This document proposes a knowledge management methodology based on ontologies for the tourism domain. The methodology covers the key stages of knowledge management: identifying critical knowledge, preserving knowledge through ontology development, enhancing knowledge by validating and exploiting the ontology, and updating knowledge. The methodology uses heterogeneous sources like text documents and thesauri to build an initial ontology, which is then enriched using natural language processing tools. It provides guidelines for each stage, including performing a feasibility study, choosing scenarios, and developing the ontology while ensuring consistency. The goal is to develop a reusable ontology that represents distributed and heterogeneous knowledge from multiple perspectives.
An Approach for Knowledge Extraction Using Ontology Construction and Machine ...Waqas Tariq
In recent research, Ontology construction plays a major role for transforming raw texts into useful knowledge. The proposed method supports efficient retrieval with the help of ontology and applies combined techniques to train the data before taking into testing process. The proposed approach used the phrase-pairs to extract useful knowledge and utilized data mining techniques and neural network approach to express the knowledge well and also it improves the search speed and accuracy of information retrieval. This method avoids noise generation by analyzing the relevancy of tags to the retrieval process and shows somewhat better recall value compared to other methods. In this approach an optimized reasoner applied to reduce complexity in the key inference problem. The formulated ontology can help clearly expressing its meaning for various concepts and relations. Due to the increasing size of ontology repository, the matching process may take more time. To avoid this, this method forms a hierarchical structure with semantic interpretation of data. The system designed to eliminate domain-dependency with the help of dynamic labeling scheme using ontology as a base. In this paper, our proposed models were presented with ontology description using Ontology Web Language (OWL).
Great model a model for the automatic generation of semantic relations betwee...ijcsity
The
large
a
v
ailable
am
ou
n
t
of
non
-
structured
texts
that
b
e
-
long
to
differe
n
t
domains
su
c
h
as
healthcare
(e.g.
medical
records),
justice
(e.g.
l
a
ws,
declarations),
insurance
(e.g.
declarations),
etc. increases
the
effort
required
for
the
analysis
of
information
in
a
decision making
pro
-
cess.
Differe
n
t
pr
o
jects
and t
o
ols
h
av
e
pro
p
osed
strategies
to
reduce
this
complexi
t
y
b
y
classifying,
summarizing
or
annotating
the
texts.
P
artic
-
ularl
y
,
text
summary
strategies
h
av
e
pr
ov
en
to
b
e
v
ery
useful
to
pr
o
vide
a
compact
view
of
an
original
text.
H
ow
e
v
er,
the
a
v
ailable
strategies
to
generate
these
summaries
do
not
fit
v
ery
w
ell
within
the
domains
that
require
ta
k
e
i
n
to
consideration
the
tem
p
oral
dimension
of
the
text
(e.g.
a
rece
n
t
piece
of
text
in
a
medical
record
is
more
im
p
orta
n
t
than
a
pre
-
vious
one)
and
the
profile
of
the
p
erson
who
requires
the
summary
(e.g
the
medical
s
p
ecialization).
T
o
co
p
e with
these
limitations
this
pa
p
er
prese
n
ts
”GRe
A
T”
a
m
o
del
for
automatic
summary
generation
that
re
-
lies
on
natural
language
pr
o
cessing
and
text
mining
te
c
hniques
to
extract
the
most
rele
v
a
n
t
information
from
narrati
v
e
texts
and
disc
o
v
er
new
in
-
formation
from
the
detection
of
related
information. GRe
A
T
M
o
del
w
as impleme
n
ted
on
sof
tw
are
to
b
e
v
alidated
in
a
health
institution
where
it
has
sh
o
wn
to
b
e
v
ery
useful
to displ
a
y
a
preview
of
the
information
a
b
ou
t
medical
health
records
and
disc
o
v
er
new
facts
and
h
y
p
otheses
within
the
information.
Se
v
eral
tests
w
ere
executed
su
c
h
as
F
unctional
-
i
t
y
,
Usabili
t
y
and
P
erformance
regarding
to
the
impleme
n
ted
sof
t
w
are.
In
addition,
precision
and
recall
measures
w
ere
applied
on
the
results
ob
-
tained
through
the
impleme
n
ted
t
o
ol,
as
w
ell
as
on
the
loss
of
information
obtained
b
y
pr
o
viding
a
text
more
shorter than
the
original
Opinion Mining Techniques for Non-English Languages: An OverviewCSCJournals
The amount of user-generated data on web is increasing day by day giving rise to necessity of automatic tools to analyze huge data and extract useful information from it. Opinion Mining is an emerging area of research concerning with extracting and analyzing opinions expressed in texts. It is a language and domain dependent task having number of applications like recommender systems, review analysis, marketing systems, etc. Early research in the field of opinion mining has concentrated on English language. Many opinion mining tools and linguistic resources have been built for English language. Availability of information in regional languages has motivated researchers to develop tools and resources for non-English languages. In this paper we present a survey on the opinion mining research for non-English languages.
Závěrečná zpráva 1 je v první ze Závěrečných zpráv studie navrhující Metodiku hodnocení a zásady institucionálního financování výzkumu a vývoje (VaV) v České republice. Metodika hodnocení (MH), která je navržena v této zprávě, definuje klíčové principy budoucí Metodiky hodnocení a stanovuje její základní součásti.
Digital Scholar Webinar: Recruiting Research Participants Online Using RedditSC CTSI at USC and CHLA
This 50-minute presentation introduces r/SampleSize, a community on the website Reddit that allows for online participant recruitment without compulsory or immediate payment. It will provide an overview of best practices for recruiting participants on r/SampleSize. It will also compare r/SampleSize to Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), a widely used crowdsourcing platform for recruiting research participants.
An Approach for Knowledge Extraction Using Ontology Construction and Machine ...Waqas Tariq
In recent research, Ontology construction plays a major role for transforming raw texts into useful knowledge. The proposed method supports efficient retrieval with the help of ontology and applies combined techniques to train the data before taking into testing process. The proposed approach used the phrase-pairs to extract useful knowledge and utilized data mining techniques and neural network approach to express the knowledge well and also it improves the search speed and accuracy of information retrieval. This method avoids noise generation by analyzing the relevancy of tags to the retrieval process and shows somewhat better recall value compared to other methods. In this approach an optimized reasoner applied to reduce complexity in the key inference problem. The formulated ontology can help clearly expressing its meaning for various concepts and relations. Due to the increasing size of ontology repository, the matching process may take more time. To avoid this, this method forms a hierarchical structure with semantic interpretation of data. The system designed to eliminate domain-dependency with the help of dynamic labeling scheme using ontology as a base. In this paper, our proposed models were presented with ontology description using Ontology Web Language (OWL).
Great model a model for the automatic generation of semantic relations betwee...ijcsity
The
large
a
v
ailable
am
ou
n
t
of
non
-
structured
texts
that
b
e
-
long
to
differe
n
t
domains
su
c
h
as
healthcare
(e.g.
medical
records),
justice
(e.g.
l
a
ws,
declarations),
insurance
(e.g.
declarations),
etc. increases
the
effort
required
for
the
analysis
of
information
in
a
decision making
pro
-
cess.
Differe
n
t
pr
o
jects
and t
o
ols
h
av
e
pro
p
osed
strategies
to
reduce
this
complexi
t
y
b
y
classifying,
summarizing
or
annotating
the
texts.
P
artic
-
ularl
y
,
text
summary
strategies
h
av
e
pr
ov
en
to
b
e
v
ery
useful
to
pr
o
vide
a
compact
view
of
an
original
text.
H
ow
e
v
er,
the
a
v
ailable
strategies
to
generate
these
summaries
do
not
fit
v
ery
w
ell
within
the
domains
that
require
ta
k
e
i
n
to
consideration
the
tem
p
oral
dimension
of
the
text
(e.g.
a
rece
n
t
piece
of
text
in
a
medical
record
is
more
im
p
orta
n
t
than
a
pre
-
vious
one)
and
the
profile
of
the
p
erson
who
requires
the
summary
(e.g
the
medical
s
p
ecialization).
