The overall convection heat transfer coefficients for long horizontal rectangular fin
arrays are low because the surfaces in the inner region are poorly ventilated. In this
study, perforations through the fin base are introduced to improve ventilation with
cold air from below the fin base. Aluminum fin arrays with length L= 380mm, fin
height H = 38mm, fin thickness tf = 1mm, and fin spacing S = 10mm are analyzed
experimentally and numerically using ANSYS 14.0 so as to obtain the temperature
distribution along the fin height and fin length. In this work the fin array
configurations are tested experimentally with two different heater input as 50W and
65W. The heat transfer coefficient for fin array with perforations in fin base increased
by the enhancement factor of 1.49 and
1.42 as compared to fin array without perforation with 50W and 65W heater input
respectively. The heat transfer coefficient for the same fin configuration is also
increased with increase in heater input from 50W to 65W. Experimental and
numerical results for the temperature distribution show a difference of 5-9%. The
distribution of heat flux obtained with ANSYS 14.0 quantitatively follows the trend of
the same reported in the literature review.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Modeling and thermal analysis of heat sink with scales on fins cooled by natu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF A HEAT SINK FOR ELECTRONICS COOLINGIAEME Publication
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concern the generation, use, conversion and exchange of thermal energy, heat between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified in to various mechanisms such as heat conduction, convection, thermal radiation & transfer of energy by phase change. Most of the electronic equipment are low power and produce negligible amount of heat in their operation. Some devices, such as power transistors, CPU's, & power diodes produce a significant amount of heat. so sufficient measures are need to be taken so as to prolong their working life and reliability.
The present trend in the electronic packaging industry is to reduce the size and increase the performance of the equipment. As the power of these systems increases and the volume allowed diminishes, heat flux or density is spiraled. The cooling of modern electronic components is one of the prime areas for the application of thermal control techniques. Of the many thermal-cooling techniques, forced air-cooling being one such extensively used technique due to its simple design and easy availability of air. The present study is to design an air cooled high power electronic system to dissipate heat from selected electronic components.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Modeling and thermal analysis of heat sink with scales on fins cooled by natu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF A HEAT SINK FOR ELECTRONICS COOLINGIAEME Publication
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concern the generation, use, conversion and exchange of thermal energy, heat between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified in to various mechanisms such as heat conduction, convection, thermal radiation & transfer of energy by phase change. Most of the electronic equipment are low power and produce negligible amount of heat in their operation. Some devices, such as power transistors, CPU's, & power diodes produce a significant amount of heat. so sufficient measures are need to be taken so as to prolong their working life and reliability.
The present trend in the electronic packaging industry is to reduce the size and increase the performance of the equipment. As the power of these systems increases and the volume allowed diminishes, heat flux or density is spiraled. The cooling of modern electronic components is one of the prime areas for the application of thermal control techniques. Of the many thermal-cooling techniques, forced air-cooling being one such extensively used technique due to its simple design and easy availability of air. The present study is to design an air cooled high power electronic system to dissipate heat from selected electronic components.
Experimental investigation on the effect of fin pitch on the performance of p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Thesis on Design Optimization of Heat Sink in Power ElectronicsIJERA Editor
The heat sinks are used in electronic systems to remove heat from the chip and effectively transfer it to the ambient. The heat sink geometry is designed by the mechanical engineers with the primary aim of reducing the thermal resistance of the heat sink for better cooling in the electronic systems. Due to the proximity of the heat sink with the ICs, the RF fields created by RF currents in the ICs/PCBs gets coupled to heat sinks. Hence, the coupled RF current can cause radiated emission. This radiated noise from the device can couple and disturb the functioning of the nearby electronic systems. Also this radiated emission from the device poses a problem to the system compliance with respect to EMI/EMC regulations. The international EMI/EMC standards require the radiated emission from the electronic devices to be kept below the specified limits. As a result the design of Heat Sink is very important factor for the efficient operation of the electronic equipment. In this project design optimization of a Heat sink in a Power amplifier is performed to reduce the weight and size .Power amplifier is electronic equipment mounted in an army vehicle. The power modules inside the amplifier generates a heat of 1440 Watts and a temperature of 140 0c.Two Heat sinks are used to dissipate the heat generated