Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic substances that help regulate the immune system. They correct immune systems that are out of balance and are recommended for people with autoimmune diseases. Common plants used as immunomodulators include Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, and Withania somnifera, which have anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting properties. These plants act on the immune system by stimulating macrophages and other immune cells, and can boost both the innate and adaptive immune responses.

1. IMMUNOMODULATORS
PRESENTED BY : AAKANKSHA VAISHNAV (152780290058)
GIRISH VANIYA (152780290059)
KRISHNA VYAAS (152780290061)
UMANG PANCHAL (152780290063)
GUIDED BY : DR. MITALI SHRIMANKER

2. IMMUNOMODULATORS
 Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic
substances that help to regulate or normalize the
immune system.
 Immunomodulators correct immune systems that are
out of balance.
 Immunomodulators are recommended for people
with autoimmune diseases and they are widely used
in chronic illness to restore immune system health in
people who have been on lengthy courses of
antibiotics or anti-viral therapies.
INTRODUCTION

3. FUNCTION OF IMMUNOMODULATORS
 Immunomodulator act by different locations on
immune system & target the various cells having
several sites of action.
 Function of immunomodulator in body physiological
sequence are such that Immunomodulators are
introduced into body, which activates the macrophage
& granulocytes; there by increasing phagocytosis.
Activated macrophages displays not only increased
phagocytosis but also converted into a secretory cell
and act as cytotoxic effector cell.
 As a result, they are often capable of stimulating
/suppressing both Humoral and Cellular immune
system. Both physiological & pathological state can
affect Immunopharmacology.

4. PROPERTIES OF IMMUNOMODULATORS
 Immunomodulators are not true antigens but are mitogens
or antigenomimetics (mimics the action of real antigens).
These can have specific as well as non-specific modes of
action.
 Antigenomimetics require booster doses for efficient
functioning. Like drug metabolism in the body, the
efficacy of immunomodulators is dependent on various
factors like the dosage, time, mode and duration of
administration, as well on the immune-responsiveness of
system.

5. IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS
 An immunomodulator or adaptogenic agent is the drug
substance that modifies the immune system.
 In general, Immunomodulators are categorized as
Immunosuppressant and Immunostimulators due to their
effects. They have the capability to augment an immune
response or guard against foreign bodies.
 Immunization is the process of introducing an antigen into
the body to pledge shield against pathogens without
instigating disease. The substances which are introduced to
institute a defensive immune response are called vaccines
which may be live, attenuated or killed.

6. CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNOMODULATORS
IMMUNOMODULATORS
IMMUNOADJUVANTS
IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
IMMUNOSUPRESSANTS

7. CATEGORIES OF IMMUNOMODULATORS
IMMUNOADJUVANTS IMMUNOSTIMULANTS IMMUNOSUPRESSANTS
These agents are used for
enhancing vaccines efficacy
and therefore, could be
considered specific immune
stimulants 31 example in this
regard is of Freud’s adjuvant.
The immunoadjuvant hold the
promise of being the true
modulators of immune
response. It has proposed to
exploit them for selecting
between cellular and humoral,
Th1 (helper T1 cells) and Th2,
(helper T2 cells)
immunoprotective and
immunodestructive, and
reagenic (IgE) versus
immunoglobin G (IgG) type of
immune responses, which poses
to be a real challenge to
vaccine designers.
These agents are inherently
non- specific in nature as they
envisaged enhancing body’s
resistance against infection.
They can act through innate
immune response and
through adaptive immune
response. In healthy individuals
the Immunostimulant are
expected to serve as
prophylactic and promoter
agents i.e. as
immunopotentiators by
enhancing basic level of
immune response, and in the
individual with impairment of
immune response as
immunotherapeutic agents.
These are a structurally and
functionally heterogeneous
group of drugs, which are often
concomitantly administered in
combination regimens to treat
various types of organ
transplant rejection and
autoimmune diseases.

8. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF
IMMUNOMODULATORS

9. COMMON PLANTS WITH
IMMUNOMODULATORY AGENTS

10. COMMON PLANTS WITH
IMMUNOMODULATORY AGENTS
1. TINOSPORA CORDIOFOLIA
 It belongs to the family Meninspermaceae and is generally known as
Guduchi, Giloy etc.
 It is a widely used shrub in folk and ayurvedic systems of medicine.
 The chemical constituents of T. cordifolia belong to different classes
that include alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, diterpenoid lactones,
polysaccharides, aliphatic compounds, phenolics, and
sesquiterpenoids.
 IMPORTANCE AND USES
 T. cordifolia is expressed and recommended as a monoherbal as well as
polyherbal preparation.
 Although it is alcoholic but the aqueous extracts have been verified
positively for immuno-modulatory activity.
 It is reported to impede the immunosuppressive effect of
cyclophosphamide.
 The shrub has been found to substantially reduce the deaths from E. coli
induced peritonitis and also showed defense in cholestatic patients against
E. coli infections.


11. COMMON PLANTS WITH
IMMUNOMODULATORY AGENTS
 MECHANISM OF ACTION (Tinospora cordifolia)
 It is used in numerous native drug
preparations for general health and other disease
conditions, possessing anti-allergic, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-
diabetic and anti-pyretic characteristics (all green).
 Its alcoholic extract showed immunomodulatory activity on
rats; produced substantial increase in the WBC count and
bone marrow cells demonstrating stimulatory effect on
haeomopoetic system.
 More research is underway soas to explore the cellular
changes and other pharmacological and biotechnological
investigation in male wister rat.

12. COMMON PLANTS WITH
IMMUNOMODULATORY AGENTS
2. CURCURMA LONGA
 Curcuma longa belongs to the family Zingiberacea and is usually known as
Saffron India, Haldi (Hindi), turmeric, etc.
 It is an extensively used herb in the folk and ayurvedic medicines.
 The chemical constituents contained in this herb are Essential oil
(zingerberine) and curcuminoids (curcumin1 and curcumin III) as
major constituents while the others include sesquiterpenes , ar-
turmerone, ar-curcumene, a- sabinene, borneol, cineole, myrcene and b-
pinene, a- terpine, limonene, p-cymene, perillyl alcohol, turmerone,
eugenol, isoeugenol, eugenol methyl ether and isoeugenol methyl ether,
Stigmasterol, cholesterol, B- sitosterol and fatty acids.
 IMPORTANCE AND USES
 The immunomodulator Curcumin is used potentially for the formulation
of an adjunct therapy against cerebral malaria.
 Recent studies have validated scientific confirmation regarding its
prophylactic and therapeutic prospective, straightening out its anti-
inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-infectious activities, and also
its spasmolytic, CNS stimulant, anti-parasitic, antispasmodic and anti-
arthiritic properties.

13. COMMON PLANTS WITH
IMMUNOMODULATORYAGENTS
 MECHANISM OF ACTION (CURCURMA LONGA)
 Turmeric has curcumin which reduces the proliferation and
activation of T-cells.
 Curcumin treatment also increases the number of B-cell. Reports
have established that the aqueous extract of turmeric lessened the
level of SGOT, SGPT and bilirubin in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
intoxicated mice.
 Apart from damaging the liver system, CCl4 also lessened various
non specific host response parameters like morphological
alteration, phagocytosis, nitric oxide release, etc.
 Administration of its aqueous extract presented noteworthy defense
from damaging actions of CCl4 on the non specific host response in
the peritoneal macrophages of CCl4 intoxicated mice.

