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1. Black U.S. Indians and
Paleoamericans

2. • Paleoamerican is a classification term given to
the first peoples who entered, and subsequently
inhabited, the American continents during the
final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene
period. They are known to be Black Polynesians
and Australoids: but since those people are
genetically and by remains phenotype,
indistinguishable from the Black people still in
Africa, it makes Africa a possible "Direct" source
of Paleoamericans, perhaps the most likely, as it
is much closer.

3. • Those people termed "Native Americans" are "Later"
Asian migrants to the Americas. This group would include
East Asian Blacks, such as the ancient Shang and jomon.
But perhaps most numerously, the Mongol type people,
and incredibly: European type Albinos! For let us not
forget that the European Albino is in fact a "Central
Asian", and they were known to wonder all over Asia
before migrating "In-mass" to Europe. Ancient Chinese
artifacts depicting European Albino type people
(Caucasians), clearly attests to their presence in Eastern
China. So it should come as no surprise that they "MIGHT"
have crossed the Bering Straits and entered the Americas,
along with the Asian Blacks and Mongol type people.

4. • It is also indisputable that all of "North Americas -
Native Americans" are Mulattoes and Whites. It is
possible that "SOME" are "ANCIENTLY" derived
from European Albino/Mongol and Black stock!
Though it can not be gauged how much mixing
occurred between the very first Europeans in the
Americas (the Frontiersmen), and the Native
Americans. However, resent research indicates
that the admixture from frontiersmen was
extensive, as new artifacts demonstrate that
"Pure" Indians were Blacker than first thought.

5. • United States National Park Service
• (self-proclaimed: one of the United States'
leading agencies for history and culture).
• African Nation Founders
Africans in the Low Country
Work, Marriage, Christianity

6. • Many of these early slaves were American Indians, mostly
Algonquian-speakers of coastal Virginia and North Carolina.
By the 1680s, English settlers routinely kidnapped Native
American women and children in the coastal plains of
North Carolina and Virginia. This Native American slave
trade involved a number of colonies, including Virginia,
Carolina, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Jamaica, Barbados,
St. Kitts, and Nevis. So many Indian slaves were traded to
Pennsylvania that a law was passed in 1705 forbidding the
importation of Carolina Indian slaves. This was done in part
because many of the slaves were Tuscarora who were
aligned militarily with the Iroquois Confederacy, which
threatened to intervene to stop the trade.

7. • From 1680 to 1715, the English sold thousands of
Indians into slavery, some as far away as the
Caribbean. Indian slavery, however, had many
problems, not the least of which were Indian
attacks, and by 1720, most colonies in North
America had abandoned it for African slavery. In
1670, Virginia passed a law defining slavery as a
lifelong inheritable “racial” status. After the
passage of this law many “black Indians” found
themselves classified as black and forced into
slavery.

8. • In the fields and homes of colonial plantations, mutually
enslaved African Americans and American Indians forged
their first intimate relations. In spite of a later tendency in
the Southern colonies to differentiate the African slave
from the Indian, chattel slavery was built on a preexisting
system of Indian slavery. Even though the arrival of Africans
in 1619 began to change the face of slavery in North
America from “tawny” Indian to “blackamoor” African,
Indian slaves were exported throughout the Caribbean
often in trade for Africans. As the 18th century dawned the
slave trade in American Indians was so serious that it
eclipsed the trade for furs and skins and had become the
primary source of commerce between the English and the
South Carolina colonials (Minges 2002:454).