T
o
co
p
e with
these
limitations
this
pa
p
er
prese
n
ts
”GRe
A
T”
a
m
o
del
for
automatic
summary
generation
that
re
-
lies
on
natural
language
pr
o
cessing
and
text
mining
te
c
hniques
to
extract
the
most
rele
v
a
n
t
information
from
narrati
v
e
texts
and
disc
o
v
er
new
in
-
formation
from
the
detection
of
related
information. GRe
A
T
M
o
del
w
as impleme
n
ted
on
sof
tw
are
to
b
e
v
alidated
in
a
health
institution
where
it
has
sh
o
wn
to
b
e
v
ery
useful
to displ
a
y
a
preview
of
the
information
a
b
ou
t
medical
health
records
and
disc
o
v
er
new
facts
and
h
y
p
otheses
within
the
information.
Se
v
eral
tests
w
ere
executed
su
c
h
as
F
unctional
-
i
t
y
,
Usabili
t
y
and
P
erformance
regarding
to
the
impleme
n
ted
sof
t
w
are.
In
addition,
precision
and
recall
measures
w
ere
applied
on
the
results
ob
-
tained
through
the
impleme
n
ted
t
o
ol,
as
w
ell
as
on
the
loss
of
information
obtained
b
y
pr
o
viding
a
text
more
shorter than
the
original
Opinion Mining Techniques for Non-English Languages: An OverviewCSCJournals
The amount of user-generated data on web is increasing day by day giving rise to necessity of automatic tools to analyze huge data and extract useful information from it. Opinion Mining is an emerging area of research concerning with extracting and analyzing opinions expressed in texts. It is a language and domain dependent task having number of applications like recommender systems, review analysis, marketing systems, etc. Early research in the field of opinion mining has concentrated on English language. Many opinion mining tools and linguistic resources have been built for English language. Availability of information in regional languages has motivated researchers to develop tools and resources for non-English languages. In this paper we present a survey on the opinion mining research for non-English languages.
Závěrečná zpráva 1 je v první ze Závěrečných zpráv studie navrhující Metodiku hodnocení a zásady institucionálního financování výzkumu a vývoje (VaV) v České republice. Metodika hodnocení (MH), která je navržena v této zprávě, definuje klíčové principy budoucí Metodiky hodnocení a stanovuje její základní součásti.
Digital Scholar Webinar: Recruiting Research Participants Online Using RedditSC CTSI at USC and CHLA
This 50-minute presentation introduces r/SampleSize, a community on the website Reddit that allows for online participant recruitment without compulsory or immediate payment. It will provide an overview of best practices for recruiting participants on r/SampleSize. It will also compare r/SampleSize to Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), a widely used crowdsourcing platform for recruiting research participants.
A Model of Decision Support System for Research Topic Selection and Plagiaris...theijes
The paper proposes a model of the decision support system for deciding a research topic in academia. The biggest challenge for a student in the field of research is to identify area and topic of research. The paper explains the model which helps student to identify the most suitable area and/or topic for academic research. The model is also design to assist supervisors to explore latest areas of research as well as to get rid of non intentional plagiarism. The model facilitates the user to select either keyword bases topic search or questionnaire based topic search. The model uses local database and service of a Meta search engine in decision making activity
Emerging Epistemic Landscapes: Knowledge Clusters in Ho Chi Minh City and the...Hans-Dieter Evers
Evers, Hans-Dieter , and Tatjana Bauer. 2009. "Emerging Epistemic Landscapes: Knowledge Clusters in Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta." ZEF Working Paper Series 48.
A summary of my personal expertise and knowledge completed by a description of some of the most relevant research and developments engagements carried out so far via specific examples
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Building a multilingual ontology for education domain using monto methodCSITiaesprime
Ontologies are emerging technology in building knowledge based information
retrieval systems. It is used to conceptualize the information in human
understandable manner. Knowledge based information retrieval are widely
used in the domain like Education, Artificial Intelligence, Healthcare and so
on. It is important to provide multilingual information of those domains to
facilitate multi-language users. In this paper, we propose a multilingual
ontology (MOnto) methodology to develop multilingual ontology applications
for education domain. New algorithms are proposed for merging and mapping
multilingual ontologies.
This article is a continuation of our researches on the
competency-based approach (CBA). It presents the ways that can
facilitate and generalize the understanding of CBA, its adoption
and its implementation in the educational system of Morocco.
The work described in this paper aims of the final stages of an
ontology’s development, when consensus is reached. More
precisely, the stage of operationalization: the process that allows
the transforming from the conceptual representation of
knowledge in an ontology regardless of use, to one operational
representation appropriate to its use. This article gives an
overview of the constraints that characterize this stage and
opportunities that can be offered by the ontology’s
implementation. It outlines a functional draft of a learning
platform architecture based on CBA, in order to guide the
choices made in the operationalization phase of CBA ontology.
A Survey of Ontology-based Information Extraction for Social Media Content An...ijcnes
The amount of information generated in the Web has grown enormously over the years. This information is significant to individuals, businesses and organizations. If analyzed, understood and utilized, it will provide a valuable insight to its stakeholders. However, many of these information are semi-structured or unstructured which makes it difficult to draw in-depth understanding of the implications behind those information. This is where Ontology-based Information Extraction (OBIE) and social media content analysis come into play. OBIE has now become a popular way to extract information coming from machine-readable sources. This paper presents a survey of OBIE, Ontology languages and tools and the process to build an ontology model and framework. The author made a comparison of two ontology building frameworks and identified which framework is complete.
Ontology Construction from Text: Challenges and TrendsCSCJournals
Ontology is one of the most popular representation model used for knowledge representation, sharing and reusing. In light of the importance of ontology, different methodologies for building ontologies have been proposed. Ontology construction is a difficult and time-consuming process. Many efforts have been made to help ontology engineers to construct ontologies and to overcome the bottleneck of knowledge acquisition. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of ontology learning approaches and to review some of ontology extraction systems and tools followed by a summarizing comparison of them. Also some of the current issues and main trends of ontology construction from texts will be discussed.
A Model of Decision Support System for Research Topic Selection and Plagiaris...theijes
The paper proposes a model of the decision support system for deciding a research topic in academia. The biggest challenge for a student in the field of research is to identify area and topic of research. The paper explains the model which helps student to identify the most suitable area and/or topic for academic research. The model is also design to assist supervisors to explore latest areas of research as well as to get rid of non intentional plagiarism. The model facilitates the user to select either keyword bases topic search or questionnaire based topic search. The model uses local database and service of a Meta search engine in decision making activity
Emerging Epistemic Landscapes: Knowledge Clusters in Ho Chi Minh City and the...Hans-Dieter Evers
Evers, Hans-Dieter , and Tatjana Bauer. 2009. "Emerging Epistemic Landscapes: Knowledge Clusters in Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta." ZEF Working Paper Series 48.
A summary of my personal expertise and knowledge completed by a description of some of the most relevant research and developments engagements carried out so far via specific examples
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Building a multilingual ontology for education domain using monto methodCSITiaesprime
Ontologies are emerging technology in building knowledge based information
retrieval systems. It is used to conceptualize the information in human
understandable manner. Knowledge based information retrieval are widely
used in the domain like Education, Artificial Intelligence, Healthcare and so
on. It is important to provide multilingual information of those domains to
facilitate multi-language users. In this paper, we propose a multilingual
ontology (MOnto) methodology to develop multilingual ontology applications
for education domain. New algorithms are proposed for merging and mapping
multilingual ontologies.
This article is a continuation of our researches on the
competency-based approach (CBA). It presents the ways that can
facilitate and generalize the understanding of CBA, its adoption
and its implementation in the educational system of Morocco.
The work described in this paper aims of the final stages of an
ontology’s development, when consensus is reached. More
precisely, the stage of operationalization: the process that allows
the transforming from the conceptual representation of
knowledge in an ontology regardless of use, to one operational
representation appropriate to its use. This article gives an
overview of the constraints that characterize this stage and
opportunities that can be offered by the ontology’s
implementation. It outlines a functional draft of a learning
platform architecture based on CBA, in order to guide the
choices made in the operationalization phase of CBA ontology.