inside the equipment and maintain a temperature of less than 850c. The existing heat sink which is being used is weighing around 10.3kgs and height of 51mm; as a result the unit is very robust. The objective of my project is To design & optimize the heat sink to reduce the weight and size. The optimized heat sink should also dissipate heat generated by power modules and maintain a temperature of less than 850c inside. To achieve the design a steady state thermal analysis will be performed on the heat sink and plot the Temperature distribution on the fins. Based on the above analysis results we will increase/decrease the number of fins, thickness of fins, and height of fins to reduce the weight of the heat sink. We will perform CFD analysis of the power amplifier by mounting the optimized heat sink and plot temperature, pressure and velocity distribution in the power amplifier enclosure. Efforts are made to optimize temperature, pressure and velocity distribution in the power amplifier enclosure by reorienting the power modules in the enclosure. UNIGRAPHICS software is used for 3D modeling SOLID WORKS FLOW SIMULATION software is used for thermal and CFD analysis.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CURTAIN-WALL-INTEGRATED ...ijiert bestjournal
A wall-integrated solar heating system refers to an archite ctural design approach that combines hot water generation with the building's construction sys tem. This combination allows this system to feature a hot water generation function and b ecome part of the building fa�ade. Environmental control devices and/or designs in buildings that are capable of harvesting solar thermal energy can effectively capture and st ore this solar energy and provide energy through the use of,for instance,a hot water system or a low-power thermoelectric material. Thermal energy storage (TES) is the key component f or such solar energy use,and it is one of the most promising and sustainable methods for energy stora ge in buildings. The TES systems used in buildings can be easily divided into three type s:sensible,latent,and thermo chemical energy storage (TCES).Because of its numerous advantages,such as its wide range of storage temperatures,high thermal capacity,non toxic ity,low cost,and easy obtain ability,water is often used as the storage medium in a sol ar water heating (SWH) system for domestic solar utilization.
microclimatic modeling and analysis of a fog cooled naturally ventilated gree...IJEAB
In the present paper, a thermal model has been presented for predicting the thermal environment inside a fog cooled naturally ventilated greenhouse. Experiments were conducted on a polyethylene covered greenhouse having 250 m2 ground area located at Coochbehar (latitude: 26.2o N, longitude: 89oE), West Bengal, India. The greenhouse was cooled by intermittent fogging with three distinct fogging cycles during the experiments. The greenhouse air temperature profiles as predicted by theoretical model were validated for different fogging cycle configurations. The model prediction and experimental results build up a good match (co-efficient of correlation was in range of 0.85 to 0.97). It was observed that fogging cycle configuration (spray time and spray interval combination) influences greatly the cooling performance of the fogging system. Further analysis revealed that greenhouse temperature could be maintained 2-5oC below the ambient temperature by employing suitable fogging cycle, maintaining the relative humidity within acceptable level.
Performance Evaluation of Thermoelectric Materials: A Case Study of Orthorhom...inventionjournals
Designers often face the predicament of non-standardized and poor performing materials for thermoelectric module manufacturing. Other than analytical means, the only method to evaluate the performance of thermoelectric materials would be through experimental means. This work studies the experimental approach employed in performance investigation of thermoelectric materials using Orthorhombic SnSe crystals as a case study. The result obtained reveals the high thermoelectric conversion efficiency of orthorhombic crystals, and that they can operate as both low and high temperature thermoelectric material.
This study shows the experimental comparison
between a commercial vapor compression refrigerator and a
laboratory built thermoelectric beverage cooler. Tests were
carried out to determine the time taken for the temperature of
325 ml of water in a glass jar to be reduced from 32oC to below
6oC. The result shows that in the freezer compartment of the
commercial refrigerator, the temperature of the water decreased
linearly with increasing time. However, for the thermoelectric
refrigerator, the water temperature decreased exponentially with
increasing time. In other words, cooling rate for the refrigerator
was constant while for the thermoelectric it decreased
exponentially. The study also shows that that in the freezer
compartment of the commercial refrigerator the water took 61
min to cool to 6°C while the thermoelectric beverage cooler took
69 min. It can be seen that for the majority of the cooling time,
the thermoelectric refrigerator was cooling at a faster rate than
the commercial refrigerator.
Increasing Inductor Lifetime by Predicting Coil Copper Temperatures PaperFluxtrol Inc.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the customer demands for improved induction coil lifetime. This has led to several publications in recent years by induction tooling manufacturers [1-4]. The main conclusion in these papers is that besides mechanical crashes the cause of most induction coil failures is localized overheating of the coil copper due to insufficient cooling.
