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2. Function Analysis: The core of
Value engineering
Prof. Emad Shublaq, CPEng., APEC Engineer IntPE (AUS)
CVS-Life , F.SAVE, F.IE Aust., F.ASCE,F.AITD

3. Function Analysis: The core of
Value engineering
Prof. Emad Shublaq, CPEng., APEC Engineer IntPE (AUS)
CVS-Life , F.SAVE, F.IE Aust., F.ASCE,F.AITD

4. Introduction
Function analysis is considered the heart of the Value Methodology ( VM), however, many people have difficulty
applying its concepts and techniques to their projects, products, and process.
This show provides guidance on the process and application of function analysis , including Function Analysis System
Technique ( FAST), FOR practitioners and those who are preparing for SAVE-International certification.
These slides present instruction and examples of these techniques as part of the SAVE International Value Methodology
Body of Knowledge ( VMBOK) for the improvement of projects, products, and process.
Value Methodology and Function Analysis
The Value Methodology ( VM) is a systematic process used by a multidisciplinary team to improve the value of the
project, product, or process through then analysis of functions. The VM consists of the following six-phase job plan:
1- Information Phase
2- Function Analysis Phase
3-Creativey and Idea Generation Phase
4-Idea Evaluation Phase
5-Idea Development Phase
6-Recommendation and Presentation Phase

5. Why Use Function Analysis?
Value :
To perform the necessary functions reliably ( performance) for the lowest overall cost
(life cycle cost ).
Knowing a product`s and the cost to produce the functions is imperative to meeting
the needs and demands of the customer.
Many professionals feel that the main purpose or objective of function analysis is to
identify the greatest opportunity for value improvement. Function analysis is actually
the catalyst that helps teams see the functions that underlie a project, product, or
process. The aim is to help VM practitioners and users understand proper VERB
/NOUN language in order to create a shift in understanding
Proper execution of function analysis by a multi-disciplined team produces a more
creative, comprehensive understanding of an object`s function, enhancing results to
achieve or exceed the study objectives.

6. Description of Function and Function Analysis
• Lawrence D. Miles, father of VM, stated, “ If I cant get the product, how do I
get the function ?”
A function in VM is defined as “ that which a project, product, process must
do to make it work and meet the customer`s needs”.
[The ] customer wants function. A customer wants something done,
such as wanting something enclosed, held, moved, separated,
cleaned, heated, cooled, or whatever under certain conditions; and
within certain limits, wants a shape, colour, a texture, a sound, or
whatever brings pleasure to him or herself. Thus, the language of
function is the heart of VM.

7. Function are described using generic, two – word connections. The first word is a
VERB and the second is a NOUN. Mr. Miles stated “ While the naming of functions
may appear simple, the exact opposite is the rule.”
The VERB : describes the action, and
The NOUN : describe the subject or object upon which the action occurs.
Use ( Active VERB and Measurable NOUN ) – Best practice.
Once the team identifies a verb-noun function, they can test by asking these (3)
questions:
1- What does the function perform for the customer?
2- Does this function meet the customer`s expectation or need?
3- Is the customer willing to pay for this function?

8. Key Elements and Fundamental Techniques of Function Analysis
Classify
Functions
Organise
Functions
Identify
Functions
1- Define Functions
Focuses on identifying, classifying, and organising functions.
A certified Value Specialist (CVS) facilitator may perform
theses steps together or in sequence, based upon the various
techniques used.
• Identify Functions
The most commonly used techniques are :
1- Random function identification,
2- Random function identification worksheet method, and
3- Function Analysis System Technique ( FAST).
2- Allocate Resources
This element correlates resources ( i.e., time, money, space to
functions.
3- Prioritise Functions
The goal of completing the previous elements is identification
of functions that have the best opportunity to improve value.
Prioritise
Functions
Allocate Resources

9. • Classify Functions
From the random function identification, the facilitator and team classify each function into BASIC
and SECONDARY functions.
BASIC Function: is the specific purpose for which something exists. The basic function answers the
questions “ What must it do? “.The secondary function supports the basic function.
Examples :
Charge Battery :
Q: Is this an activity or a function?
A: Its an activity and not a function!
The Basic function = Deliver Energy , Store Energy , Transfer Energy, or Transmit
Energy
The Secondary function= Store Energy