A Survey of Ontology-based Information Extraction for Social Media Content An...ijcnes
The amount of information generated in the Web has grown enormously over the years. This information is significant to individuals, businesses and organizations. If analyzed, understood and utilized, it will provide a valuable insight to its stakeholders. However, many of these information are semi-structured or unstructured which makes it difficult to draw in-depth understanding of the implications behind those information. This is where Ontology-based Information Extraction (OBIE) and social media content analysis come into play. OBIE has now become a popular way to extract information coming from machine-readable sources. This paper presents a survey of OBIE, Ontology languages and tools and the process to build an ontology model and framework. The author made a comparison of two ontology building frameworks and identified which framework is complete.
Ontology Construction from Text: Challenges and TrendsCSCJournals
Ontology is one of the most popular representation model used for knowledge representation, sharing and reusing. In light of the importance of ontology, different methodologies for building ontologies have been proposed. Ontology construction is a difficult and time-consuming process. Many efforts have been made to help ontology engineers to construct ontologies and to overcome the bottleneck of knowledge acquisition. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of ontology learning approaches and to review some of ontology extraction systems and tools followed by a summarizing comparison of them. Also some of the current issues and main trends of ontology construction from texts will be discussed.
A Comparative Study of Recent Ontology Visualization Tools with a Case of Dia...IJORCS
Ontology is a conceptualization of a domain into machine readable format. Ontologies are becoming increasingly popular modelling schemas for knowledge management services and applications. Focus on developing tools to graphically visualise ontologies is rising to aid their assessment and analysis. Graph visualisation helps to browse and comprehend the structure of ontologies. A number of ontology visualizations exist that have been embedded in ontology management tools. The primary goal of this paper is to analyze recently implemented ontology visualization tools and their contributions in the enrichment of users’ cognitive support. This work also presents the preliminary results of an evaluation of three visualization tools to determine the suitability of each method for end user applications where ontologies are used as browsing aids with a case of Diabetes data
Sentiment analysis in SemEval: a review of sentiment identification approachesIJECEIAES
Social media platforms are becoming the foundations of social interactions including messaging and opinion expression. In this regard, sentiment analysis techniques focus on providing solutions to ensure the retrieval and analysis of generated data including sentiments, emotions, and discussed topics. International competitions such as the International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval) have attracted many researchers and practitioners with a special research interest in building sentiment analysis systems. In our work, we study top-ranking systems for each SemEval edition during the 2013-2021 period, a total of 658 teams participated in these editions with increasing interest over years. We analyze the proposed systems marking the evolution of research trends with a focus on the main components of sentiment analysis systems including data acquisition, preprocessing, and classification. Our study shows an active use of preprocessing techniques, an evolution of features engineering and word representation from lexicon-based approaches to word embeddings, and the dominance of neural networks and transformers over the classification phase fostering the use of ready-to-use models. Moreover, we provide researchers with insights based on experimented systems which will allow rapid prototyping of new systems and help practitioners build for future SemEval editions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Paper presented in OER-Asia organised its 2nd Regional Symposium on Open Educational Resources: Beyond Advocacy, Research and Policy at Wawasan Open University (WOU), Penang, Malaysia from 24-27 June, 2014.
2nd Regional Symposium on Open Educational Resources:
Beyond Advocacy, Research and Policy
24 – 27 June 2014
Sub-theme 5: Quality
OER Movement: Quality Concern and Challenges
Manas Ranjan Panigrahi
An Approach to Owl Concept Extraction and Integration Across Multiple Ontolog...dannyijwest
Increase in number of ontologies on Semantic Web and endorsement of OWL as language of discourse for
the Semantic Web has lead to a scenario where research efforts in the field of ontology engineering may be
applied for making the process of ontology development through reuse a viable option for ontology
developers. The advantages are twofold as when existing ontological artefacts from the Semantic Web are
reused, semantic heterogeneity is reduced and help in interoperability which is the essence of Semantic
Web. From the perspective of ontology development advantages of reuse are in terms of cutting down on
cost as well as development life as ontology engineering requires expert domain skills and is time taking
process. We have devised a framework to address challenges associated with reusing ontologies from the
Semantic Web. In this paper we present methods adopted for extraction and integration of concepts across
multiple ontologies.
A Novel approach for Document Clustering using Concept ExtractionAM Publications
In this paper we present a novel approach to extract the concept from a document and cluster such set of documents depending on the concept extracted from each of them. We transform the corpus into vector space by using term frequency–inverse document frequency then calculate the cosine distance between each document, followed by clustering them using K means algorithm. We also use multidimensional scaling to reduce the dimensionality within the corpus. It results in the grouping of documents which are most similar to each other with respect to their content and the genre.
Data Mining is a significant field in today’s data-driven world. Understanding and implementing its concepts can lead to discovery of useful insights. This paper discusses the main concepts of data mining, focusing on two main concepts namely Association Rule Mining and Time Series Analysis
A Review on Real Time Integrated CCTV System Using Face Detection for Vehicle...rahulmonikasharma
We are describes the technique for real time human face detection and counting the number of passengers in vehicle and also gender of the passengers.The Image processing technology is very popular,now at present all are going to use it for various purpose. It can be applied to various applications for detecting and processing the digital images. Face detection is a part of image processing. It is used for finding the face of human in a given area. Face detection is used in many applications such as face recognition, people tracking, or photography. In this paper,The webcam is installed in public vehicle and connected with Raspberry Pi model. We use face detection technique for detecting and counting the number of passengers in public vehicle via webcam with the help of image processing and Raspberry Pi.
Considering Two Sides of One Review Using Stanford NLP Frameworkrahulmonikasharma
Sentiment analysis is a type of natural language processing for tracking the mood of the public about a particular product or a topic and is useful in several ways. Polarity shift is the most classical task which aims at classifying the reviews either positive or negative. But in many cases, in addition to the positive and negative reviews, there still many neutral reviews exist. However, the performance sometimes limited due to the fundamental deficiencies in handling the polarity shift problem. We propose an Improvised Dual Sentiment Analysis (IDSA) model to address this problem for sentiment classification. We first propose a novel data expansion technique by creating sentiment-reversed review for each training and test review. We develop a corpus based method to construct a pseudo-antonym dictionary. It removes DSA’s dependency on an external antonym dictionary for review reversion. We conduct a range of experiments and the results demonstrates the effectiveness of DSA in addressing the polarity shift in sentiment classification. .
A New Detection and Decoding Technique for (2×N_r ) MIMO Communication Systemsrahulmonikasharma
The requirements of fifth generation new radio (5G- NR) access networks are very high capacity and ultra-reliability. In this paper, we proposed a V-BLAST2 × N_r MIMO system that is analyzed, improved, and expected to achieve both very high throughput and ultra- reliability simultaneously.A new detection technique called parallel detection algorithm is proposed. The performance of the proposed algorithm compared with existing linear detection algorithms. It was seen that the proposed technique increases the speed of signal transmission and prevents error propagation which may be present in serial decoding techniques. The new algorithm reduces the bit error probability and increases the capacity simultaneouslywithout using a standard STC technique. However, it was seen that the BER of systems using the proposed algorithm is slightly higher than a similar system using only STC technique. Simulation results show the advantages of using the proposed technique.
Broadcasting Scenario under Different Protocols in MANET: A Surveyrahulmonikasharma
A wireless network enables people to communicate and access applications and information without wires. This provides freedom of movement and the ability to extend applications to different parts of a building, city, or nearly anywhere in the world. Wireless networks allow people to interact with e-mail or browse the Internet from a location that they prefer. Adhoc Networks are self-organizing wireless networks, absent any fixed infrastructure. broadcasting of data through proper channel is essential. Various protocols are designed to avoid the loss of data. In this paper an overview of different broadcast protocols are discussed.
