This document discusses different types of vaccines and immunization. It describes active immunization, which induces long-lasting immunity through natural infection or vaccines, versus passive immunization, which provides only temporary immunity through transfer of antibodies. Whole-organism vaccines include attenuated live and inactivated vaccines, while other types include purified macromolecules, recombinant vectors, DNA vaccines, and synthetic peptides. Factors in vaccine design include the immune response targeted and development of immunological memory. Adjuvants are critical for inactivated vaccines. Vaccines have significantly reduced disease burdens and social costs.
This document discusses vaccines and immunization. It defines vaccination as giving an antigen to stimulate immunity. Vaccines contain antigens that are antigenic but not pathogenic. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, or toxoids. They induce artificial active immunity and provide protection against specific diseases. Effective vaccines should be safe, induce lasting protection, and be easy to administer. Immunization can be passive via antibodies or active via memory cells. The document discusses different types of vaccines and their advantages and disadvantages. It also covers principles of immunization, herd immunity, vaccination coverage, and applications of vaccination for different groups.
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to harmless or inactive forms of pathogens to induce protective immunity. First generation vaccines used whole pathogens that were either live-attenuated or killed. While live vaccines induce broad immune responses, there is a risk of reversion; killed vaccines require multiple doses but are safer. Second generation subunit vaccines use isolated protein antigens to generate specific responses without risks of live vaccines. Third generation DNA vaccines contain genetic code for antigens, inducing immune responses through host cell expression without using live pathogens.
Vaccines . types importance and use in lSanjay660522
This document discusses different types of vaccines and immunization. It describes passive immunization, which provides temporary protection through transfer of antibodies from another, versus active immunization through natural infection or vaccines, which stimulates long-term immune memory. Various vaccine types are outlined, including whole organism vaccines using live attenuated or killed pathogens, purified components like toxins or polysaccharides, and newer recombinant and DNA vaccines. Factors in vaccine design like activating specific immune responses and allowing time for memory cells to develop are also summarized.
This document discusses innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is inborn and provides non-specific resistance to pathogens. It includes barriers like skin and mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances, and phagocytic cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to pathogens and results in long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection. It can be active, arising from natural infection or artificial vaccination, or passive, through transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus or through administration of antisera.
The document provides an overview of vaccination from a veterinarian's perspective. It discusses the history and development of vaccination, including how Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine. It then covers different types of vaccines such as live attenuated vaccines, killed vaccines, DNA vaccines, and passive vaccines. The document also discusses routes of vaccination and attributes of effective vaccines.
This document discusses vaccine drug delivery systems. It provides an introduction to vaccines and their history. It describes the types of vaccines and how they work, as well as ideal vaccine properties. It discusses uptake of antigens and different delivery methods for vaccines, including single shot vaccines, mucosal delivery, and transdermal delivery. It also lists previous exam questions related to these vaccine delivery topics.
Vaccines work by inducing active immunity through exposure to antigens under controlled conditions. There are several types of vaccines including killed/inactivated vaccines which use dead pathogens, live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live pathogens, subunit vaccines which use purified antigens, conjugate vaccines which link polysaccharide antigens to proteins, recombinant vaccines which use genetically engineered antigens, and DNA vaccines which use genetic material encoding antigens. The ideal vaccine provides long-lasting immunity while being safe, inexpensive, and easy to produce and administer.
This document discusses vaccines and immunization. It defines vaccination as giving an antigen to stimulate immunity. Vaccines contain antigens that are antigenic but not pathogenic. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, or toxoids. They induce artificial active immunity and provide protection against specific diseases. Effective vaccines should be safe, induce lasting protection, and be easy to administer. Immunization can be passive via antibodies or active via memory cells. The document discusses different types of vaccines and their advantages and disadvantages. It also covers principles of immunization, herd immunity, vaccination coverage, and applications of vaccination for different groups.
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to harmless or inactive forms of pathogens to induce protective immunity. First generation vaccines used whole pathogens that were either live-attenuated or killed. While live vaccines induce broad immune responses, there is a risk of reversion; killed vaccines require multiple doses but are safer. Second generation subunit vaccines use isolated protein antigens to generate specific responses without risks of live vaccines. Third generation DNA vaccines contain genetic code for antigens, inducing immune responses through host cell expression without using live pathogens.
