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Representative government developed differently in South Carolina compared to other colonies. South Carolina started as a proprietary colony run by absentee landlords, which led to tensions between colonists and proprietors. It then became a royal colony with a governor appointed by the king. The backcountry population grew but had less representation than the Lowcountry elite, leading to the Regulator Movement where backcountry settlers took matters into their own hands to establish law and order. Eventually the government addressed this by setting up courthouses in the backcountry.

America Compared 2

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Between 1870 and 1920, the United States underwent rapid urbanization as immigrants arrived seeking jobs. Most immigrants were not refugees but job seekers attracted to new economic opportunities like free labor and secure private property. The largest number of immigrants in U.S. history arrived during this time period, with many Germans, Russians, Jews, and others migrating. Many immigrants found work in cities, with over 70% of German-employed males and 84% of Irish-employed males working outside of agriculture by 1900. However, some immigrants also settled in rural areas as farmers, taking advantage of land offered by railroads and the government.

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Daniel Davis Wood

Sectionalism84.2

Sectionalism arose from growing racial tensions between the North and South. The Denmark Vesey slave revolt plot in 1822 increased fears in the South of a large-scale slave uprising. Southern states passed increasingly restrictive slave codes in response. Meanwhile, the abolitionist movement grew in the North, calling for an end to slavery nationwide. These events exacerbated differences between the regions and strengthened sectional identities, leading to political conflicts over the expansion of slavery into new states.

- New York City's population and economy exploded after the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, transforming it into the largest industrial city and commercial center in the United States. - In the late 19th century, Jacob Riis' photographs in "How the Other Half Lives" brought attention to the extreme poverty and poor living conditions in New York City's tenements and slums. - Between 1870-1914, millions of migrants traveled across the Atlantic to the United States, with New York receiving many immigrants due to its large port, though nativist sentiment grew concerned about the influx of newcomers.

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Enslaved and free Africans played a significant role in the developing culture and economy of South Carolina. The growth of the slave trade resulted in a large population of Africans who contributed their agricultural knowledge and skills. However, Africans resisted slavery, such as through the Stono Rebellion. In response, South Carolina strengthened slave codes to control the slave population and prevent future uprisings. Over time, Africans developed a unique Gullah culture and language on the coastal Sea Islands.

Sc disagreements post revolutionary war 8 3.1

The document discusses tensions between South Carolina's Lowcountry and Upcountry regions after the Revolutionary War. The Lowcountry depended on slave labor and large plantations while the Upcountry mostly had small family farms. Both regions struggled economically after the war. Moving the capital to Columbia in the center of the state helped ease tensions but the Lowcountry still dominated the legislature until the cotton gin allowed the Upcountry to also use slave labor and gain political representation.

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- The Red Scare of 1919-1920 swept across America as fears grew of communism spreading from Russia. Attorney General Palmer ordered raids to arrest suspected radicals. - Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian immigrants and anarchists, were convicted of murder based on circumstantial evidence and executed, amid accusations of anti-immigrant bias. - The 1920s saw debates between traditional moral values emphasizing religion and social order versus modernist views accepting new social norms like evolution, women's changing roles, and consumerism. Prohibition criminalized alcohol but led to speakeasies, while the Scopes Trial banned teaching evolution in schools.

They’re Coming To America 2

This document discusses the "New Immigration" period in America from 1880-1920, when large numbers of immigrants arrived from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Asia. It describes the national origins and experiences of Italian, Eastern European, Russian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Jewish immigrants. It also discusses the anti-immigrant sentiment and restrictive laws passed in response to the new arrivals, including the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and Immigration Acts of 1917 that established quotas and barred certain groups.

Standard 2

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The document summarizes the economy and way of life in British North America, including the practice of mercantilism where colonies exported raw materials to Britain and imported British manufactured goods. It describes the triangular trade route that involved New England colonies trading rum to Britain for slaves from West Africa, who were then brought to the Caribbean and traded for sugar. The Middle Passage involved the forced transport of over 10 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic, with high mortality rates. Slavery became the dominant labor system in the Southern colonies by the early 1700s. The Great Awakening religious revival movement undermined traditional authority and some Baptist preachers condemned slavery.