Sybil Attack Analysis and Detection Techniques in MANETrahulmonikasharma
Security is important for many sensor network applications. A particularly harmful attack against sensor and ad hoc networks is known as the Sybil attack [6], where a node Illegitimately claims multiple identities.Mobility cause a main problem when we talk about security in Mobile Ad-hoc networks. It doesn’t depend on fixed architecture, the nodes are continuously moving in a random fashion. In this article we will focus on identifying the Sybil attack in MANET. It uses air medium for communication so it is more prone to the attack. Sybil attack is one in which single node present multiple fake identities to other nodes, which cause destruction.
A Landmark Based Shortest Path Detection by Using A* and Haversine Formularahulmonikasharma
In 1900, less than 20 percent of the world populace lived in cities, in 2007, fair more than 50 percent of the world populace lived in cities. In 2050, it has been anticipated that more than 70 percent of the worldwide population (about 6.4 billion individuals) will be city tenants. There's more weight being set on cities through this increment in population [1]. With approach of keen cities, data and communication technology is progressively transforming the way city regions and city inhabitants organize and work in reaction to urban development. In this paper, we create a nonspecific plot for navigating a route throughout city A asked route is given by utilizing combination of A* Algorithm and Haversine equation. Haversine Equation gives least distance between any two focuses on spherical body by utilizing latitude and longitude. This least distance is at that point given to A* calculation to calculate minimum distance. The method for identifying the shortest path is specify in this paper.
Processing Over Encrypted Query Data In Internet of Things (IoTs) : CryptDBs,...rahulmonikasharma
Internet of Things (IoT) is the developing technologies that would be the biggest agents to modify the current world. Machine-to-machine communications perform with virtual, mobile and instantaneous connections. In IoT system, it consists of data-gathering sensors various other household devices. Intended for protecting IoT system, the end-to-end secure communication is a necessary measure to protect against unauthorized entities (e.g., modification attacks and eavesdropping,) and the data unprotected on the Cloud. The most important concern hereby is how to preserve the insightful information and to provide the privacy of user data. In IoT, the encrypted data computing is based on techniques appear to be promising approaches. In this paper, we discuss about the recent secure database systems, which are capable to execute SQL queries over encrypted data.
Quality Determination and Grading of Tomatoes using Raspberry Pirahulmonikasharma
In India cultivation of tomatoes is carried out by traditional methods and techniques. Today tremendous improvement in field of agriculture technologies and products can be seen. The tomatoes affect the overall production drastically. Image processing technique can be key technique for finding good qualities of tomatoes and grading. This work aimed to study different types of algorithms used for quality grading and sorting of fruit from the acquire image. In previous years several types of techniques are applied to analyses the good quality fruits. A simple system can be implemented using Raspberry pi with computer vision technology and image processing algorithms.
Comparative of Delay Tolerant Network Routings and Scheduling using Max-Weigh...rahulmonikasharma
Network management and Routing is supportively done by performing with the nodes, due to infrastructure-less nature of the network in Ad hoc networks or MANET. The nodes are maintained itself from the functioning of the network, for that reason the MANET security challenges several defects. Routing process and Scheduling is a significant idea to enhance the security in MANET. Other than, scheduling has been recognized to be a key issue for implementing throughput/capacity optimization in Ad hoc networks. Designed underneath conventional (LT) light tailed assumptions, traffic fundamentally faces Heavy-tailed (HT) assumption of the validity of scheduling algorithms. Scheduling policies are utilized for communication networks such as Max-Weight, backpressure and ACO, which are provably throughput optimality and the Pareto frontier of the feasible throughput region under maximal throughput vector. In wireless ad-hoc network, the issue of routing and optimal scheduling performs with time varying channel reliability and multiple traffic streams. Depending upon the security issues within MANETs in this paper presents a comparative analysis of existing scheduling policies based on their performance to progress the delay performance in most scenarios. The security issues of MANETs considered from this paper presents a relative analysis of existing scheduling policies depend on their performance to progress the delay performance in most developments.
DC Conductivity Study of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticlesrahulmonikasharma
The dc conductivity of consolidated nanoparticle of CdS has been studied over the temperature range from 303 K to 523 K and the conductivity has been found to be much larger than that of single crystals.
A Survey on Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction Methods for LTE-OFDMrahulmonikasharma
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is generally preferred for high data rate transmission in digital communication. The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) standards for the fourth generation (4G) wireless communication systems. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) are the two multiple access techniques which are generally used in LTE.OFDM system has a major shortcoming of high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) value. This paper explains different PAPR reduction techniques and presents a comparison of the various techniques based on theoretical results. It also presents a survey of the various PAPR reduction techniques and the state of the art in this area.
IOT Based Home Appliance Control System, Location Tracking and Energy Monitoringrahulmonikasharma
Home automation has been a dream of sciences for so many years. It could wind up conceivable in twentieth century simply after power all family units and web administrations were begun being utilized on across the board level. The point of home robotization is to give enhanced accommodation, comfort, vitality effectiveness and security. Vitality checking and protection holds prime significance in this day and age in view of the irregularity between control age and request observing frameworks accessible in the market. Ordinarily, customers are disappointed with the power charge as it doesn't demonstrate the power devoured at the gadget level. This paper shows the outline and execution of a vitality meter utilizing Arduino microcontroller which can be utilized to gauge the power devoured by any individual electrical apparatus. The primary expectation of the proposed vitality meter is to screen the power utilization at the gadget level, transfer it to the server and build up remote control of any apparatus. So we can screen the power utilization remotely and close down gadgets if vital. The car segment is additionally one of the application spaces where vehicle can be made keen by utilizing "IOT". So a vehicle following framework is additionally executed to screen development of vehicles remotely.
Thermal Radiation and Viscous Dissipation Effects on an Oscillatory Heat and ...rahulmonikasharma
An anticipated outcome that is intended chapter is to investigate effects of magnetic field on an oscillatory flow of a viscoelastic fluid with thermal radiation, viscous dissipation with Ohmic heating which bounded by a vertical plane surface, have been studied. Analytical solutions for the quasi – linear hyperbolic partial differential equations are obtained by perturbation technique. Solutions for velocity and temperature distributions are discussed for various values of physical parameters involving in the problem. The effects of cooling and heating of a viscoelastic fluid compared to the Newtonian fluid have been discussed.
Advance Approach towards Key Feature Extraction Using Designed Filters on Dif...rahulmonikasharma
In fast growing database repository system, image as data is one of the important concern despite text or numeric. Still we can’t replace test on any cost but for advancement, information may be managed with images. Therefore image processing is a wide area for the researcher. Many stages of processing of image provide researchers with new ideas to keep information safe with better way. Feature extraction, segmentation, recognition are the key areas of the image processing which helps to enhance the quality of working with images. Paper presents the comparison between image formats like .jpg, .png, .bmp, .gif. This paper is focused on the feature extraction and segmentation stages with background removal process. There are two filters, one is integer filter and second one is floating point Filter, which is used for the key feature extraction from image. These filters applied on the different images of different formats and visually compare the results.
Alamouti-STBC based Channel Estimation Technique over MIMO OFDM Systemrahulmonikasharma
The examination on various looks into on MIMO STBC framework in order to accomplish the higher framework execution is standard that the execution of the remote correspondence frameworks can be improved by usage numerous transmit and get radio wires, that is normally gathered on the grounds that the MIMO procedure, and has been incorporated. The Alamouti STBC might be a promising because of notice the pick up inside the remote interchanges framework misuse MIMO. To broaden the code rate and furthermore the yield of the symmetrical zone time square code for more than 4 transmit reception apparatuses is examined. The outlined framework is beated once forced with M-PSK (i.e upto 32-PSK) regulation. The channel estimation examine in these conditions.
Empirical Mode Decomposition Based Signal Analysis of Gear Fault Diagnosisrahulmonikasharma
A vibration investigation is about the specialty of searching for changes in the vibration example, and after that relating those progressions back to the machines mechanical outline. The level of vibration and the example of the vibration reveal to us something about the interior state of the turning segment. The vibration example can let us know whether the machine is out of adjust or twisted. Al-so blames with the moving components and coupling issues can be distinguished. This paper shows an approach for equip blame investigation utilizing signal handling plans. The information has been taken from college of ohio, joined states. The investigation has done utilizing MATLAB software.
