This document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines immunization as rendering the subject immune by inoculating with a specific antigen to induce an immune response. It describes two types of immunity: active immunity produced by vaccines/toxoids that is long-lasting, and passive immunity produced by immunoglobulins that only provides temporary protection. It also discusses herd immunity and how a critical level of community immunity through vaccination protects even non-vaccinated individuals. The document outlines the expanded program on immunization in India and the vaccination schedule, describing various live attenuated, killed, and genetically engineered vaccine types for bacterial and viral diseases. It notes contraindications and potential adverse effects.

1. IMMUNIZATION
 Submitted to
 Respected paraveen William
 Faculty College of Nursing
vmmc & sjh
 Submitted by
 Mehroon nissa
 Enrollment No : 75250306619
 Bsc (H) Nursing 4th year

2. DEFINATION OF IMMUNIZATION
 It is the process of rendering the subject immune by
inoculating with a specific antigen which induces an
immune response.

3. Types of Immunity
 Active immunity;
 It is produced by administering vaccine or toxoid.
 Long lasting.
 Passive immunity;
 It is produced by administering immunoglobulins
 This produces immediate protection which only lasts for
some weeks or month

4. Herd Immunity
 Herd immunity exists if the number of people in a
community who have active immunity against an infection
exceeds a critical level .
 If this level is achieved then even non-vaccinated
individuals are protected from getting the disease .

5. Vaccine
 The vaccine is usually a protein similar to part of a
virulent infectious organism that can be recognized by the
individual’s immune system, which then produces
antibodies or cell-mediated immunity against the antigen
in the vaccine .

6. Type of Vaccines
 Live attenuated vaccine
 A virulent organism is weakened so that it produces an
antigenic response without the serious consequences of a
wild organism infection .
 Killed or inactivated vaccines
 Prepared from preformed antigen inactivated by heat, phenol
, formaldehyde or some other means.
 Conjugated Vaccines
 Conjugated with other antigens in an attempt to improve the
immunological response.
 Toxoids
 These are toxins , which have been rendered non-toxic by
treatment with formaldehyde, but their antigenicity is
maintained.

7. Antibacterial Vaccines
 Live attenuated bacteria:
 BCG, oral typhoid
 Killed bacteria:
 Pertussis , Cholera and injectable typhoid.
 Toxoids:
 Diphtheria, Tetanus.
 Polysaccharide vaccines :
 Meningococcal, Pneumococcal, H. Influenzae type b.

8. Antiviral Vaccines
 Live attenuated virus:
 Oral poliomyelitis, measles , mumps, rubella, and yellow
fever.
 Completely inactivated virus:
 Influenza, injectable polio, Rabies.
 Genetically engineered vaccines:
 Hepatitis B

9. Expanded Program on Immunization
of India- Launched in 1974

11. EPI Schedule

12. Oral Vaccines
 Oral Polio Vaccine
 Dose: 2 drops
 Rotavirus Vaccines
 Dose: 1.5 ml Prefilled
syringe

13. Injectable Vaccines
 Intradermal
 BCG
 Dose: 0.05ml
 Intramuscular
 Pentavalent
 Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B,
H.Influenza Type b
 Pneumococcal
 Injectable Polio Vaccine
 Subcutaneous
 Measles
Dose 0.5ml

14. Contraindications
Live vaccines are contraindicated in
Immune deficient children
Children on steroids and chemotherapy
Children with Organ transplant
House hold members of above children
Within 6 weeks of receiving immunoglobulins
Pertussis is contraindicated in
Epilepsy
Encephalopathy
All
Anaphylactic reaction to previous vaccines.
High grade fever above 102F

15. Adverse Effects
 Fever
 Swelling, redness or pain at vaccination site
 Deep abscess (BCG)
 Lymphadenopathy (BCG)
 Generalized TB in immunocompromised children(BCG, rare)
 Vaccine induced Paralytic polio in immunocompromised
children(BCG1:6million)
 Inconsolable cry (pertussis)

16. Non-EPI Vaccines
 Mumps
 Rubella
 Meningococcal
 Typhoid
 Cholera
 Hepatitis A
 Varicella
 Rabies

17. THANK YOU