What is lacking from these publications is any way to determine what is sufficient cooling. In this paper, a scientific method for determining local copper temperatures will be presented. This will include evaluations of heat transfer coefficients for different sections of a multi-component inductor, dependence of heat transfer coefficient on water pressure and water passage cross-section, non-uniform power density distributions in various 2-D cross-sections and the resulting temperature distribution in the copper winding. The effects of duty cycle on optimal design will also be considered.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS OF CYCLE EFFICIENCY FOR SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER...IAEME Publication
Shell and tube Heat exchanger (STHE) is one of the most common and widely used energy transporter suited for domestic usages as well as industrial applications. In this paper, we consider shell and tube heat exchanger as a device with known input and output parameters. This work utilizes imperative design constraints like tube configuration, fluids, surface and temperature (constant magnitude) as input parameters and energetic cycle efficiency considered as desired output parameter depicting performance of the device. The model was trained and tested by proposed Genetic algorithm (GA) technique. This entire computational procedure is implemented in MATLAB platform.
Experimental investigation on the effect of fin pitch on the performance of p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Thesis on Design Optimization of Heat Sink in Power ElectronicsIJERA Editor
The heat sinks are used in electronic systems to remove heat from the chip and effectively transfer it to the ambient. The heat sink geometry is designed by the mechanical engineers with the primary aim of reducing the thermal resistance of the heat sink for better cooling in the electronic systems. Due to the proximity of the heat sink with the ICs, the RF fields created by RF currents in the ICs/PCBs gets coupled to heat sinks. Hence, the coupled RF current can cause radiated emission. This radiated noise from the device can couple and disturb the functioning of the nearby electronic systems. Also this radiated emission from the device poses a problem to the system compliance with respect to EMI/EMC regulations. The international EMI/EMC standards require the radiated emission from the electronic devices to be kept below the specified limits. As a result the design of Heat Sink is very important factor for the efficient operation of the electronic equipment. In this project design optimization of a Heat sink in a Power amplifier is performed to reduce the weight and size .Power amplifier is electronic equipment mounted in an army vehicle. The power modules inside the amplifier generates a heat of 1440 Watts and a temperature of 140 0c.Two Heat sinks are used to dissipate the heat generated inside the equipment and maintain a temperature of less than 850c. The existing heat sink which is being used is weighing around 10.3kgs and height of 51mm; as a result the unit is very robust. The objective of my project is To design & optimize the heat sink to reduce the weight and size. The optimized heat sink should also dissipate heat generated by power modules and maintain a temperature of less than 850c inside. To achieve the design a steady state thermal analysis will be performed on the heat sink and plot the Temperature distribution on the fins. Based on the above analysis results we will increase/decrease the number of fins, thickness of fins, and height of fins to reduce the weight of the heat sink. We will perform CFD analysis of the power amplifier by mounting the optimized heat sink and plot temperature, pressure and velocity distribution in the power amplifier enclosure. Efforts are made to optimize temperature, pressure and velocity distribution in the power amplifier enclosure by reorienting the power modules in the enclosure. UNIGRAPHICS software is used for 3D modeling SOLID WORKS FLOW SIMULATION software is used for thermal and CFD analysis.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CURTAIN-WALL-INTEGRATED ...ijiert bestjournal
A wall-integrated solar heating system refers to an archite ctural design approach that combines hot water generation with the building's construction sys tem. This combination allows this system to feature a hot water generation function and b ecome part of the building fa�ade. Environmental control devices and/or designs in buildings that are capable of harvesting solar thermal energy can effectively capture and st ore this solar energy and provide energy through the use of,for instance,a hot water system or a low-power thermoelectric material. Thermal energy storage (TES) is the key component f or such solar energy use,and it is one of the most promising and sustainable methods for energy stora ge in buildings. The TES systems used in buildings can be easily divided into three type s:sensible,latent,and thermo chemical energy storage (TCES).Because of its numerous advantages,such as its wide range of storage temperatures,high thermal capacity,non toxic ity,low cost,and easy obtain ability,water is often used as the storage medium in a sol ar water heating (SWH) system for domestic solar utilization.