This paper discusses a new algorithm of a univariate method, which is vitally important to develop a short-term load forecasting module for planning and operation of distribution system. It has many applications including purchasing of energy, generation and infrastructure development etc. We have discussed different time series forecasting approaches in this paper. But ARIMA has proved itself as the most appropriate method in forecasting of the load profile for West Bengal using the historical data of the year of 2017. Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average model gives more accuracy level of load forecast than any other techniques. Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) has been calculated for the mentioned forecasted model.
Impact of Coupling Coefficient on Coupled Line Couplerrahulmonikasharma
The coupled line coupler is a type of directional coupler which finds practical utility. It is mainly used for sampling the microwave power. In this paper, 3 couplers A,B & C are designed with different values of coupling coefficient 6dB,10dB & 18dB respectively at a frequency of 2.5GHz using ADS tool. The return loss, isolation loss & transmission loss are determined. The design & simulation is done using microstrip line technology.
Design Evaluation and Temperature Rise Test of Flameproof Induction Motorrahulmonikasharma
The ignition of flammable gases, vapours or dust in presence of oxygen contained in the surrounding atmosphere may lead to explosion. Flameproof three phase induction motors are the most common and frequently used in the process industries such as oil refineries, oil rigs, petrochemicals, fertilizers, etc. The design of flameproof motor is such that it allows and sustain explosion within the enclosure caused by ignition of hazardous gases without transmitting it to the external flammable atmosphere. The enclosure is mechanically strong enough to withstand the explosion pressure developed inside it. To prevent an explosion due to hot spot on the surface of the motor, flameproof induction motors are subjected to heat run test to determine the maximum surface temperature and temperature class with respect to the ignition temperature of the surrounding flammable gas atmosphere. This paper highlights the design features of flameproof motors and their surface temperature classification for different sizes.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Implementation of a Knowledge Management Methodology based on Ontologies :Case of Tourism
1. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 9 27 – 34
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
27
IJRITCC | September 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Implementation of a Knowledge Management Methodology based on Ontologies
:Case of Tourism
Mouhim Sanaa, Tatane Khalid, Cherkaoui Chihab Eddine, Douzi Hassan, Mammas Driss
IRF-SIC Laboratory,
FS, B.P.28/S,
Agadir, Morocco,
mouhimsanaa@gmail.com, khalid.tatane@gmail.com, ccherkaoui@yahoo.fr,
h.douzi@uiz.ac.ma, driss_mammass@yahoo.fr
Abstract—in this paper, we suggest a methodology of knowledge management that makes use of the new possibilities offered by
semantic web technologies and covers the various stages of the project life cycle. In fact, with this new vision of ontologies and
semantic web, it is important to provide a strong methodological support in order to develop complex ontology-based systems.
Keywords-Ontologies; Knowledge management; semantic web, OWL, methdology;
__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
Up to now, there is no standardized methodological
approach that enables ontologists to build large ontologies
based on the reuse of distributed and heterogeneous resources
which are eventually unstructured. The existing methodologies
are composed only of high-level steps. They mainly suffer from
a lack of clear instructions for the creation of ontologies using
these resources. In addition, they do not cover the complex
scenarios in which the reuse and reengineering of ontological
and non-ontological resources are necessary.
For that, our goal is to suggest a knowledge management
approach in which we integrate the aspects of the different
methodologies studied. We put the construction of the ontology
in a broader context by carrying out a feasibility study based a
priori, with few changes, on CommonKADS [1] and NeON [2]
methodologies.
Our approach is mainly characterized by the following:
The suggestion of methodological aids and software
for the construction of an ontology support of
knowledge which is reusable, allowing the opening, the
accuracy as well as the heterogeneity and the
distribution and based on several points of view (expert
of the domain, Web resources, forums, News,
Questionnaires, etc.),.
The reengineering of the different sources of the
existing knowledge.
The use of an approach based on linguistic tools of the
automatic processing of language.
The storage and interrogation of ontologies and their
bodies.
The suggestion of a comparative analysis of semantic
search engines.
The application of the results obtained in the field of
tourism.
II. Overall vision of the proposed methodology:
The methodology of knowledge management that we
support in this paper responds to all the key steps of the process
of knowledge management [3], which is to identify, preserve,
enhance and update the knowledge.
The first task is to locate the critical knowledge, to identify
the sources of skills and to locate the knowledge and expertise.
This distributed and heterogeneous knowledge by nature must
then be preserved, that is to say modeled, formalized and
retained. This stage mainly consists of creating an ontology of
domain which constitutes a very powerful tool for the
representation of knowledge and its formalization in the
languages supported by the community of the semantic web
such as RDF and OWL. Once the model of knowledge
validated, it must be enhanced in a manner to disseminate,
exploit, and possibly combine the knowledge to create new
ones. Finally, it is to update this knowledge while taking into
account the new requirements of the system and the feedback.
All these stages will be discussed in more detail in the
following sections.
A. The identification of critical knowledge:
The identification of critical knowledge is the activity of
collection of requirements that the ontology must complete. It
is to understand the object, the level of formality and the scope
of the ontology, its potential users and the intended uses as well
as the needs that it should cover.
The analysis of the state of the art of the ontological
engineering reveals that most of the methodologies of
construction of ontologies include a specification phase of the
requirements of the ontology.
In this regard, we can mention that according to
METHONTOLOGY [4], the objective of the specification
phase is to produce a document specifying an informal
ontology, semi-formal or formal, written in a natural language,
using a set of intermediate representations or by using the
questions of skills.
This methodology identifies the objectives of the activity of
specifying the requirements of the ontology, but does not
propose methods to perform the activity.
Other methodologies suggest the identification of questions of
competence (QCs) for the establishment of the requirements of
the ontology. The QCs are questions in natural language, which
the ontology should be able to respond.
The methodology On-To-Knowledge [5] specifies that the
questions of competence can be useful in the development of
the document of requirements specification. The specifications
should lead the engineer of the ontology to decide the inclusion
or the exclusion of concepts in the ontology and their
hierarchical structure.
2. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 9 27 – 34
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
28
IJRITCC | September 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
TAL
tools
List of candidates terms+
relationsHeterogeneous
source of
knowledge
First ontology
BD
Enriched
Ontology
Thesaurus
+
1
22
Uschold [6] proposes to identify: 1) The purpose of the
ontology and, in particular, the identification and
characterization of the target users, 2) The scenarios of the uses
of the ontology, and 3) The motivations, the questions of
competence and the production of a document of the users‟
needs. Afterwards, the methodology recommends deciding how
the formal ontology must be. This decision is largely
determined by the users and the purpose of the ontology.
Finally, this methodology suggests identifying the scope of the
ontology through the creation of detailed scenarios of
motivation that are needed in the applications.
Although these methodologies offer methods for the
achievement of the specifications of the ontology, they include
steps of high level. They do not provide detailed guidelines,
which explain how to proceed at each step, which is necessary
to obtain a good ORSD, neither instructions of how this
document can be later used in the process of development of
the ontology.
In what follows, we explain the guidelines that we propose
for this phase to particularly help the developers of ontologies
in the activity of specifying the requirements of the ontology.
These guidelines have been inspired by the study of the
existing methodologies specifically the two methodologies
NeON and CommonKADS.
We suggest dividing this stage into two main phases:
The feasibility study: it is in the first place to determine
the domain of the ontology. Then, it is necessary to
consider and consult the already existing ontologies.
Many ontologies are already available in electronic
form and can be imported in the development
environments. To this end, several libraries of reusable
ontologies exist on the Web and in the literature. For
example: the library of ontologies Ontolingua 1 or
DAML2.
Then, the limits and gaps raised in the existing systems
must be examined. In the field of research of
information, we propose to test and evaluate a few
engines of semantic search using some of the
evaluation criteria [7].
Another solution is the frequently asked questions.