10. Example : Verb & Noun
Active verbs are verbs that specifically describe what the subject of the
function is doing. These types of verbs carry a great deal of information in a
function statement and can convey a sense of purpose that extends beyond the
literal meaning of the words.
A function statement like PROVIDE LIGHT does not adequately describe the
manner in which the item provides light.
Does the item create light?
Does the item reflect light?
Does the item magnify the light?
If the item produces light, then the function is PRODUCE LIGHT or ILLUMINATE
SPACE would be far more descriptive and contextual than Provide Light

11. The power of the active verb lies in the meaning and intention that it
contains, and how it brings direction and force to the function.
The use of active verbs makes for less restrictive, more expansive
innovation in the creative phase.
Amplify Locate Fasten Transfer
Collect Impede Emit Cancel
Conduct Move Prevent Secure
Contain Reduce Select Store
Ignite Modify Rotate

12. Functions that include quantifiable nouns are preferred. However, this is not
always possible as some functions may be qualitative in nature.
For example, the function IMPROVE AESTHETICS is a valid function stated in
qualitative terms, as the noun “ aesthetics” is highly subjective and not
quantitively measurable.
Qualitative functions are not necessarily of lesser value than quantitative
functions.
The following are examples of quantitative functions for various types of value
studies:
• In product design studies:
Electric motors >>>>>> Deliver Torque
Television >>>>>>>>>> Display Image
Fuel Tanks >>>>>>>>> Contain Liquid

13. • In design and construction studies:
Structural columns >>>>>>>> Transfer Load
Interior walls >>>>>>>>>>>>> Separate space
Doors >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Control access
• In manufacturing process studies:
QA/QC >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Ensure quality
• In business process studies:
Design of a payroll system >>>>>>>> Distribute money
Design of a change order approval procedure >>>>>> Authorise Change.

14. FUNCTIONS - NOUNS
Measurable NOUNS
Acceleration Flow Liquid Radiation
Force Light Sound Space
Friction Torque Voltage Weight
Data Particles Protection Load
Density Air Current Object
Non – Measurable NOUNS
Nouns for Quantitative Functions
Aesthetics Comfort Pleasure Style
Acceptance Convenience Happiness Taste
Appearance Features Gratitude Odor
Beauty Feelings Prestige Status
Form Order Satisfaction Identity
Nouns for Qualitative Functions

15. The (5) Main Questions in Function Analysis
1-What is it?
Full description of the product, project, or process.
2- What does it do?
Function identification and classification ( i.e., Verb & Noun – Basic, Sec.).
3- How much it cost?
Cost estimate from B.O.Q or cost index.
4-How much it worth?
VE proposal / recommendation.
5- What is Value Index?
Function worth/ Function cost ( i.e., ideal ratio is 1 ).

16. Function Analysis Worksheet – Example 1
Component Verb Noun Kind Cost Worth Value Index Comments

17. • Correct / Approved - yes
• Reasonable - yes
• Cost effective - !!!!!!
Best resources:
• Simple designed
• Proper matching materials &image
• Adequate scales

18. Function analysis: Gate & Fence

19. Function analysis sheet
Component Verb Noun Kind Cost Worth Value Index Comments

20. Functions analysis : Gates & Fences -1

21. Function analysis : Gate & Fence -2

22. Function analysis - Example

23. Function Analysis Sheet
Component Verb Noun Kind Cost Worth Value
Index
Comments

24. The 5 main questions
1- What is it ?
2- What does it do ?
3- How much it costs ?
4- How much it worth?
5 Value Index

25. One Function – different design option
Remember: Not only what does it do, but what it must do ?

27. A Problem solving – The
column and the shed
The 5 main questions

28. Function analysis
Very complicated car shed Vs. very simple ones

29. Function analysis – The four column monument/ feature !
And the roofing ?

30. Function analysis:
The columns
1) What is it ?
2) What does it do ?
3) How much it costs ?
4) How much it worth ?
5) Value index !