9. • During this transitional period, Africans and Americans
Indians shared the common experience of enslavement.
They worked together, lived together in communal
quarters, produced collective recipes for food, shared
herbal remedies, myths and legends and in the end they
intermarried. Africans had a disproportionate numbers of
males in their population while Native American women
and children were disproportionately enslaved. American
Indians males were shipped to the Caribbean, died in wars
or of European diseases. As traditional societies in the
Southeast were primarily matrilineal, African males who
married American Indians women often became members
of the wife’s clan and of her nation

10. • The 1740 slave codes of South Carolina served to
blur the distinction between African, American
Indian and the children of their intermarriage,
declaring: All negroes and Indians, (free Indians in
amity with this government, and negroes,
mulattoes, and mustezoses, who are now free,
excepted) mullatoes and mustezoes who are now,
or shall hereafter be in this province, and all their
issue and offspring…shall be and they are hereby
declared to be, and remain hereafter absolute
slaves (Hurd 1862:303 as cited in Minges
2002:455)

11. • Wiki: The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead
Reservation are the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai and Pend d'Oreilles
tribes. They were incorrectly called the Flathead Indians by the first
Europeans who came to the area. The Flatheads call themselves Salish,
meaning “the people”. These people never practiced head flattening, but
their Columbia River neighbors shaped their own heads to create a
pointed appearance, and called the Salish "flatheads" in contrast. The
Flatheads lived between the Cascade Mountains and Rocky Mountains.
The Salish (Flatheads) initially lived entirely east of the Continental
Divide but established their headquarters near the eastern slope of the
Rocky Mountains. Occasionally, hunting parties went west of the
Continental Divide but not west of the Bitterroot Range. The
easternmost edge of their ancestral hunting forays were the Gallatin,
Crazy Mountain, and Little Belt Ranges. Recently acquired photographs
of the Flathead Indians serve as a demonstration of the "Mulattoizing"
of the American Indian.

12. • It wasn't only "Frontiersmen"
• it was also Frontierswomen causing
admixture.

13. • However, an enduring mystery is why "Pure"
Mongol type people, mostly appear in
Central and South America, despite the fact
that they obviously entered the Americas by
way of the Bering Straits.

14. • We know that “White” and “White looking”
Indians are the Mulatto offspring of White
“Frontiersman” and Native Black or Mongol
Indians. The mystery is WHY so many of them
became “Chiefs”.

15. • An interesting note:
• Judging by these two mezzotint etchings, the
British public though the Black native
American tribes,
• more emblematic of the Americas than the
Mongol/mix mulatto tribes.

16. Blood quantum laws
• Blood quantum laws or Indian blood laws, is legislation
enacted in the United States to define membership in
Native American tribes or nations. "Blood quantum"
refers to describing the degree of ancestry for an
individual of a specific racial or ethnic group, for
instance: 1/2 by the Mississippi Band of Choctaw
Indians (equivalent to one parent), 1/4 by the Hopi
Tribe of Arizona (equivalent to one grandparent), 1/8
by the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma (equivalent to one
great-grandparent), 1/16 by the Eastern Band of
Cherokee Indians, North Carolina (equivalent to one
great-great-grandparent), 1/32 by the Kaw Nation
(equivalent to one great-great-great-grandparent).

17. • Its use started in 1705 when Virginia adopted
laws that limited colonial civil rights of Native
Americans and persons of half or more Native
American ancestry. The concept of blood
quantum was not widely applied until the Indian
Reorganization Act of 1934. The government
used it to establish the individuals who could be
recognized as Native American and be eligible for
financial and other benefits under treaties that
were made or sales of land.

18. • Since that time, however, Native American
nations have established their own rules for tribal
membership, which vary among them. In some
cases, individuals may qualify as tribal members,
but not as American Indian for the purposes of
certain federal benefits, which are still related to
blood quantum. In the early 21st century some
tribes have tightened their membership rules and
excluded people who had previously been
considered members, such as in the case of the
Cherokee Freedmen.

19. • The Cherokee Freedmen Controversy is an ongoing political and
tribal dispute between the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and
descendants of the Cherokee Freedmen regarding tribal citizenship.
During the American Civil War, the Cherokee who supported the
Union abolished the practice of African slavery by act of the
Cherokee National Council in 1863. The Cherokee Freedmen
became citizens of the Cherokee Nation in accordance with a treaty
made with the United States government a year after the Civil War
ended. In the early 1980s, the Cherokee Nation administration
amended citizenship rules to require direct descent from an
ancestor listed as "Cherokee by Blood" on the Dawes Rolls. The
change stripped descendants of the Cherokee Freedmen of
citizenship and voting rights unless they satisfied this new criterion.
About 25,000 Freedmen were excluded from the tribe.