14. COMMON PLANTS WITH IMMUNOMODULATORYAGENTS
3. AZADIRACHTA INDICA
 The Neem (Azadirachta indica ) tree, belonging to the Meliaceae
family, possesses various insecticidal compounds against a range of
agricultural insect pests.
 Neem contains numerous biologically active chemicals called
limonoids such as Azadirachtin A, nimbin, salannin, azadirachtol,
nimbidin, gedunin, etc. which are accountable for miscellaneous
activities such as insect anti- feedant, insect growth disruption,
insecticidal, nematicidal, fungicidal, bactericidal etc.
 IMPORTANCE AND USES
 Neem tree yields are used for many medicinal and agricultural
purposes.
 It is largely used as herbal medicine in its native countries and is
used in many pharmaceutical and cosmetic products; also for pest
control in homes. Their leaves’ paste is a valuable management for
skin injuries. Small parts of leaves mixed with regular feed may
affect intestinal parasites in livestock.

15. COMMON PLANTS WITH IMMUNOMODULATORY
AGENTS
 MECHANISM OF ACTION
 The immunomodulatory effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica)
seed’s aqueous, ethanolic extracts and Candida albicans cell
wall mannoproteins on the immune response of mice
vaccinated with Brucella Rev-1 vaccine was studied. Aqueous
and ethanolic Neem seed’s extract exhibited the highest
augmentation in all immunological parameters engaged in
comparison with mannoproteins of Candida albicans cell wall.

16. COMMON PLANTS WITH IMMUNOMODULATORYAGENTS
4. WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (ASHWAGANDHA)
 Ashwagandha, scientifically known as Withania somnifera
Dunal, is an important medicinal plant in the Ayurvedic
system of medicine.
 Preclinical studies showed that ashwagandha was an effec tive
immunomodulatory agent and inhibited the myelo-
suppression induced by diverse immunotoxins (namely,
cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and prednisolone) in mice.
 Ashwagandha was effective in preventing myelosuppression
with all three immunotoxins. The body weight, along with the
levels of hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets, was restored.
 Asparagus is used in transplantation immunology.

17. COMMON PLANTS WITH IMMUNOMODULATORYAGENTS
5. ALLIUM SATIVUM (GARLIC)
 It belongs to the family Lilliacea and it is generally known as
Garlic.
 It is well-known for it is medicinal properties and originated in
Central Asia. Garlic has been used in food and as medicine
worldwide since antiquity. Today it is a famous constituent in
culinary herb as well as has established antioxidant, anticancer and
even immunomodulator.
 IMPORTANCE AND USES
 Allicin is an active component which is isolated from garlic.
 It shows 4 main activities: antibacterial activity against Escherichia
coli, antifungal activity against Candida albicans, antiparasitic
activity against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, and also
antiviral activity.
 The diallyl sulfide (DAS) and thiacremonone in garlic have
revealed having anti-arthritic properties and garlic extract has
shown anti inflammatory properties as well. The 1, 2-
Vinyldithiin has shown anti adipogenic and anti inflammatory
actions on human pre-adipocytes; hence considered as anti- obesity
nutraceutical.

18. CONT’ D
 MECHANISM OF ACTION (GARLIC)
 Garlic is acknowledged for the enhancement of the immune
system since long and most of the research is dedicated to its
organo-sulfur compound.
 Latest outcomes have shown that the antitumor effect of allyl
sulfur compounds may be linked to their anti- inflammatory
and immunostimulatory actions.
 While some immunomodulatory proteins from garlic have
been defined, their characteristics are still unidentified.

19. CONT’ D
6. ASPARAGUS RACEMOUS (SHATAVARI)
 Asparagus racemous, commonly called Satavar, Shatavari, or
Shatamull, is native to the Himalayas in India. It is successfully used
in Ayurveda to cure many diseases.
 The immunoadjuvant properties of Satavar in animal models that
were immunized with DPT (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccine. It
was observed that oral administration of 100 mg/kg of test material
for 15 days to Swiss albino mice induced a significant increase in
anti-Bordetella pertussis antibodies when compared to the control
animals (untreated).
 The effect was heightened in the drug-treated group when the
immunized animals were challenged with a specific strain of B.
pertussis.
 A significant increase in antibody titers was observed compared to
animals that were untreated. From the results of this study,
concluded that Asparagus racemosus acts as a potent
immunoadjuvant, resulting in reduced mortality and morbidity rates
.