microclimatic modeling and analysis of a fog cooled naturally ventilated gree...IJEAB
In the present paper, a thermal model has been presented for predicting the thermal environment inside a fog cooled naturally ventilated greenhouse. Experiments were conducted on a polyethylene covered greenhouse having 250 m2 ground area located at Coochbehar (latitude: 26.2o N, longitude: 89oE), West Bengal, India. The greenhouse was cooled by intermittent fogging with three distinct fogging cycles during the experiments. The greenhouse air temperature profiles as predicted by theoretical model were validated for different fogging cycle configurations. The model prediction and experimental results build up a good match (co-efficient of correlation was in range of 0.85 to 0.97). It was observed that fogging cycle configuration (spray time and spray interval combination) influences greatly the cooling performance of the fogging system. Further analysis revealed that greenhouse temperature could be maintained 2-5oC below the ambient temperature by employing suitable fogging cycle, maintaining the relative humidity within acceptable level.
Performance Evaluation of Thermoelectric Materials: A Case Study of Orthorhom...inventionjournals
Designers often face the predicament of non-standardized and poor performing materials for thermoelectric module manufacturing. Other than analytical means, the only method to evaluate the performance of thermoelectric materials would be through experimental means. This work studies the experimental approach employed in performance investigation of thermoelectric materials using Orthorhombic SnSe crystals as a case study. The result obtained reveals the high thermoelectric conversion efficiency of orthorhombic crystals, and that they can operate as both low and high temperature thermoelectric material.
This study shows the experimental comparison
between a commercial vapor compression refrigerator and a
laboratory built thermoelectric beverage cooler. Tests were
carried out to determine the time taken for the temperature of
325 ml of water in a glass jar to be reduced from 32oC to below
6oC. The result shows that in the freezer compartment of the
commercial refrigerator, the temperature of the water decreased
linearly with increasing time. However, for the thermoelectric
refrigerator, the water temperature decreased exponentially with
increasing time. In other words, cooling rate for the refrigerator
was constant while for the thermoelectric it decreased
exponentially. The study also shows that that in the freezer
compartment of the commercial refrigerator the water took 61
min to cool to 6°C while the thermoelectric beverage cooler took
69 min. It can be seen that for the majority of the cooling time,
the thermoelectric refrigerator was cooling at a faster rate than
the commercial refrigerator.
Increasing Inductor Lifetime by Predicting Coil Copper Temperatures PaperFluxtrol Inc.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the customer demands for improved induction coil lifetime. This has led to several publications in recent years by induction tooling manufacturers [1-4]. The main conclusion in these papers is that besides mechanical crashes the cause of most induction coil failures is localized overheating of the coil copper due to insufficient cooling.
What is lacking from these publications is any way to determine what is sufficient cooling. In this paper, a scientific method for determining local copper temperatures will be presented. This will include evaluations of heat transfer coefficients for different sections of a multi-component inductor, dependence of heat transfer coefficient on water pressure and water passage cross-section, non-uniform power density distributions in various 2-D cross-sections and the resulting temperature distribution in the copper winding. The effects of duty cycle on optimal design will also be considered.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS OF CYCLE EFFICIENCY FOR SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER...IAEME Publication
Shell and tube Heat exchanger (STHE) is one of the most common and widely used energy transporter suited for domestic usages as well as industrial applications. In this paper, we consider shell and tube heat exchanger as a device with known input and output parameters. This work utilizes imperative design constraints like tube configuration, fluids, surface and temperature (constant magnitude) as input parameters and energetic cycle efficiency considered as desired output parameter depicting performance of the device. The model was trained and tested by proposed Genetic algorithm (GA) technique. This entire computational procedure is implemented in MATLAB platform.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF COOLING OF PV SOLAR PANEL USING FINNED HEAT PIPE TECHN...IAEME Publication
Various solar energy technologies exist and they have different application techniques in the generation of electrical power. The widespread use of photovoltaic (PV) modules in such
technologies has been relatively high costs and low efficiencies. The efficiency of PV panel decreases as the operating temperature increases. This is due to reflection from the top surface, absorption of heat by the parts other than the cell, absorption of heat from the other portion of the spectrum.