20. Cherokee freedmen
• On March 7, 2006, the Cherokee Supreme Court ruled that the
descendants of the Cherokee Freedmen were unconstitutionally kept from
enrolling as citizens and were allowed to enroll in the Cherokee Nation.
Chad "Corntassel" Smith, then-Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation,
called for an emergency election to amend the constitution in response to
the ruling. After a petition was circulated, a special election held on March
3, 2007 resulted in a constitutional amendment that disenrolled the
Cherokee Freedmen descendants. This led to several legal proceedings in
United States and Cherokee Nation courts in which the Freedmen
descendants continued to press for their treaty rights and recognition as
Cherokee Nation members. The 2007 constitutional amendment was
voided in Cherokee Nation district court on January 14, 2011, but was
overturned by a 4-1 ruling in Cherokee Nation Supreme Court on August
22, 2011, before the special run-off election for Principal Chief. The ruling
excluded the Cherokee Freedmen descendants from voting in the special
election.

21. • After the freezing of $33 million in funds by the Department of
Housing and Urban Development and a letter from the Assistant
Secretary of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in response to the ruling,
an agreement in federal court between the Cherokee Nation, the
Freedmen descendants and the US government allowed the
Freedmen to vote in the special election. Bill John Baker was
elected Principal Chief in the special election and inaugurated in
October 2011. The Cherokee Supreme Court dismissed an appeal of
the election results by former chief Chad Smith. Both sides filed
complaints in federal court in Tulsa, Oklahoma, by July 2012; the
Cherokee say the 1866 treaty does not require them to give full
citizenship to the Freedmen, who continue to seek full rights. The
first hearing on the merits of the case was held in May, 2014 in the
U.S. District in Washington, D.C.

22. California Indians
• The state of California was home to more than
100 tribes of Paleoamericans (Black tribes)
and Native Americans (Mongol extraction).

23. The Ohlone people
• Ohlone people, also known as the Costanoan, are a Native American people of the
central and northern California coast. When Spanish explorers and missionaries
arrived in the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the area along the coast
from San Francisco Bay through Monterey Bay to the lower Salinas Valley. At that
time they spoke a variety of languages, the Ohlone languages, belonging to the
Costanoan sub-family of the Utian language family, which itself belongs to the
proposed Penutian language phylum. The term "Ohlone" has been used in place of
"Costanoan" since the 1970s by some descendant groups and by most
ethnographers, historians, and writers of popular literature. In pre-colonial times,
the Ohlone lived in more than 50 distinct landholding groups, and did not view
themselves as a distinct group. They lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering, in the
typical ethnographic California pattern. The members of these various bands
interacted freely with one another as they built friendships and marriages, traded
tools and other necessities, and partook in cultural practices. The Ohlone people
practiced the Kuksu religion. Before the Spanish came, the northern California
region was one of the most densely populated regions north of Mexico. However
in the years 1769 to 1833, the Spanish missions in California had a devastating
effect on Ohlone culture. The Ohlone population declined steeply during this
period.

24. • The Ohlone living today belong to one or another of a number of
geographically distinct groups, most, but not all, in their original
home territory. The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe has members from
around the San Francisco Bay Area, and is composed of
descendants of the Ohlones/Costanoans from the San Jose, Santa
Clara, and San Francisco missions. The Ohlone/Costanoan Esselen
Nation, consisting of descendants of intermarried Rumsen
Costanoan and Esselen speakers of Mission San Carlos Borromeo,
are centered at Monterey. The Amah-Mutsun Tribe are descendants
of Mutsun Costanoan speakers of Mission San Juan Bautista, inland
from Monterey Bay. Most members of another group of Rumsien
language, descendants from Mission San Carlos, the Costanoan
Rumsien Carmel Tribe of Pomona/Chino, now live in southern
California. These groups, and others with smaller memberships (see
groups listed under the heading Present Day below) are separately
petitioning the federal government for tribal recognition.