Vaccines . types importance and use in lSanjay660522
This document discusses different types of vaccines and immunization. It describes passive immunization, which provides temporary protection through transfer of antibodies from another, versus active immunization through natural infection or vaccines, which stimulates long-term immune memory. Various vaccine types are outlined, including whole organism vaccines using live attenuated or killed pathogens, purified components like toxins or polysaccharides, and newer recombinant and DNA vaccines. Factors in vaccine design like activating specific immune responses and allowing time for memory cells to develop are also summarized.
This document discusses innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is inborn and provides non-specific resistance to pathogens. It includes barriers like skin and mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances, and phagocytic cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to pathogens and results in long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection. It can be active, arising from natural infection or artificial vaccination, or passive, through transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus or through administration of antisera.
The document provides an overview of vaccination from a veterinarian's perspective. It discusses the history and development of vaccination, including how Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine. It then covers different types of vaccines such as live attenuated vaccines, killed vaccines, DNA vaccines, and passive vaccines. The document also discusses routes of vaccination and attributes of effective vaccines.
This document discusses vaccine drug delivery systems. It provides an introduction to vaccines and their history. It describes the types of vaccines and how they work, as well as ideal vaccine properties. It discusses uptake of antigens and different delivery methods for vaccines, including single shot vaccines, mucosal delivery, and transdermal delivery. It also lists previous exam questions related to these vaccine delivery topics.
Vaccines work by inducing active immunity through exposure to antigens under controlled conditions. There are several types of vaccines including killed/inactivated vaccines which use dead pathogens, live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live pathogens, subunit vaccines which use purified antigens, conjugate vaccines which link polysaccharide antigens to proteins, recombinant vaccines which use genetically engineered antigens, and DNA vaccines which use genetic material encoding antigens. The ideal vaccine provides long-lasting immunity while being safe, inexpensive, and easy to produce and administer.
Vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity to particular diseases. They contain agents that resemble disease-causing pathogens in order to stimulate the body's immune system. There are several types of vaccines including killed/inactivated, attenuated/live, toxoids, subunit, peptide, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. Vaccines are produced through a multi-step process involving generation of the antigen, isolation, purification, addition of components, and packaging. Common side effects are mild but vaccines effectively boost immunity with a low risk of side effects.
This document provides an overview of vaccines including what they are, how they work, different types of vaccines, and methods for producing vaccines. It defines a vaccine as a biological preparation that improves immunity to disease. The main types of vaccines discussed are killed/inactivated, attenuated/live, toxoids, subunit, peptide, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. General methods for vaccine production include generating the antigen, isolating and purifying the antigen, adding other components like adjuvants, and packaging the final vaccine product.
Vaccines work by increasing resistance to infection and improving general health. There are different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and DNA vaccines. DNA vaccines offer advantages over traditional vaccines as they use only DNA from pathogens and stimulate both antibody and cellular immunity without risk of infection while not requiring refrigeration.
1) Vaccine delivery systems aim to improve the immune response to vaccines. Virosomes are a type of delivery system that are biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. They enable drug delivery into target cells and protect drugs from degradation. However, virosomes have short shelf lives and scaling up poses challenges.
2) Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens in a way that stimulates antibody production without causing illness. Antibodies bind to antigens and help the immune system recognize and destroy pathogens. Vaccines contain antigens along with other ingredients like adjuvants to enhance the immune response.
3) There are various types of traditional and innovative vaccines that target different
The document discusses immunity and principles of vaccination. It covers innate immunity, which is non-specific and present from birth, and adaptive immunity, which is acquired after exposure and leads to immunological memory. Vaccination works by exposing individuals to weakened or killed pathogens to artificially increase immunity. The goals of vaccination are to provide protective immunity through memory responses and to ultimately eradicate diseases. Vaccines can provide active immunity by inducing antibody or cellular responses, or passive immunity by administering preformed antibodies.
1. Vaccination involves exposing the immune system to a weakened or killed form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to develop protective antibodies against that pathogen.
2. Vaccines work by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack pathogens like viruses and bacteria without causing illness if exposed to the live pathogen later.