31. Function analysis
The 5 main questions
1
2
3
4
5

32. The same building gates
Design – Image – material – cost
Building front gate Building back / rear gate

33. Simple Gate

34. Function Analysis
The 5 main questions
1
2
3
4
5

36. Function : Basic design of Balconies

37. Functions: Do we need that number of Columns

38. Over safety is not always the case!
Remember Engineering is Judgement and Economy

39. Function analysis – classification:
Basic, Required secondary, secondary, ……..!

40. Function Analysis Worksheet
Component Verb Noun Kind Resources/Cost Worth Value Index
Column
Balcony
Floor Slab
Roofing

41. Engineering Vs. Carpentry-1

42. Engineering Vs. Carpentry - 2

43. Function analysis: Columns; Structural & non-
structural

44. Even it’s a temporary !
It’s a scandalous !
They don’t understand the
concept of NJ Barrier !
Discussion

45. Function analysis : Curtains & Sheds
The 5 main questions
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-

46. Function Analysis System Technique
(FAST Diagram)

47. Function Analysis System Diagram ( FAST)
Meet Int,
Standards
Design Objective
function
Comply with
MOH Codes &
Regulations
How
Max. HC
Special
Services
Present state of
the Art
Maint. SP. HC
Leadership &
Reputation
Meet Community
Demand
Expand SP. HC
Services
Improve Existing
SP. HC Services
Improve
Facilities
Construct
Building
Award
Contract
Pre-Qualify
Bidders
Form A
Committee
Invite Bidder Prepare RFP Make
Program
Low Order
Function
WHY
Ease Point
Movement
Provide
Safety
Maint.
Hygiene
Environment
Required Sec
Function
High order
Function
Basic Function Sec. Function
Scope of Problem under
study
Project : Advanced Medicine Center for Subspecialties
Location: Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
CLASSICAL FAST DIAGRAM Date: 22nd
April 2013
CPL

48. FAST Diagramming – Typical/ Classical
Project: VE Study for Al Rabie -2 Housing Complex Date: 21-25th March, 2016
Location: Al Rabie District, Riyadh, KSA
One-time Function
D.O. Functions All-time Functions
CPF Line
L.O. Functions
H.O. Functions Basic Functions
Review Bidders
Shop for Design
Services
Place "ad" for
Competition
Upgrade
Community
Living
Maximize R.O.I
Construct
Residential
Compound
Award Contract Select Design Assign Project
Generate
Income Offer Luxirous
Apartments
Pre-Qualify
Bidders
Compare Design
Capabilities
Classical FAST Diagram
Comply with
ASHRAE
Finalize Permits
Maintain Safety
& Security
Meet Saudi
Standards
Control
Underground
Water
HOW? WHY?
Study Scope of Work

49. Function Analysis – Example 1
Total Cost = $69.75

50. Function analysis sheet – The chair
Component Verb Noun Kind Cost Worth Value
index
Comment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

51. Function analysis : A Chair Basic Function: Accommodate sitting
OR Maintain seating position
Component Verb Noun Kind Cost Worth Value
Index
Comments
1- Chair Accom.
Maintain
Sitting
Seating Pos.
Basic $ 69.75 $ 59.75 0.85 Consider Shape
redesign
2- Back Frame Support Back position Req.Sec $ 30 $ 20 0.70 Modify shape
3- Seat Frame Ease /
Provide
Comfort Basic $ 20 $ 20 1 N/Comm.
4- Front Legs Elevate Seating/Sitting Basic $ 5x2=10 $ 10 1 N/Comm.
5- Long Bolts Tight/Tigh
ten
Components Basic $ 4x1=4 $ 4 1 N/Comm.
6- Medium Bolts Tight/Tigh
ten
Components Req.Sec $ 5X0.5= 2.5 $ 2.5 1 N/Comm.
7- Washers Control
Fix
Fixation
Movement
Req.Sec $ 9X0.25=2.25 $ 2.25 1 N/Comm
8- Allen Key Fasten Components Second
ary
$ 1 $ 1 1 N/Comm.

52. F.A.S.T is a problem
solving method
How Function?
Why Function?
When
Function?