They are lists that make the synthesis of the questions
asked in a recurring way on a given subject. The
questionnaire is also an effective tool for evaluation
and test. It is, through a number of questions addressed
to the potential users of the system, to identify the
problems encountered in the use of existing systems. It
is also to know their expectations vis-a-vis a new
solution.
The choice of scenarios: the construction and the stand
of ontologies are highly dependent on the information
extracted from the various sources of information.
The methodology Neon, presents a set of nine possible
scenarios to build an ontology. In this work, we support
the second scenario in which non-ontological resources
are used.
This categorization includes the different sources of
explicit knowledge, which content has not been
formalized by an ontology. It is mainly dictionaries,
1
http ://www.ksl.stanford.edu/software/ontolingua
2
http ://www.daml.org/ontologies
controlled vocabularies, thesaurus, textual records,
services, database, web sites, wiki, etc.
In fact, the text is an important source of stabilized and
shared knowledge by the communities in practice. It contains
linguistic elements such as the candidates words, the semantic
classes and the relationships that are very useful for the
construction of ontology. In addition, the texts are more easily
available than the experts in the field who are involved at the
level of the modeling.
In the manual mode, experts in the field rely on
conventional techniques of collection of knowledge, through a
manual analysis of documents. However, this manual
processing of documents is extremely costly in both time and
resources. The whole process also poses problems of
productivity and quality. In the automatic mode, linguistic tools
and statistics such as classification and automatic segmentation
are used to analyze the texts and extract from them concepts
and semantic relations.
However, the process of construction cannot be fully
automatic because the results of the extractors are noisy which
requires a permanent intervention of the ontologist in order to
provide a subjective judgment at the level of the
conceptualization phase.
For these reasons, we will opt for a semi-automatic
approach based on the TALN tools to enrich a first nucleus of
an ontology of domain built based on a thesaurus of domain.
The choice of scenarios phase also demands making
technical choices for the development of the ontology. It is to
select, among a wide range of tools and according to the
specific needs of the ontologist, software for the
implementation of the ontology, for reasoning, computer
languages for the representation of knowledge, etc.
Figure1. the Adopted approach for the ontology construction
B. Preservation of knowledge:
In our methodology of knowledge management, we use the
ontologies for the representation, the formalization and the
storage of knowledge. We suggest breaking down the
construction of the ontology into two essential phases “Fig.1”:
3. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 9 27 – 34
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
29
IJRITCC | September 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
The first phase consists of manually creating a first
structure of the ontology based on the thesaurus of
domain.
The second phase consists of enriching and improving
this structure with new concepts and new relationships
in a semi-automatic way by using tools of Automatic
Treatment of Language (TALN).
The modeling of a domain of knowledge may differ from
one person to another and from a need to another. However,
before starting a particular approach to design, some basic rules
must be met to achieve a consistent and relevant model.
Before starting to build an ontology, the cognitics engineer
must take into consideration certain basic rules for the
designation of classes, relations and properties.
All these rules are determined on the basis of our personal
experiences in the creation of ontologies as well as of the
suggestions and recommendations of the W3C.
Term and concept: the difference between term and
concept is at the same time a philosophical and a
linguistic problem which has been extensively written
about. Since our goal is to describe the objects in the
domain so that they allow a reasoning and a
manipulation by computer, we have adopted the vision
of the semiotic triangle established for the first time by
[8].
In this model, the terminology is based on a tripartite
model whose vertices are the object, the notion
(concept) and the sign (term). A concept represents a
set of objects that share the same properties. While the
term includes linguistic variations of the concept and of
its synonyms.
Criteria for names: In order to give a name to a concept
or an attribute, there are conventions to follow to avoid
errors in modeling. These Conventions can be
described as follows:
a) The name depends on the system to use. For example, a
case sensitive system will not deal in the same way with a word
written in uppercase or in lowercase. Some systems allow
commas, spaces, or dashes between names while others do not.
Classes, attributes, and the instances may also have the same
name.
b) When the name of the concept is composed of several
words, these must be delimited. Example: Marine mammal, or
MarineMammal, or Marine-mammal. Although there are no
mandatory naming conventions for the OWL classes, it is
recommended that all class names must begin with an
uppercase letter and must not contain spaces.
c) There is no specific requirement regarding the choice
of the singular and the plural. If a choice is made, it must be
maintained along the modeling. Yet, in language, the meaning
of some words can change depending on whether the word is in
the singular or in the plural. In this case, the two words are
introduced and are reported as different from one another. This
criterion is very important, as we will see in what follows in the
treatment and the reformulation of the request of the user.
d) The use of prefix and suffix is recommended in the
names of the attributes. They are used to differentiate them
from the classes. In OWL, it is recommended that the names of
the properties begin with a lowercase letter, without space and,
when they are composed of several words, the first letter of the
latter must be in uppercase. It is also recommended that the
properties are prefixed by the word has or followed by isOf.
For example hasMother, isMotherOf.
e) Names as class, attribute, slot, property as well as the
abbreviations are to be avoided.
The verification of the consistency: The ontology
allows the expression of semantic classes and relations
between individuals through properties and restrictions.
This allows reasoning and subsequently deducing new
knowledge. However, if these properties are poorly
expressed or badly managed by the cognitics engineer,
errors and inconsistencies can arise. For example, if
two classes are declared separated, an individual may
not be an instance of two. In this case, an inconsistency
is triggered.To limit the inconsistencies in modeling, it
is suggested to classify or apply a reasoner throughout
the phases of the construction of the ontology. In fact,
without reasoner, it is very difficult to keep large
ontologies in a maintainable state and logically correct.
C. Enhancement of knowledge:
The enhancement and the updating of knowledge are two
steps that are primarily dependent on the exploitation of the
ontology. The enhancement requires at first the validation of
the ontology. It consists of the verification of the coherence and
consistency of the modeling through using the reasoner. Then
the role of the experts of the domain comes to verify that the
conceptualization expressed in the ontology corresponds to the
field of application.
Finally, the ontology is validated by evaluating certain
criteria such as the clarity and objectivity, consistency,
completeness, the maximization of the monotonous
extensibility, the minimum ontological commitment, the
principle of ontological distinction, the modularity, the
diversification of hierarchies, the minimum semantic distance
and the standardization.
D. Knowledge updating:
The last step in the process of knowledge management is
the updating of knowledge namely the update of the ontology.
As a matter of fact, the life cycle of an ontology is iterative and
it requires a follow-up to update the amendments and changes
that may exist, as well as for a possible complementarity of the
ontology in progress.
In our context, we consider two possible cases for the ontology
update:
An update is deemed necessary by the ontologist or the
cognitics engineer. This can be due, for example, to the
emergence of a new need which the ontology will have
to answer. It may also be a lack raised in particular
concepts. In these cases, the update of the ontology is
performed by repeating the second step of the
preservation of knowledge. New documents dealing
with the missing points of the ontology are therefore
used to extract new concepts, semantic relations,
axioms, rules and instances.
An update directly linked to the use of the ontology.
For example, in the area of research of information, the
requests of the users are processed or reformulated on
the basis of the concepts of the ontology. The concepts
4. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 9 27 – 34
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
30
IJRITCC | September 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
guides/books Agencies Internet others
that are not found can be directly stored in a database.
The cognitics engineer in collaboration with the expert
of the field will be able to choose those that are
appropriate for the enrichment of the ontology.
III. APPLICATION IN TOURISM SECTOR
The choice of tourism as a sector of application is not
arbitrary since it is the sector that has benefited the most from
the advent of the internet. Indeed, more than one French tourist
out of two prepare their trip online and almost one third of
internet users book their travels online. Morocco is no
exception to the rule.
Moreover, tourism is strongly linked to the internet and the
new technologies. The online customer is increasingly aware of
the facilities offered by the internet in terms of access to
information, offers‟ comparison, booking, or even planning
one‟s trip. Confronted by these growing demands, the public
and private tourism actors‟ efforts should meet to improve not
only the quality and quantity of the information of the tourism
offering on the internet, but also to ensure easy access to
information.