Exergy analysis of inlet water temperature of condenserIJERA Editor
The most of the power plant designed by energetic performance criteria based on first law of thermodynamics. According to First law of thermodynamics energy analysis cannot be justified the losses of energy.The method of exergy analysis is well suited to describe true magnitude of waste and loss to be determined. Such information can be used in the design of new energy efficient system and increasing the efficiency of existing systems.In the present study exergy analysis of the shell and tube condenser is carried out. As the condenser is one of the major components of the power plant, so it is necessary to operate the condenser efficiently under the various operating condition to increase the overall efficiency of the power plant. In the present study inlet temperature of the condenser is optimized using the exergy method. The main aim of paper is to be find out causes of energy destruction that can be helpful to redesign the system and to increase the efficiency
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A brief review on mixed convection heat transfer in channel flow with vortex ...IJERA Editor
In an effort to increase processor speeds, 3D IC architecture is being aggressively pursued by researchers and
chip manufacturers. This architecture allows extremely high level of integration with enhanced electrical
performance and expanded functionality, and facilitates realization of VLSI and ULSI technologies. However,
utilizing the third dimension to provide additional device layers poses thermal challenges due to the increased
heat dissipation and complex electrical interconnects among different layers. The conflicting needs of the
cooling system requiring larger flow passage dimensions to limit the pressure drop, and the IC architecture
necessitating short interconnect distances to reduce signal latency warrant paradigm shifts in both of their
design approach. Additional considerations include the effects due to temperature non-uniformity, localized
hot spots, complex fluidic connections, and mechanical design. This paper reviews the advances in electronic
chip cooling in the last decade and provides a vision for code signing integrated cooling systems. For various
heat fluxes on each side of a chip acting as discrete heat source, the current single-phase cooling technology is
projected to provide adequate cooling, albeit with high pressure drops. Effectively mitigating the high
temperatures surrounding local hot spots remains a challenging issue. Various forms of tabulators above the
chips, different geometric arrangements of the chips positioned top and bottom wall of the duct serves very
well in the heat augmentation technique with better performance
Cfd and conjugate heat transfer analysis of heat sinks with different fin geo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heat sinks are commonly used for cooling of electronic devices. Heat sinks, an array of heat fins, remove the heat from the surfaces of the chips by enhancing the heat Transfer rate through heat conduction process. Heat can also be removed from the chip surfaces through forced convection heat transfer. In this project work, CFD and conjugate heat transfer analysis is carried out for various fin geometries with Zigzag, Fluted, Slanted mirror, Custom pin fin and staggered array configurations for low thermal resistance and minimum pressure drop. Numerical simulations are carried out for each of the above mentioned fin geometries with common base plate thickness of 2 mm, fin height of 28 mm and fin thickness of 1 mm for three different heat loads namely 50 W, 75 W and 100 W with air flow of 3.933 m/s (15 ft3/min or 15 CFM) and air inlet temperature of 25oC. The results are compared for thermal performance of a heat sink for each of above geometries and it is observe that the fin with Slanted Mirror geometry gives the best performance among all the other geometries for minimum Pressure drop. The average heat transfer coefficients for fins with slanted mirror geometry, zig zag configuration, fluted type, custom pin fin and staggered array are found to be 215 W/m2K, 164 W/m2K, 164 W/m2K, 157 W/m2K and 145 W/m2K respectively Keywords: Fin geometries of Heat sinks, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Conjugate heat transfer.
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORTICAL STUDY OF THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF HEAT PIPE HEA...IAEME Publication
Heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHE) considers one of the most useful devices for the recovery of waste heat energy. An Experimental study has been carried out on air to –air HPHE constructed of thermosyphon heat pipes with distilled water as the working fluid and a fill ratio of 75% from the evaporator length. Its model was composed of 4 rows, each row contains 12 copper tubes, each tube have ID= 9.5 mm, OD=10mm and length =950 mm and the rows of tubes were arranged in a staggered manner. Aluminum wavy plate fins of 0.1mm thickness were fixed among the tubes to increase the heat transfer area. Tests were conducted at various flow rates (air flow rate through evaporator and condenser sections) ranged between 0.12 and 0.37 kg/s and at different temperatures of air entering evaporator section (90, 100,110) ℃ to indicate discontinuity in the effectiveness when the flow rate ratio equal to one .