25. Louis Choris
• Louis Choris (1795-1828) was a famous German-
Russian painter and explorer. He was one of the
first sketch artists for expedition research. Louis
Choris, who was a Russian of German stock, was
born in Yekaterinoslav, now Dnipropetrovsk,
Ukraine on March 22, 1795. He visited the Pacific
and the west coast of North America in 1816 on
board the Ruric, being attached in the capacity of
artist to the Romanzoff expedition under the
command of Lieutenant Otto von Kotzebue, sent
out for the purpose of exploring a northwest
passage.

26. • Choris is said to have "painted nature as he found
it. The essence of his art is truth; a fresh, vigorous
view of life, and an originality in portrayal." The
accompanying illustrations may therefore be
looked upon as faithfully representing the
subjects treated by the artist. After the voyage of
the Ruric, Choris went to Paris where he issued a
portfolio of his drawings in lithographic
reproduction and studied in the ateliers of Gerard
and Regnault. Choris worked extensively in
pastels. He documented the Ohlone people in the
missions of San Francisco, California in 1816.

27. The Yamasee War
• The Yamasee Indians were part of the
Muskhogean language group. Their traditional
homelands lay in present-day northern Florida
and southern Georgia. The advent of the
Spanish in the late 16th century forced the
Yamasee to migrate north into what would
become South Carolina. Relations between
the tribe and English settlers in that region
were generally positive during the latter half
of the 17th century.

28. • Not surprisingly, problems between the races
developed. The continuing influx of white settlers
put pressure on Indian agricultural and hunting
lands. The relationship was further complicated
in that the tribe had become dependent on
English firearms and other manufactured items,
and had incurred a large debt, typically payable in
deerskins. White fur traders acted on their
displeasure by enslaving a number of Yamasee
women and children to cover portions of the
outstanding debt.

29. • In the spring of 1715, the Yamasee formed a
confederation with other tribes and struck at
the white settlements in South Carolina.
Several hundred settlers were killed, homes
burned and livestock slaughtered. The frontier
regions were emptied; some fled to the
relative safety of North Carolina and others
pushed on to even more secure Virginia.
Charleston also received large numbers of
frightened settlers.

30. • At the height of the fighting, it appeared that the tribal
confederation's overwhelming numerical superiority
would end in the white settlements' complete
destruction in the region. This would have been a
virtual certainty if the confederacy had successfully
drawn the Cherokee into their cause. Instead, the
Cherokee gave in to the lure of English weapons and
other goods, and chose to aid the Carolinians. In a
further stroke of good fortune, the besieged settlers
also managed to gain support from Virginia
~ez_mdash~ an event not assured in this age of intense
colonial rivalries.

31. • The tide turned against the Yamasee, who
were slowly pushed south through Georgia
back into their ancestral lands in northern
Florida. There, the tribe was virtually
annihilated by protracted warfare with the
Creeks, but some members were absorbed by
the Seminole.

32. • The Yamasee War took a heavy toll in South Carolina.
Such terror had been instilled in the minds of the
frontiersmen that it would take nearly 10 years for
resettlement to occur in many areas. The warfare also
brought a sharp change to the region's economy.
Originally, farming had been the settlers' primary
occupation, but the livestock supply had been so
drastically depleted that many farms disappeared. In
their absence, enterprising South Carolinians turned to
the forests as a source of naval stores (tar, pitch and
turpentine) and soon developed a lucrative trade with
England. Later, the economy would develop rice and
indigo as its primary products.