Tourism is regarded as the industry of intensive information
where the information and knowledge play an important role in
the action and the decision-making [9]. In fact, tourism has
naturally some characteristics of the KM.
Unfortunately, tourism has been slow to adopt the KM
approach. The purpose of this section is not to model the
tourism sector or its needs, but to show the importance of
knowledge management in this area. We particularly present
the application of the KM approach, based on the technologies
of the WS in the field in question.
A. Identification of crucial knowledge:
In this stage and through a feasibility study then a choice of
scenarios, we aim at understanding the object, the need, the
level of formality, the scope of the ontology, its possible users
and intended uses, implementation languages, resources to use,
etc.
a) The feasibility study : In order to show the needs of
SGC in tourism, in this part, we deal with the importance of the
GC, the needs in the sector (through a conducted survey), the
actors and the uses.
The importance of KM in Tourism:Applying a
knowledge management approach to tourism sector
offers a range of significant benefits:
The management of knowledge: knowledge management
allows the creation of organizational memories and tools to
access the knowledge which allows reducing the search
time and shortening the learning curves. The knowledge
management also allows you to facilitate the sharing of
knowledge through facilitating the development of new
products and the innovation.
The development of learning capacity: an indirect
consequence of the creation of organizational memories and
tools in the tourism sector in which learning is facilitated
and accelerated.
The acquisition and the capture of tacit knowledge: the
tacit knowledge can be transformed into explicit
knowledge. For example, hotels can improve their service
quality by enhancing employees‟ knowledge about
customers‟ preferences and the corresponding service
procedure.
The understanding of processes and practices of these
investigations: such investigations will allow tourism
organizations to use the necessary knowledge and skills to
satisfy customers and explore international market.
Etc.
In addition to the benefits and facilities granted to
customers and hotels, other tourism actors such as travel
agencies, tour operators can also benefit from the KM
approach. Thus, travel agencies for example can explore,
through using a semantic tool, new markets and can know the
adapted holiday packages but not all those who are available.
The most important need in the tourism sector is to allow
more efficient access to knowledge contained in heterogeneous
environments. The semantic search and ontologies play an
important role in the achievement of this objective. The
following section presents a survey that we conducted to argue
its needs.
Needs in the tourism sector:Through a questionnaire,
we asked travelers about the use of internet when
preparing for a trip and their satisfaction with the
online services. We have also tried to identify the
problems encountered when using traditional search
engines for information researching as well as the
users‟ expectations from a semantic web for tourism.
This study is conducted as a representative survey
online
"https://sites.google.com/site/websemantiqueforourouri
sm/" and by interviews with hotels customers and
tourists.
To prepare for their journey, 90% of consumers use internet
“Fig.2”.Tourism guides and books come second with 23%
while travel agencies come last.
Figure2. Information sources used in the preparation for a trip
The tourist who uses the internet to organize his or her trip
is confronted with problems related mainly to the search for
information “Fig.3”.
5. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 9 27 – 34
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
31
IJRITCC | September 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1accomodation prices meteo
leisure visits culture
manifestation event
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90% 45%
45%
10%
little
satisfied
not satisfied
Figure 3. Problems encountered in the preparation for a trip on the
internet
In effect, browsing a long list of websites seems tedious for
the user who is confronted with a significant number of web
pages that he/ she must consult in order to find what he looks
for. Thus, information are difficult to find. The problem of the
reliability of the information in websites is also encountered.
Regarding the nature of the most searched information,
“Fig. 4” shows that users are most interested in prices,
accommodation, weather, tours, etc. It is mainly the
information closely linked to tourism.
Figue 4.Classification of information sought to prepare for a trip
In term of satisfaction, few users are satisfied with the
touristic services available on the internet “Fig.5”. Their
expectation of intelligent research consists mainly in finding
quality information, direct answers and varied offers through a
single semantic portal. In terms of service, they want to access
to a travel planner and a geographic visualization of the results
Figure 5. Users satisfaction of touristic services on the internet
Figure 6.Users’ expectations of a smart search on tourism
Actors in the tourism sector :In this section, we will
examine the strategic axes of the different tourism
actors involved in the sector and facing the trade or the
acquisition of information through the internet.
Transport companies: online booking, streamline the travel
process, real-time travel information,
Hotel chains: dissemination of information, online booking,
access to distant clients, customer support,
Travel agencies: Product presentation, responsiveness to
offers, information media,
The voluntary sector: The voluntary sector represents a group
of associations managing holiday villages, family houses, guest
houses, etc. a side of some large structures. The voluntary
sector has recently become interested in the possibilities
offered by the internet. Their sites respond more to a
communication-oriented approach and information
dissemination.
Territorial bodies: They are the municipalities and the
territorial departments of tourism offices. Their mission is the
promotion of the touristic offer, the reception and information
of the public, and the organization and control of touristic
products.
Final consumers: Search for information / comparison of
prices and availability, booking of the touristic service and
possible modification, real-time information on any changes of
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
6. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 9 27 – 34
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
32
IJRITCC | September 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
one‟s journey, loyalty allowing access to discounts, discover
destinations , localization of hotels and services, direct
interaction through e-mails, sharing and dissemination of
travels‟ experiences, select an offer, etc.
Background/ study of the existing :In the
tourismsector, several ontologies and several systems
implementing these ontologies exist. In particular:
The Eiffel3 ontology concerns the touristic offer in its
territorial aspects. It is a question of describing in a fine and
extensible way the touristic objects: territories,
accommodations, heritage, activities, etc. by objective and
quantitative elements (location, means of communication and
access, prices, schedules ...), elements of classification
(categories, labels, keywords ...) and semantic relations
(neighborhood, associated activity, enhancement ...) at the
same time. But the ontology must also allow integrating these
objects and their descriptions in the flow documentaries of
indexing and publication. The ontology integrates all these
aspects in a uniform format, allowing a total integration of the
different components of the Platform Eiffel on the basis of
common semantics.
The PICSEL4 ontology is built in the framework of the
PICSEL project. The model of the ontology includes a main
hierarchy of concepts whose root is the concept product which
represents what can be sold in the sector of tourism and which
gathers the housing, journeys, rentals of vehicle, internships. In
addition, the model includes secondary separated hierarchies
describing subdomain object categorizations of the domain of
application such as place, leisure, delivery, service, equipment,
etc. [10].
Tourism.owl5 is an ontology written in OWL. It is a small
ontology consisting of classes such as: attraction, city, state,
country, dimension, rental, population. This ontology is also
composed of properties of type data and object.
Travel.owl6 is an ontology that contains tourism related
concepts. It is available on the web as an OWL file.
Consulting these systems and ontologies allowed us to
make the following observations:
European projects that use robust ontologies retain these
latter secret. On the web, there is an architecture of the system
implementing the ontology as well as an insight of its use.
However, consulting the ontology is still not possible.
Ontologies such as travel and tourism are small ontologies
written in English. Their scope is very small given the limited
number of classes and subclasses they contain. They don‟t
cover the entire tourism sector.
Although these ontologies express properties and
restrictions between classes, they suffer from a lack in terms of
lexicalization of the concept. They are expressed without taking
into consideration their lexicalizations or even their synonyms.
This disadvantage can reduce the utility of these ontologies in
terms of information search.
b) Scenarios’ selection :At the choice of scenarios phase,
technical choices for the implementation of the ontology are to
3
http://www.projet-eiffel.org/spip.php?article48
4
https://www.lri.fr/~sais/picsel3/publications.php
5
http://code.google.com/p/onto/source/browse/trunk/tourism.o
wl?r=2
6
http://protege.cim3.net/file/pub/ontologies/travel/travel.owl
be made. It consists of choosing an ontology construction tool,
a reasoner, the representation languages, the interrogation
language, the resources to be used, the appropriate ontology
construction methodology, etc.
In the framework of our project, we use Protégé for the
ontology implementation, OWL as knowledge representation
language, Tree Tagger for the morphosyntactic analysis, Yatea
for the extraction of candidates terms, Nooj for the extraction
of relations from the morphosyntactic patterns and Terminae
for the extraction of transversal relations and for the
visualization of results.
