilitate to
attain a desired level of service C.
Table -3: Performance of Interchanges
Segment Locations Segment Type V/C LOS HCM 2010 LOS HCM 2000
1 165th Ave SE Off-Ramp 0.07 A A
2 165th Ave SE On-Ramp 0.40 B B
3 38th St NW Off-Ramp 0.02 A B
4 39th St NW On-Ramp 0.23 A B
5 26th St NW Off-Ramp 0.03 A B
26 26th St NW On-Ramp 0.11 A B
6 Sheyenne Street Off-Ramp 0.09 A B
7 Sheyenne Street On-Ramp 0.25 A C
8 9th St E Off-Ramp 0.15 A B
9 9th St E On-Ramp 1.05 E F
10 9th St E On-Ramp 0.55 C F
11 45th St S Off-Ramp 0.36 B D
12 45th St S On-Ramp 0.80 D E
13 45th St S On-Ramp 0.35 B D
14 I-29 Off-Ramp 0.37 B D
15 I-29 Off-Ramp 1.12 F D
16 I-29 On-Ramp 2.06 F D
17 I-29 On-Ramp 0.75 D F
18 25th St S Off-Ramp 1.71 F E
19 25th St S On-Ramp 0.34 B F
20 University Dr S Off-Ramp 0.79 D D
21 University Dr S On-Ramp 0.12 A D
22 University Dr S On-Ramp 0.18 A C
23 8th St S Off-Ramp 1.37 F C
24 8th St S On-Ramp 0.07 A F
25 20th St S Off-Ramp 0.21 A C
27 34th St S Off-Ramp 0.68 D B
28 34th St S On-Ramp 0.09 A C
29 70th St S Off-Ramp 0.41 B A
30 70th St S On-Ramp 0.05 A B
The results revealed deficiencies of interstate I-94 eastbound
with respect to volume capacity ratio and level of services. It
can be concluded that the findings of the study indicated
potential problems of existing condition of interstate
facilities, which need to be under consideration seriously in
order to avoid the congestion. The result also reveals
significant difference in Highway Capacity Manual 2000
and 2010 in producing level of service measures.
4. CONCLUSIONS
This study compared the implications of highway capacity
manual 2010 and 2000 on measuring freeway level of
service and volume-capacity ratio. The study revealed
dissimilarity between the year 2000 and 2010. The study
presents a case study based on planning model approach.
However, the results could be useful to make suitable
transportation planning and decision making on freeway.
Road segment can be further divided into smaller pieces so
that details analysis would revealed better results.
REFERENCES
[1] Fargo-Moorhead Metropolitan Council of
Governments. (2014). 2014 Long Range Transporation
Plan. Fargo, ND.
[2] Federal Highway Administration. (2015, 3 26).
Highway Functional Classification: Concepts, Criteira
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and Procedures. Retrieved from
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/processes/statewide/
related/highway_functional_classifications/fcauab.pdf
[3] Transportation Research Board. (2000). Highway
Capacity Manual 2000. Washington, D.C.
[4] Transportation Research Board. (2007). Metropolitan
Travel Forecasting. Washington, D.C.
[5] Transportation Research Board. (2010). Highway
Capacity Manual. Washinton, D.C.
[6] Transportation Research Board. (2012). Travel Demand
Forecasting: Parameteres and Techniques, NCHRP
Report 716. Washington, D.C.
[7] Ulteigh and McKibben Demographics Research.
(2012). Demographic Forecast Study for the FM
Metropolitan Area. FArgo, ND. Retrieved 3 26, 2015,
from
http://www.fmmetrocog.org/new/assets/documents/Ma
ps/2012%20Demographic%20Forecast%20Final%20Re
port_Approved.pdf
APPENDIX A
A.1. I-94 Eastbound Interchange Details
Location: 165th
Ave SE
Location: 38th
Street NW
Location: 26th
Street NW
Location: Sheyenne Street
Location: 9th Street E
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Location: 45th
Street S
Location: I-29
Location: 25th
Street S
Location: University Dr S
Location: 8th
Street S
Location: 20th
Street S
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Location: 34th
Street S
Location: 70th
Street S