33. The Tsoyaha (Yuchi)
• The Tsoyaha (Yuchi) are not well represented in the history
books. This is for several reasons. First, while the Yuchi
were a large and powerful tribe according to reports of the
De Soto expedition, evidence indicates that disease
epidemics ravaged the Yuchi after the Spanish men visited
the East Tennessee area. The Yuchi were known to have
widely scattered villages that ranged from Florida to Illinois,
and from the Carolina coast to the Mississippi River. Legend
has it that the tribe split in half over politics, and the fate of
remaining half is not known. This actually seems to have
happened several times over the past as portions of the
tribe were absorbed into the Shawnee, Lenape, Cherokee
and Creek peoples, as well as into the dominant culture.

34. • We do know that for at least 6 or 8 centuries much of what is now
Tennessee was occupied by a tribe with cultural characteristics that
like the Mouse Creek site had significant elements of the Yuchean
cultural footprint. The Yuchi villages were very often intermingled
with those of the neighboring tribes. It was widely theorized that
the Yuchi in their widely scattered villages throughout the
Southeastern United States, represented the original inhabitants
prior to the influx of the Muskhogean, Iroquoian, and Algonkian
Peoples. The Yuchi themselves avow that only the Algonkian
(Lenape) were already here when they came -- and call them the
"Old Ones" still. It is certain that the Yuchi were among the Mound-
building People, and therefore among the oldest recognizable
permanent residents of the Southeast United States. They held a
pivotal role in this rather sophisticated society as priests, leaders
and traders in what was a very metropolitan culture.

35. • After suffering many fatalities due to epidemic disease and
warfare in the 18th century, several surviving Yuchi were
removed to Indian Territory in the 1830s, together with
their allies the Muscogee Creek. (Some who remained in
the South were classified as "free persons of color"; others
were enslaved.) Some remnant groups migrated to Florida,
where they became part of the recently formed Seminole
Tribe of Florida. Today the Yuchi live primarily in the
northeastern Oklahoma area, where many are enrolled as
citizens in the federally recognized Muscogee Creek Nation.
Some Yuchi are enrolled as members of other federally
recognized tribes, such as the Absentee Shawnee Tribe and
the Cherokee Nation.

36. • Please note: According to the book
"Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians
in Britain", 1500-1776 By Alden T. Vaughan:
Tomochichi was NINETY YEARS OLD IN 1734!
All that proves is that the Albinos do indeed
make it up as they go. The question is, which,
if any of it, is true?

37. Examiner: British researchers probe
mystery of lost Native American
artifact.
• It is the Rosetta Stone of North America. The
English translation of this hand-painted vellum
containing a lost Native American writing
system, requires eight printed pages. With the
encouragement of His Royal Highness,
Charles, Prince of Wales, a search has begun
on both sides of the Atlantic to find the
original artifact, or at least a copy of the
writing system. It has been misplaced for over
230 years.

38. • The year is 1733. Growing increasingly fearful of a
combined Spanish, French and Indian attack on
its vulnerable white population, the Province of
South Carolina agreed to renounce claims on
territory southwest of the Savannah River so that
a new colony of yeoman farmers could be
established on its frontier. Roughly sixty percent
of South Carolina’s population was either African
or Native American slaves. These suppressed
peoples would be highly inclined to assist the
French and Spanish.

39. • In 1715, without the direct assistance of
European powers, the Yamasee Indians had
almost succeeded in wiping the southern part
Carolina off the face of the earth. Back then
there was no North or South Carolina. A new
alliance of tribes in the Carolina Mountains
switched sides and attacked the Yamasee just
at the moment when Charleston faced
annihilation. This alliance was now called the
Cherokees.

40. • The new colony, called Georgia in honor of King George
I, would have no slaves. Its first town, Savannah, had
been designed in advance as a military bastion. Its
unique plan maximized the defensive effectiveness of
artillery. All males in the colony agreed to be members
of the militia in return for being given free land. The
colony’s Board of Trustees planned to recruit the
thousands of Englishmen in debtor’s prisons, plus
German Protestants, being persecuted in Catholic
regions, to settle the countryside. Unlike Maryland,
Virginia, South and North Carolina, there would be no
plantation aristocracy. At least, that was the plan.