3. There are two main types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use a weakened live pathogen, and inactivated vaccines which use a killed pathogen. Both aim to elicit a protective immune response.
1. Vaccination involves exposing the immune system to a weakened or killed form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to develop protective antibodies against that pathogen.
2. Vaccines work by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack pathogens like viruses and bacteria without causing illness if exposed to the live pathogen later.
3. There are two main types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use a weakened live pathogen, and inactivated vaccines which use a killed pathogen. Both aim to elicit a protective immune response.
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunizing agents - Vaccines, Immunoglobulines and Antisera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Vaccines provide immunity against disease by introducing an antigen to stimulate the immune system. There are two main types of immunization - passive which transfers antibodies, and active which relies on natural infection or vaccines. Vaccines work by activating the immune system's memory cells to recognize and fight pathogens. Different vaccine types include live attenuated or inactivated whole organisms, purified components, recombinant antigens, and more. Factors like incubation period and immune response determine which vaccine approach is best. Vaccines have had a major positive impact on public health by eradicating smallpox and reducing cases of diseases like measles.
This document discusses immunity and defines the two main types as innate (native) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. It provides details on:
- Innate immunity is non-specific and includes barriers like skin and mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, inflammation and fever responses. It is not affected by prior exposure and is genetically determined.
- Adaptive immunity is antigen-specific, develops diversity and memory, allows self/non-self discrimination. It includes active immunity from natural infection or vaccination and passive immunity from maternal antibodies.
- Active immunity is long-lasting and provides both cellular and humoral responses after a latent period. Passive immunity is short-term and provides immediate but
This document discusses vaccination and immunity. It describes passive immunization, which provides rapid but temporary protection through administration of preformed antibodies. It also discusses principles of vaccination, including inducing memory responses using non-toxic antigens to provide long-term protection. Effective vaccines are described as being safe, protective, inducing long-lasting immunity, cost-effective, and easy to administer. Approaches to vaccine design include use of intact pathogens, subunits, vectors, and adjuvants. The immune response to vaccines is also summarized, including the roles of innate immunity, antigen presentation, memory responses, and the goal of vaccination to generate antigen-specific immune cells providing protection.
This document discusses immunity, including active and passive immunity. It defines immunity as resistance against microorganisms and their products. Active immunity develops from infection or immunization and provides long-lasting protection, while passive immunity is short-term and involves transferring antibodies. Herd immunity occurs when a high percentage of a group is immune, providing indirect protection. Vaccines can induce active immunity and are prepared from live attenuated or inactivated pathogens, toxoids, or cellular fractions.
Vaccines work by introducing a harmless version of a pathogen into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, and recombinant vaccines. An ideal vaccine would provide long-lasting immunity after a single dose, stimulate both antibody and cellular immune responses, be safe, stable, and inexpensive to produce.
This document defines and compares innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is present from birth and provides non-specific resistance to pathogens. It involves anatomical barriers, inflammatory responses, complement pathways, and cytokines. Acquired immunity develops during a person's lifetime through active or passive transfer of antibodies or immune cells. Active immunity results from infection or vaccination and is long-lasting, while passive immunity provides short-term protection through antibody transfer from mother to fetus or through immunoglobulin treatments.
Passive immunity is temporary protection transferred from another individual, such as maternal antibodies. Active immunity is stimulated through natural infection or vaccination and results in the formation of memory cells that provide long-lasting protection. Vaccines work by mimicking natural infections and stimulating the immune system to develop antibodies and memory cells against targeted pathogens. Widespread vaccination benefits both individuals and communities through herd immunity.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of vaccines. It discusses key events like Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and the eradication of smallpox. It describes different types of vaccines including live-attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, and DNA vaccines. The mechanisms of how vaccines work and produce immunity are also explained. The document traces the evolution of vaccines from whole organism approaches to modern techniques like recombinant DNA technology.
The document defines and compares innate, acquired, active, and passive immunity. It describes the mechanisms of innate immunity like epithelial surfaces and cellular factors. It also explains the types of acquired immunity including natural and artificial active immunity induced by infection or vaccination, as well as natural and artificial passive immunity from maternal antibody transfer or administration of antibodies.
Vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity to particular diseases. They contain agents that resemble disease-causing pathogens in order to stimulate the body's immune system. There are several types of vaccines including killed/inactivated, attenuated/live, toxoids, subunit, peptide, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. Vaccines are produced through a multi-step process involving generation of the antigen, isolation, purification, addition of components, and packaging. Common side effects are mild but vaccines effectively boost immunity with a low risk of side effects.
This document provides an overview of vaccines including what they are, how they work, different types of vaccines, and methods for producing vaccines. It defines a vaccine as a biological preparation that improves immunity to disease. The main types of vaccines discussed are killed/inactivated, attenuated/live, toxoids, subunit, peptide, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. General methods for vaccine production include generating the antigen, isolating and purifying the antigen, adding other components like adjuvants, and packaging the final vaccine product.
Vaccines work by increasing resistance to infection and improving general health. There are different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and DNA vaccines. DNA vaccines offer advantages over traditional vaccines as they use only DNA from pathogens and stimulate both antibody and cellular immunity without risk of infection while not requiring refrigeration.
1) Vaccine delivery systems aim to improve the immune response to vaccines. Virosomes are a type of delivery system that are biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. They enable drug delivery into target cells and protect drugs from degradation. However, virosomes have short shelf lives and scaling up poses challenges.
2) Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens in a way that stimulates antibody production without causing illness. Antibodies bind to antigens and help the immune system recognize and destroy pathogens. Vaccines contain antigens along with other ingredients like adjuvants to enhance the immune response.
3) There are various types of traditional and innovative vaccines that target different
The document discusses immunity and principles of vaccination. It covers innate immunity, which is non-specific and present from birth, and adaptive immunity, which is acquired after exposure and leads to immunological memory. Vaccination works by exposing individuals to weakened or killed pathogens to artificially increase immunity. The goals of vaccination are to provide protective immunity through memory responses and to ultimately eradicate diseases. Vaccines can provide active immunity by inducing antibody or cellular responses, or passive immunity by administering preformed antibodies.
1. Vaccination involves exposing the immune system to a weakened or killed form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to develop protective antibodies against that pathogen.
2. Vaccines work by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack pathogens like viruses and bacteria without causing illness if exposed to the live pathogen later.
3. There are two main types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use a weakened live pathogen, and inactivated vaccines which use a killed pathogen. Both aim to elicit a protective immune response.
1. Vaccination involves exposing the immune system to a weakened or killed form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to develop protective antibodies against that pathogen.
2. Vaccines work by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack pathogens like viruses and bacteria without causing illness if exposed to the live pathogen later.
3. There are two main types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use a weakened live pathogen, and inactivated vaccines which use a killed pathogen. Both aim to elicit a protective immune response.
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunizing agents - Vaccines, Immunoglobulines and Antisera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Vaccines provide immunity against disease by introducing an antigen to stimulate the immune system. There are two main types of immunization - passive which transfers antibodies, and active which relies on natural infection or vaccines. Vaccines work by activating the immune system's memory cells to recognize and fight pathogens. Different vaccine types include live attenuated or inactivated whole organisms, purified components, recombinant antigens, and more. Factors like incubation period and immune response determine which vaccine approach is best. Vaccines have had a major positive impact on public health by eradicating smallpox and reducing cases of diseases like measles.
This document discusses immunity and defines the two main types as innate (native) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. It provides details on:
- Innate immunity is non-specific and includes barriers like skin and mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, inflammation and fever responses. It is not affected by prior exposure and is genetically determined.
- Adaptive immunity is antigen-specific, develops diversity and memory, allows self/non-self discrimination. It includes active immunity from natural infection or vaccination and passive immunity from maternal antibodies.
- Active immunity is long-lasting and provides both cellular and humoral responses after a latent period. Passive immunity is short-term and provides immediate but
This document discusses vaccination and immunity. It describes passive immunization, which provides rapid but temporary protection through administration of preformed antibodies. It also discusses principles of vaccination, including inducing memory responses using non-toxic antigens to provide long-term protection. Effective vaccines are described as being safe, protective, inducing long-lasting immunity, cost-effective, and easy to administer. Approaches to vaccine design include use of intact pathogens, subunits, vectors, and adjuvants. The immune response to vaccines is also summarized, including the roles of innate immunity, antigen presentation, memory responses, and the goal of vaccination to generate antigen-specific immune cells providing protection.