Chapter 12: Slavery and Sectionalism: The Political Crisis of 1848-1861

suziehinman

The document summarizes political events in the United States from 1848 to 1861, as sectional tensions over the issue of slavery led the nation into crisis. It discusses the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, the Dred Scott decision of 1857, John Brown's raid in 1859, and the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. These events heightened divisions between the North and South and ultimately led 11 Southern states to secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America in early 1861.

American immigration

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The document discusses the major waves of immigration to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It describes the differences between old and new immigrants, with old immigrants coming mostly from Northern and Western Europe while new immigrants originated from Southern and Eastern Europe. The document also outlines the challenges faced by immigrants in urban areas, including overcrowded tenement housing and racism, as well as several laws passed in response to anti-immigrant sentiment such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and Johnson-Reed Act.

Nativism

Nativism is defined as anti-immigration sentiment that favors native-born inhabitants over newcomers. Nativism first emerged in colonial Pennsylvania with Benjamin Franklin's hostility towards Germans and intensified with the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. In the 1830s-1850s, nativist outbursts targeted Irish Catholics and led to the formation of secret societies like the Order of the Star Spangled Banner in 1849 and the American Party in 1852, which campaigned against Catholics and longer wait times for naturalization. Nativism was also directed against Germans in the 1840s, Chinese immigrants in the 1870s who faced attacks driving them from towns, and culminated with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Chinese exclusion Act

Jenny Hulbert

- Early Chinese immigration to the US in the 1800s was spurred by instability in China and the California Gold Rush, with over 20,000 Chinese immigrants arriving by 1852 to work in the gold fields. - However, Chinese miners faced resentment and violence from white miners who saw them as competition. Laws were passed targeting Chinese immigrants and many left the gold fields for San Francisco's Chinatown. - In the 1860s, Chinese laborers were recruited to build the Transcontinental Railroad, facing dangerous work and racism, though they were integral to its completion in 1869. Anti-Chinese violence increased in the 1870s as the economy declined.

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Connecticut was one of the original 13 colonies and became a state on January 9, 1788. It was first inhabited by Native American tribes and later settled by colonists from Massachusetts seeking religious freedom. The colony grew as more settlers purchased land from the Native Americans and established permanent settlements along the Connecticut River. Religion played a major role in colonial Connecticut society, with the Puritan faith initially being the only legal religion. The economy relied on agriculture, fishing, and industries like shipbuilding and fur trading.

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The document discusses several key factors that contributed to the growing division between the North and South in the United States, including the expansion of slavery in the South due to the cotton gin and demand for land versus the growth of industry without slave labor in the North. It also discusses abolitionist movements, slave rebellions, the Missouri Compromise, nullification crisis, and the Compromise of 1850 as major events that exacerbated sectional tensions over the issue of slavery.

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Slavery was first introduced to North America in 1619 when a ship carrying enslaved Africans arrived in Virginia. By the early 19th century, the majority of slaves were in southern states working large plantations growing crops like cotton and sugar cane. Slavery became a contentious political issue leading up to the Civil War, and its abolition was made constitutional after the Union's victory. An estimated 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas as slaves between the 16th-19th centuries, with over 600,000 brought to what is now the United States.

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The document is a study guide for a test covering early South Carolina history from the colonial period. It lists 43 multiple choice or short answer questions about topics like the Proprietary and Royal governments of South Carolina, the development of rice and indigo agriculture, slavery and the slave trade, and slave rebellions like the Stono Rebellion. It asks about ethnic groups like the Scots-Irish settlers of the backcountry and enslaved Africans, as well as political movements like the Regulator Movement.

Immigration And Nativism Presentation Final

Between 1830-1860, large numbers of German and Irish immigrants came to America due to overpopulation and famine in Europe. Germans made up the majority and settled in the Midwest, while Irish immigration increased dramatically in the 1840s due to the potato famine. Their arrival led to prejudice from nativist groups like the Know-Nothings, who feared Catholicism and wanted to restrict immigration. However, immigrants also contributed their cultures and traditions to America and provided cheap labor that benefited the economy.

Immigration 1877 1914 2008

KevenCassidy1

Between 1877-1914, around 10 million immigrants came to the United States from Europe, many from southeastern Europe like Italy and Eastern Europe. They were drawn by economic opportunities and pushed by factors like overpopulation and crop failures in Europe. Most settled in large cities where cultural communities had already formed and jobs were available. However, native-born Americans began to view the new immigrants more negatively due to fears they were taking jobs and social/political tensions. This led to calls for immigration restrictions and the establishment of groups like the Immigration Restriction League that advocated for literacy tests and quotas to limit immigration.