Heat transfer enhancement_fusion reactor.pdfSandeepRimza1
jet impingement technique with a sectorial extended surface (SES) concept for the modular heliumcooled
divertor has been studied within the framework of the post ITER tokamak, at the Institute for
plasma research (IPR), INDIA. Experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to predict the
thermal-hydraulic performance of a finger-type divertor design with proposed SES. Critical thermal
hydraulic parameters, effective heat transfer coefficient and pressure loss have been measured in the
experiment for the reference divertor as well as for a divertor with SES. The experimental mock-ups are
made to full scale respecting Reynolds and Prandtl number similarities. Air is used as the simulant to
represent helium, which is used as the coolant in prototype. A novel heat concentrator has been
developed to simulate the high heat flux, by electrical heating.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Plate Fin Heat Sink with Pin Fins of Vario...ijtsrd
In recent decades, attempts have been made to create more advanced effective cooling technology for electronic and microelectronic devices, but heat dissipation is still a major challenge for increasing the cooling performance of heat sinks in a highly competitive electronics market. In the present analysis, the research is designing a new thermal design for plate fin heat sinks with hexagonal pin fin connected to the plate fins. A theoretical analysis focused on publicly usable computational fluid dynamics CFD codes has been performed to test the thermal efficiency of the proposed designs. Modelling done using ANSYS 14.5 and meshing has done using ICEM CFD software, simulations has done by using CFD FLUENT software. In specific, in terms of their thermal performance, hexagonal pin fin connected to the plate fins subject to flow have been contrasted. The plate fin heat sink was made of Aluminium and an electrical heaters provide a heat of 10W constantly to warm up a plate plate fin heat sink with hexagonal pin fin subject to flow of air at variable values i.e. 6.5, 9.5, and 2.5 m s .Based on the results, the analysis has shown that the plate fin heat sinks demonstrate superior thermal performance with hexagonal 3 pin fin subject to flow. The Nusselt number is approximately 1.32 times higher than the conventional plate fin heat sink without pin fin and 1.13 times higher than plate fin heat sink with elliptical 3 pin fin. Prof. Pushparaj Singh | Prashant Kumar Pandey "Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Plate Fin Heat Sink with Pin Fins of Various Profile using CFD" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33375.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33375/heat-transfer-characteristics-of-a-plate-fin-heat-sink-with-pin-fins-of-various-profile-using-cfd/prof-pushparaj-singh
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Heat Transfer Coefficient Enhancement in Natural Convection from Horizontal Rectangular Fin
Arrays with Perforations
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1. INTRODUCTION
High–power LED is a promising technology for future lighting application since it can
save energy and has a long life time. To obtain more lumen, powerful electric current of LED
chips grows at a faster rate nowadays. However, with the high power LED chips, generally
nearly 80% of the input power is transformed into heat while the rest is converted into light,
and this leads to a series of penalties [1].Therefore, to gain a dependable and perfect
product with good enactment, thermal management of high power LEDs is very important.
To solve the LED heat dissipation, some methods can be employed, such as improving in chip
luminous efficiency, which will drastically reduce the heat generation, improving in the
package, which will reduce the inner thermal resistance, or improving in the heat transfer
coefficient of heatsink, such as micro jet cooling system, heat pipe [2], etc. But these
techniques are rarely put into use because of reasons including cost factors, high reliability
and maintenance requirements. The life of LED lamp is usually about 100,000 hours, and it
works in the outdoor environment. Therefore, the heat sink of high-power LED is usually
cooled through natural convection.
The thermal management of LEDs for general illumination applications is of primary
importance to their dependability and efficiency. While considering the thermal
management of high power LED‟s, two main encounters must be taken into account.
First, while a single device consumes relatively low power, large heat fluxes, of the order of
300W/cm2 or greater, exist at the die level. Such high heat fluxes frequently require
exceptional heat spreaders at the die level in order to help disintegrate such concentrated
heat loads. Second, since the luminous output of an individual high power LED is
insufficient to replace the traditional light source, multiple LED‟s are necessary for general
radiance. With the use of large LED arrays, it is possible to generate large heat loads at the
system level which can cause challenges for overall heat degeneracy, especially when
cooling requirements call for passive methods. These two challenges work together to cause
higher LED die temperatures. It has been predicted previously that the lifetime of a device
decays exponentially as the temperature increases. This can result in a lifetime decrease from
42,000 h to 18,000 h when the device temperature increases from 400
C to 500
C [1].
Christensen and Graham [1], investigated the package and system level temperature
distributions of a high power (>1W) light emitting diode (LED) array using numerical heat
flow models. Xiang-Rui, et.al. [2], studied the natural convection heat transfer enactment of
horizontal heat sink by numerical simulation. Huang et al. [6], introduced perforations
through the fin base to improve ventilation with cold air from below the fin base. Harahap
and McManus [8], observed the flow field of horizontally based rectangular fin arrays for
natural
convection heat transfer to determine average heat transfer coefficients. The effects of
fin length, fin height, fin spacing, shape of perforation, fin orientation, etc. too was
reported extensively in the literature. Luo et.al. [25], presented a design and optimization
method of horizontally- located plate fin heat sink to improve the heat dissipation of high
power LED street lamps.