This document discusses immunity, including active and passive immunity. It defines immunity as resistance against microorganisms and their products. Active immunity develops from infection or immunization and provides long-lasting protection, while passive immunity is short-term and involves transferring antibodies. Herd immunity occurs when a high percentage of a group is immune, providing indirect protection. Vaccines can induce active immunity and are prepared from live attenuated or inactivated pathogens, toxoids, or cellular fractions.
Vaccines work by introducing a harmless version of a pathogen into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, and recombinant vaccines. An ideal vaccine would provide long-lasting immunity after a single dose, stimulate both antibody and cellular immune responses, be safe, stable, and inexpensive to produce.
This document defines and compares innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is present from birth and provides non-specific resistance to pathogens. It involves anatomical barriers, inflammatory responses, complement pathways, and cytokines. Acquired immunity develops during a person's lifetime through active or passive transfer of antibodies or immune cells. Active immunity results from infection or vaccination and is long-lasting, while passive immunity provides short-term protection through antibody transfer from mother to fetus or through immunoglobulin treatments.
Passive immunity is temporary protection transferred from another individual, such as maternal antibodies. Active immunity is stimulated through natural infection or vaccination and results in the formation of memory cells that provide long-lasting protection. Vaccines work by mimicking natural infections and stimulating the immune system to develop antibodies and memory cells against targeted pathogens. Widespread vaccination benefits both individuals and communities through herd immunity.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of vaccines. It discusses key events like Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and the eradication of smallpox. It describes different types of vaccines including live-attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, and DNA vaccines. The mechanisms of how vaccines work and produce immunity are also explained. The document traces the evolution of vaccines from whole organism approaches to modern techniques like recombinant DNA technology.
The document defines and compares innate, acquired, active, and passive immunity. It describes the mechanisms of innate immunity like epithelial surfaces and cellular factors. It also explains the types of acquired immunity including natural and artificial active immunity induced by infection or vaccination, as well as natural and artificial passive immunity from maternal antibody transfer or administration of antibodies.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...
Immunology
1.
2. A Quick Glimpse…
Active vs. Passive Immunization
Designing Vaccines
Whole-Organism Vaccines
Purified Macromolecules as Vaccines
Recombinant-Vector Vaccines
DNA Vaccines
Synthetic-Peptide Vaccines
Mulvivalent Subunit Vaccines
3. Two Types of Immunization
Passive Immunization
– Methods of acquisition include natural maternal antibodies,
antitoxins, and immune globulins
– Protection transferred from another person or animal
Active Immunization
– Methods of acquisition include natural infection, vaccines (many
types), and toxoids
– Relatively permanent
5. Passive Immunization
Can occur naturally via transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta to
fetus
Injection with preformed antibodies
– Human or animal antibodies can be used
– Injection of animal Ab’s prevalent before vaccines
Effects are only temporary
6. Conditions Warranting Passive
Immunization
1. Deficiency in synthesis of Ab as a result of congenital or acquired
B-cell defects
2. Susceptible person is exposed to a disease that will cause
immediate complications (time is the biggest issue)
3. Disease is already present
8. The Immune System and Passive
Immunization
The transfer of antibodies will not trigger the immune system
There is NO presence of memory cells
Risks are included
Recognition of the immunoglobulin epitope by self immunoglobluin paratopes
Some individuals produce IgE molecules specific for passive antibody, leading
to mast cell degranulation
Some individuals produce IgG or IgM molecules specific for passive antibody,
leading to hypersensitive reactions
9. Active Immunization
Natural Infection with
microorganism or artificial
acquisition (vaccine)
Both stimulate the proliferation of T
and B cells, resulting in the
formation of effector and memory
cells
The formation of memory cells is
the basis for the relatively
permanent effects of vaccinations
10. Principles Underlying Vaccination