41. • The key to this colony’s success would be good
relations with the Muskogean peoples of the
interior. Prior to the Yamasee War, they had been
divided up into provinces of various sizes. The
strongest province was itself an alliance known to
the British as the Ochese Creek Indians. At about
the same time in 1718 that the Mountain Alliance
was given the name Cherokees, the Muskogeans
formed their own regional confederacy from
provinces speaking several languages and
dialects.

42. • The Muskogean Confederacy was not a tribe at this
time, but would eventually evolve into the Creek
Indians. Nevertheless, in 1733, this alliance contained
the largest and most culturally advanced indigenous
population in North America. It claimed all the former
lands of its members, between the Smoky Mountains
in North Carolina southward to St. Augustine, FL.
Expansion of the Cherokee Alliance into western North
Carolina had forced many Muskogean provinces to
relocate to Alabama and Georgia. Its members would
not be called “the Creek Indians” until the 1740s.

43. The founding of the Province of
Georgia
• Savannah was settled in February of 1733 on land
given to British Crown by a small Muskogean tribe,
known as the Yamacraw. Its leader, Tamachichi
(Tomochichi in English) had been banished from
Muskogean Confederacy for some unknown incedent.
About 1728 Tomochichi created the Yamacraws from
an assortment of Muskogean and Yamasee Indians
after the two alliances disagreed over future relations
with Great Britain and Spain. This Yamacraw village
would remain adjacent to Savannah until the American
Revolution. Immediately, Tamachichi and Governor
James Edward Oglethorpe became close friends.

44. • In November of 1733, Tamachichi invited the highest
leaders of the Muskogean Confederacy to Savannah to
meet his friend, James Oglethorpe. Tamachichi’s prestigious
new status as a close ally of Great Britain brought him
reinstatement into the confederacy. British officials were
shocked to learn that the Indians in the interior were not
one ethnic group, but many peoples with separate histories
reaching back over 2,000 years. They were the vestiges of
the mound-building era. The leaders agreed to be steadfast
allies of Great Britain. The Okonee Province (Ocute in the
de Soto Chronicles) agreed to give Oglethorpe all their land
that he needed along the Atlantic Coast to establish a
healthy colony.

45. • Governor Oglethorpe immediately sent a long
letter back to British government that
described their new allies, who seemed very
different from any Indians that the British had
dealt with before. He was astonished that
they were skilled in writing, math, astronomy
and land surveying without being taught these
skills by Europeans. He told the prime minister
that he was convinced that these new allies
were the descendants an ancient civilization.

46. The Migration Legend of the Kashita
People
• Early in 1734 a delegation of Muskogean Confederacy leaders
returned to Savannah to confirm their alliance with Oglethorpe.
This delegation was lead by Chikili, the war chief of the Palache
(Apalache) who formerly lived in the gold fields of the Georgia
Mountains, but now lived in the region northwest of Savannah. The
highlight of a friendship ceremony was the presentation of a vellum
made from a bison calf skin. On this vellum was painted in the
Muskogean writing system, the history of the Kas’hita People. They
were late arrivals to the Southeast. As Chikili read the vellum,
Indian trader, John Musgrove and his beautiful Indian wife,
Kusaponakeesa, translated the legend into English, while a notary
wrote down the information. The Creek Indian writing system was
capable of transmitting all verb tenses and complete thoughts.

47. • The Kashita People called themselves, the Kauche-te, in
their Itsate Creek language. They were originally vassals of
Kusa, the great town visited by Hernando de Soto in the
summer of 1540. At some time in the past, they moved
northward to live among the Talasee Creeks in the Smoky
Mountains of Tennessee, then moved to an abandoned
town site on the Hiwassee River near present-day Murphy,
NC. Juan Pardo visited them in the fall of 1567. He called
them the Cauche. In their migration legend, the Kashita
claim to have sacked a great capital on the side of Georgia’s
highest mountain, Brasstown Bald. The Kashita’s
description of this town seems to match the Track Rock
terrace complex site.