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The document summarizes sectionalism in the United States from 1800-1860, focusing on divisions between the North, South, and West. The North's economy was based on industry and commercial farming, while the South's economy depended on slavery and the cotton industry. Sectional tensions increased over the issues of slavery's expansion into new western territories. Immigration strengthened the North's economy but also led to nativist sentiments against Catholic immigrants. The West experienced rapid expansion and settlement but also the dispossession of Native Americans.

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The document outlines many of the key causes that led to the outbreak of the Civil War, including: 1) Issues around the expansion of slavery into new territories like the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Dred Scott decision inflamed tensions between north and south by upsetting the balance of power between free and slave states. 2) Cultural differences between the largely agricultural slave-holding South and industrial non-slaveholding North grew over time on issues like states' rights and tariffs. 3) Events like John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry and the election of Abraham Lincoln, who southern states feared would end slavery, led southern states to secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America.

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Abolitionism

This document summarizes the key people and events in the abolitionist movement in the United States. It mentions early abolitionists like Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp, and William Wilberforce. It also discusses the formation of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade and the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. Later abolitionists mentioned include Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Sojourner Truth, and Gerrit Smith. The document notes how abolitionists used fierce language and images to raise awareness and make ending slavery a priority for white Americans. It discusses the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and how Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin shocked the North and intens

Utopian Communities

This document summarizes several 19th century American utopian communities: New Harmony, Indiana was founded in 1825 by Robert Owen with the goal of communal living and equality, but dissolved in 1827 due to conflict. Brook Farm, Massachusetts was started in 1841 by Transcendentalists seeking truth and cooperation, but collapsed in debt in 1846 after a fire. The Oneida Community in New York practiced complex marriage and eugenics from 1848-1879 before becoming a successful silverware company. The Shakers, founded in the 1700s, believed in simplicity, segregated sexes, and have nearly gone extinct due to their celibacy.

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution brought many technological advancements that changed communication, economics, and agriculture in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Inventions like the steam engine, cotton gin, interchangeable parts, steamboat, telegraph, and sewing machine increased productivity and transportation, expanded the economy in new directions, and improved quality of life. These innovations driven by people like James Watt, Eli Whitney, Robert Fulton, Samuel Morse, and Elias Howe were catalysts for wider changes in society during this period of transformation.

The Second Great Awakening

The document discusses the Second Great Awakening religious revival that occurred in the late 1700s and early 1800s in America. It began in southern frontier camp meetings, where preachers would energetically yell and scream sermons to excite audiences. Two famous preachers were Peter Cartwright, known for his bellowing voice and knocking out rowdies, and Charles Finney, a trained lawyer who became a famous evangelist. The revival helped spread new Christian sects like Methodism and Baptism and promoted causes like feminism and abolition of slavery.

The Black Hawk War

The Black Hawk War occurred in the 1830s in Wisconsin and Illinois between Native American tribes led by Black Hawk and the United States. Black Hawk, a Sauk chief, opposed white settlers moving onto Sauk lands in violation of treaties. He led a group now known as the British Band back to their village, clashing with US settlers and troops for months until they were defeated in battle with many casualties. Black Hawk was eventually captured and the war ended with a new peace treaty.

2nd Party System

The document outlines the development of the Second Party System in the United States between 1828-1854, including the decline of the Federalist party and the rise of the Whig and Democratic parties. It describes the Whig party as aristocratic and in favor of the American System and anti-slavery, while the Democratic party appealed more to the common man and included many pro-slavery members who supported states' rights. Key leaders of each party like Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Andrew Jackson are also mentioned.

Womens Rights and Suffrage

The document summarizes the history of the women's rights movement in the United States. It describes how women initially had no identity or legal rights and were viewed as physically and emotionally weak. It then discusses key figures like Mary Wollstonecraft, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony who advocated for women's rights and organized events like the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 to promote women's suffrage. The document also outlines the formation of organizations like the National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association that worked to expand women's rights.