20. CONT’D
7. GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA (LICORICE)
 Glycyrrhiza glabra, also known as licorice, sweet- wood,
or Mulaithi, is native to parts of Asia and Europe.
 Preclinical studies have shown that co-administration of
polysaccharides isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra to mice fed
a high-fat diet enhances the immune response and increases
the activities of various antioxidant enzymes.
 Experiments have also shown that β- glycyrrhetinic acid
which is one of the main constituents of Glycyrrhiza glabra,
also possesses immunomodulatory properties and affects the
level of complement component C2.

21. CONT’D
8. OCICUM SANCTUM (TULSI)
Tulsi is regarded as the "Queen of plants” “The mother
medicine of nature".
 Immunostimulant potential of Tulsi is helpful in treatment
of immunosuppression. It shows its immunomodulatory
effect by increase in IFN -Y, IL-4, T helper cells, NK cells
thus reducing total bacterial count., mcreasmg neutrophil
and lymphocyte count and enhancing phagocytic activity
and phagocytic index.
 Oil from Tulsi seed can mediate GABAnergic pathways
and by this it can modulate both humoral and cell-
mediated immunity .

22. CONT’D
 Aqueous extract showed immunotherapeutic potential in bovine
subclinical mastitis. It inhibits mast cell degranulation and histamine
release in presence of allergen.
 It is useful in constipation and wounds. Tulsi plant has shown to
enhance the production of RBC, WEC and haemoglobin in rats.
 It is more potent than dexamethasone in the treatment of acute viral
encephalitis. Tulsi is suggested to shorten the course of illness, clinical
symptoms in patients suffering from viral hepatitis and also enhances
survival of viral encephalitis patients.
 It is also useful in allergic and inflammatory disorders due to the
action of its oil and has shown to decrease significantly the
symptoms of arthritis and edema.

23. CONT’D
9.BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA (PUNARNAVA)
 It possess immunomodultory effects due to the
immunosuppressive action. Ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia
diffusa was shown to inhibit the cell proliferation
significantly.
 Extracts of B. diffusa roots inhibited human NK cell
cytotoxicity in vitro, production of nitric oxide in mouse
macrophage cells, interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis
factor-a (TNF-a), in human PBMCs, demonstrating its
immunosuppressive potential effect.
 It also exhibits antidiabetic, anti-metastatic,
antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiestrogenic, analgesic,
anti-inflammatory, antibacterial activity.

24. CONT’D
10. ALOE VERA
• Family: Aloaceae
• Common names: Guarpatha/ ghrita kumari/star cactus/
barbadoslkatraazhai
• Active principle/compound : Polysaccharides (Glucomannan, acemannan,
mannose derivatives, hemicellulose, carboxypeptidase and
salicylate), aloin, p- coumaric acid, aldopentose, calcium oxalate .
 It promotes wound healing by stimulating macrophage and
fibroblast activity.
 The active principle 'Acemannan' induces apoptosis in cancer cells,
stimulate leukocyte and lymphocyte and cause the release of IL-1, IL-6
and TNF-a. It can modulate immune response by augmenting
secondary humoral immunity in rats . Mucilaginous leaf-gel
(Acemannan) has anti-inflammatory property. It prevents
ultraviolet induced suppression of DTH by reducing keratinocyte
derived immunosuppressive cytokines. It can selectively stimulates
cytokines and activates lymphocytes . Its isolates have shown
to exert inhibitory properties against Staphylococcal infections
and Candidiasis . It also shows some beneficial effect in antiretroviral
therapy.

25. CONCLUSION
 The use of various plant extracts and herbal fed additives in
specific dose during the scheduled vaccination regimen may
be helpful in obtaining higher protective antibody against
different infections including production and development
of more effective cell mediate immune response for
protection against various bacterial, viral and other diseases.
 Herbal formulation may be therefore recommended for use
as positive immunomodulator. There are several botanical
products with potential therapeutic applications because of
their high efficacy, low cost and low toxicity.

26. THANK YOU !