For the knowledge representation, the choice of OWL is
justified by the fact that it is an XML language designed as an
extension of RDF and RDF Schema. OWL allows describing
the web ontologies: it is precisely the language of ontologies.
OWL incorporate not only the concepts of classes, resources,
and properties already present in RDFS, but also tools for
comparing properties and classes such as identity, equivalence,
the contrary, cardinality, symmetry, transitivity, disjunction,
etc.
Thus, OWL provides machines with a greater ability to the
interpretation of web content and to reasoning than RDF and
RDFS, thanks to a wider vocabulary and true formal semantics.
B. Knowledge preservation :
In this phase, we are interested in the construction of the
ontology of tourism that we have named OTM. As already
mentioned, the first nucleus of the ontology is created based on
a domain thesaurus.
Indeed, there is, in the tourism sector, some controlled
vocabulary or thesauri primarily used for indexing and
identifying information in documentary resources. We notably
refer to "the Tourism and Leisure Thesaurus" of the World
Tourism Organization OMT[11].
Figure.7 Semantic fields in the tourism ontology
Next, we used TALN tools for the semi-automatic
development of the initial ontology [12].
Compared to the presented ontologies travel and tourism, our
ontology, as presented in the works is richer in terms of
concepts and conceptual relationships. It is also characterized
7. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 9 27 – 34
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
33
IJRITCC | September 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
by a rich expressiveness of concepts through considering
lexicalizations and synonyms. Moreover, it deals with specific
aspects of the Moroccan tourism sector.
C. Enhancement of knowledge :
The knowledge enhancement consists at first of the
validation of the ontology then its use in an appropriate
application.
As mentioned in the previous sections, the verification of
the ontology consists, on the one hand, in evaluation, i.e. the
verification of its conformity and its consistency. On the other
hand, in the validation that the semantics expressed in the
ontology must be that of the domain considered. As a matter of
fact, the verification of the conformity and consistency of our
ontology has been done through the reasoner FACT++
available on protege2000 [13]. The application of this reasoner
to our ontology allows detecting the smallest anomalies and
inconsistencies in the hierarchy of the ontology. The
automatically calculated hierarchy by the reasoner is called
"inferred hierarchy". It writes in red all classes that show a
problem of inconsistency.
The phase of the use of the ontology brings together all
activities based more or less directly on the availability of the
ontology, for example the annotation of resources or the
resolution of queries.
To turn on the ontology of tourism, we have suggested an
architecture of GCS that is formed, a priori, of three main
modules: The semantic portal, the ontology of domain and the
module of reasoning:
The semantic portal is a website that forms a single
gateway to a wide range of resources and services
gathered in a knowledge base. Therefore, users will be
able to navigate freely on their space and enjoy both
the semantics in the knowledge base and other high
level services.It should also allow the display of search
results in the form of a map or suggestions of stays to
better situate the tourist in the context.
The ontology of domain plays the role of tourism of
terminology. The language concerned, as presented
above, is a hierarchical classification of concepts into
classes and parent subclasses linked together by
relationships. This terminology is used for resources
indexation, reformulation and extension of the user
query starting from general to specific terms. The
Ontology of domain is at the heart of the solution of the
semantic information systems. It plays the role of
terminology of tourism. The language in question is a
hierarchical classification of concepts in parent classes
and sub-classes linked together by relationships.
The reasoning module plays a vital role in the system.
It combines the different modes of research to address
the user‟s request and allow its extension using the
terminology of the ontology. This module must notably
be able to manage the problem of multilingualism
either during the processing of the requests of users
with different nationalities or when translating the
presented content. In addition to these features, the
engine must be able to offer the possibility of
suggesting a travel itinerary or stays based, for
example, on the user‟s preferences or his or her
navigation history: the touristic resources selected
during the search will be combined to suggest a travel.
IV. Conclusion
In this paper, we have presented an overall view of the
knowledge management approach that we have proposed based
on ontologies and WS technologies.
In fact, we were confronted with a problem linked to the
construction of ontologies in the absence of standard and
standardized methodologies since we were using the ontologies
for the representation and the preservation. Thus, we focused
on the reengineering of the different sources of heterogeneous
knowledge while we based ourselves on several points of view.
We have tried to, as much as possible; take into consideration
the heterogeneity and the distribution of the knowledge
sources. Several standpoints have been taken into account. We
have adopted a two phase construction approach of the
ontology. At first, a first nucleus needs to be built based on a
thesaurus of domain. Afterwards, the initial ontology must be
enriched through using the automatic language processing
tools.
After providing some basic rules for the naming of classes and
properties, we have implemented the proposed approach in the
tourism sector which has developed an ontology of domain that
we have called OTM.
REFERENCES
[1] Guus Schreiber (Author), Hans Akkermans (Author), Anjo
Anjewierden (Author), Robert De Hoog (Author), & 3 more,
Knowledge Engineering and Management: The CommonKADS
MethodologyHardcover– December 17, 1999
[2] Suárez-Figueroa, M.C. (2010) “NeOn Methodology for Building
Ontology Networks : Specification,Scheduling and Reuse”. PhD
Thesis, Spain. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. June 2010.
http://oa.upm.es/3879/
[3] Grundstein, M. (2003). De la capitalisation des connaissances au
management des connaissances dans l‟entreprise, les
fondamentaux du knowledge management, INT – Entreprises 3
jours pour faire le point sur le Knowledge Management 1, 2 et 3
avril 2003
[4] Fernandez, M. (1999). Overview of Methodologies for Building
Ontologies.
[5] Sure, Y., J. Angele et S. Staab. (2002), OntoEdit: Guiding
Ontology Development by Methodologyand Inferencing. In
Proceedings of the Confederated International Conferences
CoopIS, DOA andODBASE 2002, volume 2519, pages 1205–
1222. Springer-Verlag LNCS, 2002.
[6] Uschold, M. et M. Grüninger. (1996a). Ontologies : Principles,
Methods and Applications. Knowledge Engineering Review,
11(2).
[7] S.Mouhim, A.El aoufi, M.Eddahibi, H. Eddouzi, C.Cherkaoui,
D.Mammass, « A Practical and Functional Evaluation of Some
Semantic Search Engines », IRACST - International Journal of
Computer Science and Information Technology & Security
(IJCSITS), Vol. 02, No.05, 2012
[8] Ogden, C. K. et I. A. Richards, (1923). The Meaning of Meaning
: A Study of the Influence ofLanguage Upon Thought and of the
Science of Symbolism. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul.
[9] Inkpen, G., 1998. Information technology for travel and tourism.
Edinburgh: Addison Wesley.
[10] Dechilly, T. et B. Bachimont. (2000). Une ontologie pour éditer
des schémas de descriptionaudiovisuels : extension pour
l'inférence sur les descriptions. In Actes de la conférence «
IC'2000», Toulouse.
[11] S.Mouhim, K. Tatane, C. Cherkaoui, H. Douzi, D. Mammas,
(Novembre 2013), « A Methodological Approach for Converting
Thesaurus to Domain Ontology: Application to Tourism »,
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology
(IJEIT), ISSN: 2277-3754, ISO 9001:2008 Certified, Volume 3,
Issue 5, November 2013, disponible à
http://ijeit.com/Vol%203/Issue%205/IJEIT1412201311_51.pdf
8. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 9 27 – 34
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
34
IJRITCC | September 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
[12] K. Tatane, B. Er-raha, S. Mouhim, C. Cherkaoui, (Décembre
2013), « Semi-Automatic Enrichment Approach of „Domain
Ontology‟ by using TALN Tools », International Journal of
Innovative Research in Computer and Communication
Engineering, ISSN(Online): 2320-9801, Vol. I, Issue 10,
December 2013, disponible à
http://ijircce.com/upload/2013/december/5A_Semi.pdf
[13] Noy, N., R.W. Fergerson et M.A. Musen (2000). The knowledge
model of Protégé2000 : combininginteroperability and
flexibility, in Proceedings of the International Conference on
KnowledgeEngineering and Knowledge Management
(EKAW‟00), 2000.