48. • Governor Oglethorpe immediately realized the scientific
importance of the Kashita vellum. He dispatched it to
England for safe-keeping. It created quite a stir in England.
The American Gazetteer newspaper published a full
translation and described as written with peculiar red and
black characters, not pictures as normally seen on
American Indian skin paintings. It reportedly was mounted
in a frame on the wall of the Georgia Office in Westminster
Palace as long as Georgia was a colony then misplaced. See
the following URL for more complete discussions of the
Creek Indians’ migration legends:
http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/the-migration-
legend-of-the-kashita-people.htm

49. • The on-going research into the cultural connections
between the Southeast and Mesoamerica has sparked
a renewed interest in the long forgotten bison calf
vellum. Tamachichi’s name was Itza Maya. It means
“Merchant Dog.” Of particular interest is the statement
in contemporary London papers that the Creek Indian’s
writing system consisted of “peculiar red and black
characters.” During the Terminal Classic and Post-
Classic Periods, the Itza Mayas used a simplified Maya
writing system consisting of red and black characters. A
mineral mined in Georgia was found on the buildings at
Palenque, the Classic Period capital of the Itza Mayas in
Chiapas.

50. Clarence House picks up the rugby ball
• The premier of American Unearthed on
December 21, 2012, about the Creek Indian-
Maya connection, had the highest viewership of
any program ever watched on History Channel
H2. It is now being viewed by people around the
world. Intrigued by the research, His Royal
Highness, Charles, Prince of Wales, directed one
of his personal secretaries at Clarence House to
assist in the search for the lost buffalo calf
vellum. Clarence House is the official residence of
the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall.

51. • The staff at Clarence House reported on January 28,
2013 has already turned up some previously unknown
details about the lost vellum. Tamachichi and several
family members were guests of the Archbishop of
Canterbury when they visited England in 1734. His
barge was at their disposal. In a ceremony on August
18, 1734 Tamachichi and Governor Oglethorpe
formally presented the vellum to Archbishop William
Wake at Lambeth Palace. The vellum has been the
official property of the Church of England since then. It
may be in the church archives rather than in the British
Museum.

52. • In a recent conversation with the Friends of Oglethorpe
Society, Clarence House official, Grahame Davies, has
learned that a Lutheran minister, the Rev. Martin Boltzius,
copied portions of the Creek writing system then included
them in personal correspondence to Lord Edgemont in
England. Boltizius was the leader of the Saltzburger Colony
at New Ebenezer, GA. The next step in the research process
will require the laborious study of archives held by the
Church of England, British Museum, British Government
and the James Oglethorpe Room at the Godalming
Museum in Surrey, UK. See
http://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/places/su
rrey/waverley/godalming/godalming_westbrook_manor/.

53. • The results of this research could again turn the
world of archaeology upside down. American
anthropologists have traditionally refused to label
the Southeastern Indians as “civilized” because
"they did not have a writing system until the early
1800s, when Sequoyah created the Cherokee
Syllabary.” There will not be a whole lot that the
anthropologists can say, when an official at
Clarence House presents the Creek writing
system to the world.

54. THE CHIPPEWA
• The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, or Chippewa are an "Anishinaabeg" (see
below) group of indigenous peoples in North America. They live in
Canada and the United States and are one of the largest Indigenous
ethnic groups north of the Rio Grande. In Canada, they are the
second-largest First Nations population, surpassed only by the Cree.
In the United States, they have the fourth-largest population among
Native American tribes, surpassed only by the Navajo, Cherokee,
and Lakota-Dakota-Nakota peoples. The Ojibwe people traditionally
have spoken the Ojibwe language, a branch of the Algonquian
language family. They are part of the Council of Three Fires and the
Anishinaabeg, which include the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree,
Odawa and the Potawatomi. The majority of the Ojibwe people live
in Canada. There are 77,940 mainline Ojibwe; 76,760 Saulteaux and
8,770 Mississaugas, organized in 125 bands, and living from western
Quebec to eastern British Columbia. As of 2010, Ojibwe in the US
census population is 170,742.