Concept of Immunity
– Self vs. Non-self
– Antigen specificity
– Indicated by presence of effector cells
– Protection from infectious diseases using above
methods
12. Effectiveness of Vaccinations
Small percentage of recipients will respond poorly
– Role of genetic determinants
Herd Immunity
– Majority of population is immune, so chance of susceptible individual
contacting infected individual is low
– Measles Epidemic
13. Herd Immunity
Factors affecting herd immunity
– Environmental Factors: crowded conditions, seasonal variations
– Strength of Individual’s Immune System
– Infectiousness of Disease: greater the risk of infection, the higher
percentage of people need vaccines to attain herd immunity
When enough people are vaccinated, chance of germ infecting the
non-immunized population is small
Can lead to disappearance of diseases (smallpox)
– Vaccination no longer necessary
16. Development of Vaccines
Common misconception that
activation of the immune system results
in protective immunity
Multiple factors affect decisions
when making vaccines
1. Activation of specific branch
of immune system
2. Development of
immunological memory
17. Role of Memory Cells
Depends on incubation period of pathogen
– Short Incubation Periods
ex. Influenza
Symptoms already under way by the time memory cells are
activated
Repeated immunizations with neutralizing antibodies
– Long Incubation Periods
ex. Poliovirus
Enough time to allow memory B cells to respond
20. Whole-Organism Vaccines
Many common vaccines used
consist of inactivated or attenuated
bacterial cells or viral particles
Includes attenuated and inactivated
vaccines
21. Attenuated Viral or Bacterial
Vaccines
Attenuation – to reduce in force, value, amount, or degree; weaken
– Achieved by growth under abnormal culture conditions
– Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
– Act as a double edged sword, as they have distinct advantages and
disadvantages…
22. Advantages of Attenuated Bacterial
or Viral Vaccines
Advantages stem from their capacity for transient growth
Prolonged immune-system exposure
Single immunizations
Replication within host cells
23. Exception to the Rule…
Sabin Polio vaccine consists of 3 attenuated strains of poliovirus
Colonization of intestine results in immunity to all 3 strains
– Production of secretory IgA and induction of IgM and IgG
Result is the need for boosters
– Individual strains interfere with one another
First immunization one strain predominates in growth
Second Immunization immunity generated by previous
immunization limits growth of previously predominant strain
Third Immunization same principle as second immunization
24. Disadvantages of Attenuated
Bacterial or Viral Vaccines
MAJOR disadvantage is possible reversion
– ex: Rate of reversion of Sabin Polio vaccine is one case in 4 million doses
Presence of other viruses as contaminants
Unforeseen postvaccine complications
25. The Future of Attenuation…
Genetic engineering techniques provide new methods of attenuation
Herpes virus vaccine for pigs
Possible elimination of reversion?
26. Inactivated Viral or Bacterial
Vaccines
Methods of inactivation include heat or chemical agents
– End result…. Loss of replication ability
Difficult to inactivate due to potential for denaturation of epitopes
– Dependence on higher order levels of protein structure
28. Attenuation vs. Inactivation
Attenuation
– Normally require one dosage to induce relatively permanent immunity
– Primarily cell-mediated in nature
– Despite reliance on cell-mediated immunity, increased IgA response
Inactivation
– Requires multiple boosters
– Emphasis on activating humoral immunity
However, something very important is missing….
29. Adjuvants
Adjuvants are CRITICAL for the use of inactivated vaccines
Most widely used are aluminum salts (mainly hydroxide or
phosphate)
Effects include liberation of antigen, chemoattraction, and
inflammation
30. ISCOMS
Immunostimulating Complexes
Multilmeric presentation of antigen/adjuvant
Enhanced cell-mediated immune response, delayed-type
hypersensitivity, cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, increased Ag
expression associated with MHC II
31. Additional Facts From Dr. David
Satcher
Presented a more social rather than
technical view of vaccines
Barriers to health care include the “7
U’s”
– Uninsured, Under-issued, Under-
represented, Uninspired, Untrusting,
Uninformed
– Ethical Variations
Significant Social Costs associated with
vaccine-preventable diseases
– $10 billion per year
– 36,000 elderly die yearly from influenza
despite availability of vaccine
– Social impetus is needed to lower these
figures
32. Impact of Vaccines on Public Health
Between 1977 and 1980, smallpox was eradicated in the United
States
– Global eradication is currently a major consideration
– Phenomenon of herd immunity
Measles occurrences at a record low