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHODOLOGY
From the literature review, for the heat sinks currently utilized in the high powered street
LED‟s, a stagnation zone is formed at the symmetry center of the fins which causes a
problem in air the circulation ultimately affecting the heat dissipation capacity of the heat
sink. Therefore there should be the proper provision for air to be drawn. There is wide scope of
study w.r.t this parameter. For high power LED street lamps [25] specified, the general
3. Dr. N.P. Salunke and I.N. Wankhede
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dimensions of horizontal plate-fin heat sinks under natural convection. By considering the
strength, manufacturability and performance of the heat sinks, the suggested dimensions are as
follows:
(a) Fin spacing S = 1 - 15 mm, (b) fin height H = 25 - 50 mm,
(c) Fin thickness tf = 1 - 3 mm, and (d) fin length L = 150 - 500 mm, depending on the total
power of the LED lamps.
Within the range of these dimensions, the dimensions selected for heat sink are as that of
[6], for the numerical study to check effect of total perforation length and perforation
pattern on the enhancement mechanism of horizontal rectangular fin arrays are used as
heat sinks for high powered street LED‟s. The fin arrays will be produced from solid
rectangular bar with dimensions 380x65x48 mm. With the help of numerical study efforts
were intended to perform an experimental study for the same dimensions utilized so as to
check the effect experimentally for the optimized perforation pattern given [6]. Rectangular fin
arrays without perforations and with perforations are manufactured with the dimensions
mentioned above are as shown in Fig.2.1
Figure 2.1 Fin Array Geometries
Both the fin configurations were analyzed for temperature distribution along the fin length
and fin height with ANSYS
14.0 and experimental set up was formed. Experimental set up mainly consists of fin array
geometry, rectangular duct and various instruments for measuring the ambient temperature, fin
temperature and the power input for the heater.
Figure 2.2 Experimental Set-up and Instrumentations
For each of the fin arrays, the power input will be adjusted to the required heater input
initially and the base-plate will be heated for about 2 hours to get the uniformity in
temperature. The temperatures will then be measured by means of thermocouples located
on the surface of fin. In order to decide whether the fin array is at steady-state or not, the
4. Heat Transfer Coefficient Enhancement in Natural Convection from Horizontal Rectangular Fin
Arrays with Perforations
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thermocouple readings are taken at ten minute intervals and this condition i s assumed to
be reached when the difference between two successive readings of each thermocouple is
more or less constant and repeatability of readings is noticed [16]. The surface
temperature Ts, the ambient temperature Ta and the power input to the heater Q will is
recorded at steady-state. The testing procedure mentioned above is repeated for the 65 W
power input for both the fin arrays.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Performance of heat sink for street LED‟s was experimentally analyzed by incorporating the
fin base with and without perforations. Here experimental observations were noticed for
both the types of optimized fin array configuration for different heater inputs as 50W and
65W and changes in temperature distribution along the height and length of fin were recorded
to check the effect on heat dissipation capacity of heat sink. Temperature distribution
along the height and length of fin was obtained with help of ANSYS 14.0 to compare the
experimental results. Distribution of total heat flux along the fin was also obtained with
ANSYS 14.0 [28].
Experimentally obtained Temperature distribution along the length and height of fin for
the plain fin array with 50W and 65W heater input respectively are as shown in Fig. 3.1 to
Fig.3.4. Same can be obtained with ANSYS 14.0 as shown in fig.3.5 and Fig.3.6
5. Dr. N.P. Salunke and I.N. Wankhede
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As the heat is supplied at the center portion of base plate of fin array and allowed to
transfer it by conduction through the whole fins, temperatures at the corners of fin array was
noticed to be less as compared to the values near the center. It also varies along the height of fin
as the heat is being transferred to the atmosphere by the mode of convection through fin tip.
If we change the heater input to 65 W, there is a noticeable change of near about 110
C at the
middle section and of about 80
C at the corners. Also enhancements in temperatures are
recorded in numerical results obtained with ANSYS14.0. As compared to numerical results
obtained for 50W input it shows an increment of about 80
C and 50
C in maximum and
minimum temperatures of fin array respectively.