Indian Removal

The American population was growing and there was pressure to remove Native American tribes from their lands to make room for settlers. Andrew Jackson negotiated many treaties to acquire tribal lands. In 1830, President Jackson proposed the Indian Removal Act, which forcibly relocated Eastern tribes to lands west of the Mississippi. Despite legal challenges, Jackson refused to uphold tribal land rights. The removals had devastating impacts, with thousands of Native Americans dying as they were forced from their homelands to make way for American expansion.

Bank War

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster proposed renewing the charter of the Bank of the U.S., but President Jackson faced a dilemma - signing would upset his populist supporters while vetoing risked angering influential bankers, as the decision came just before the 1836 election. Jackson ultimately vetoed the bill, declaring the bank unconstitutional and asserting the president's power over Congress. His veto stemmed from a belief that the bank was too privately controlled and profit-driven rather than serving the public interest.

American System

Adams-Onis treaty

The document summarizes the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 between the United States and Spain. It discusses the context around American expansionism following the War of 1812 and Latin American revolutions for independence from Spain. It outlines how Andrew Jackson's invasion of Spanish Florida raised tensions, and how Secretary of State John Quincy Adams' aggressive negotiation led to Spain ceding East Florida and relinquishing claims to Oregon territory in exchange for the US abandoning claims to Texas and paying Spain. The treaty established the US-Mexico border and had lasting effects.

Texas war for independence real

The War for Texas Independence began as Mexican rule over Texas tightened in the 1830s. After the Mexican government abolished slavery and increased tariffs, Texians declared independence from Mexico in 1836. This led to several battles, including the famous stand at the Alamo where Texians were defeated by Santa Anna's Mexican army. However, Sam Houston later defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, allowing Texas to gain independence as the Republic of Texas.

Republican motherhood

This document discusses the Cult of Domesticity, a prevailing social philosophy in the 19th century that defined women's proper roles as pious, pure, submissive, and domestic. It prescribed that women remain in the domestic sphere to care for the home and family, leaving the public/work sphere to men. The document outlines the time period, classes, and regions it affected, as well as the four cardinal virtues women were expected to uphold. It then discusses some influential women of the time period and how the Cult of Domesticity impacted society and women's roles and rights. In conclusion, it notes how views of women's roles have changed over time.

Panic of 1837

The Panic of 1837 occurred during Martin Van Buren's presidency and was caused by heavy borrowing from citizens that was then invested in speculative ventures. This led to a record unemployment rate and the failure of New York banks. Van Buren was blamed for the crisis and the Whig Party took control of Congress in the 1840 election. Recovery efforts included a brief period of improvement from 1838-1839, followed by Van Buren's sub-treasury system and the Tariff of 1842, though it caused splits in the Whig party and was later repealed.

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine established that European powers should not interfere or colonize in the Americas. It was a response to concerns that European powers, through the Holy Alliance, wanted to reestablish control over former Spanish colonies that had gained independence. While not an actual law, the doctrine asserted that further European colonization in the Americas would be viewed as aggression towards the United States. It supported Washington's isolationist policies and established the US as the dominant power in the Americas.

Industrial Revolution

The Panic of 1837

The document discusses the financial crisis known as the Panic of 1837 that resulted from speculation and the failure of banks after President Jackson ended the Second National Bank. New banks took advantage initially but then failed along with foreign banks after Jackson's "Specie Circular" requiring payment in gold or silver, exacerbated by crop failures and economic troubles. President Van Buren refused government involvement and his independent treasury plan was repealed, contributing to him losing re-election in 1840.

Texas Independence

The document summarizes key events during the Texas War of Independence from Mexico between 1835 and 1836. It describes how American settlers in Texas ignored Mexican settlement rules, leading to tensions. Major battles included the Alamo, where Santa Anna's army captured and killed Texian defenders, and the Battle of San Jacinto, where Sam Houston's forces defeated Santa Anna in under 30 minutes. Texas ultimately declared independence from Mexico on March 2, 1836 and later joined the United States in 1845.

Lewis & Clark

Thomas Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis to lead an expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase and establish an all-water route from the Northwest. William Clark, who had experience with Indian relations, joined Lewis. In 1804, the Corps of Discovery departed on their mission to document new species, improve relations with Indian tribes who they met along the way such as the Shoshone, and discover what land had been purchased from France.

King Cotton