Now the same procedure is repeated for perforated fin array configuration to obtain the
temperature distribution along the fin height and fin length at respective heater inputs. fin
array configuration with the same 50W heater input. Numerical results obtained for
perforated fin arrayalso shows decreasing trend of temperatures compared with plain fin array.
Now the heater input is enhanced to 65W for perforated configuration. Temperature
distribution obtained experimentally and numerically for this heater input is as shown in
fig.3.10 to 3.12. different locations of fin length for perforated fin array @ 50W heater input
It was noted that, the temperatures obtained for perforated fin configuration dropped by
90
C and 110
C as compared to maximum and minimum temperature level obtained for plain fin
array configuration with the same 50W heater input. Numerical results obtained for
perforated fin arrayalso shows decreasing trend of temperatures compared with plain fin array
6. Heat Transfer Coefficient Enhancement in Natural Convection from Horizontal Rectangular Fin
Arrays with Perforations
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Fig.3.9: Temperature contour for perforated fin array@ 50W heater input
Now the heater input is enhanced to 65W for perforated configuration. Temperature
distribution obtained experimentally and numerically for this heater input is as shown in
fig.3.10 to 3.12.
Temperature distribution for perforated fin configuration with 65W input obtained with
ANSYS 14.0 is shown in Fig. 3.12. As compared to temperatures obtained for plain fin array
with 65W heater input, there is a drop of 110
C and 150
C in maximum and minimum
temperature.
Fig. 3.12: Temperature contour for perforated fin array
@ 65W heater input
7. Dr. N.P. Salunke and I.N. Wankhede
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With the help of temperature obtained during the experiment, heat transfer coefficient is
calculated using standard correlations for natural convection [27]. The value obtained
experimentally is given to ANSYS 14.0 as an input for steady state thermal analysis which
produces the temperature distribution and distribution of total heat flux. Table 3.1 contains
both experimental and numerical results of temperature distribution and gives the
percentage error between them. It is observed that, the percentage error between
experimental and numerical results varies from 5 to 9 %. Distribution of heat flux along the
fin is also obtained using ANSYS 14.0 and it also qualitatively follows the trend with
numerical results obtained for the same configuration of fin array [6].
By calculating the heat transfer coefficient value for each of the fin array configuration
with different heater inputs, it is observed that the heat transfer coefficient increases for
perforated fin array configuration with the enhancement factor of 1.49 as compared to fin
array without perforation. It also increases with the increase in heater input. Fig.3.13 shows the
increasing trend for heat transfer coefficient with heater input for fin arrays with perforation
and without perforation.
Fig. 3.13: Variation of heat transfer coefficient with heater input for fin arrays with and without perforation
Table.3.1 Comparison of Experimental and Numerical Results
Sr.
No.
Type of Fin
Geometry
Heater input
(watt)
Maximum and Minimum Temperatures
obtained for fin geometry (0
C) Error (%)
Experimental Numerical
Tmax. Tmin. Tmax. Tmin. Tmax. Tmin.
1 Without
Perforation
50 87 79 82.469 74.425 5.21 5.79
65 98 87 90.722 80.054 7.43 7.98
2 With Perforation
50 78 68 71.599 60.091 8.21 8.68
65 87 73 79.442 64.598 8.69 8.76
8. Heat Transfer Coefficient Enhancement in Natural Convection from Horizontal Rectangular Fin
Arrays with Perforations
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 313 editor@iaeme.com
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, fin-base perforations are introduced for large horizontal fin arrays to improve
ventilation with cold airflow from below the fin base. For both the fin array
configurations, the mechanism of enhancement of heat dissipation has been discovered by
examining the temperature distribution along the fin height and fin length. The effect of
perforation is investigated with respect to different heater inputs. The following conclusions
are reached.
For the fin array with perforation, there is noticeable drop in maximum and minimum
temperature along the height of fin as compared to fin array without perforation.
A temperature drop of 10-16% is noticed between the fin configurations with and without
perforation which clearly indicates enhanced heat transfer due to inclusion of perforations in
fin base.
For a fin array with uniform heat applied on the bottom surface at its middle part and
longitudinal perforations outside the heat source region, significant heat transfer
enhancement by a factor of
1.49 is achieved with improved ventilation in the fin channels
The convective heat transfer coefficient for the perforated fin array increases with increasing
heater input.
The percentage error between experimental and numerical results obtained with ANSYS
14.0 lies between 5 to 9 %.
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