1) The document investigates using plasma arc welding and steel shot to perform additive manufacturing of linear walls made of low-carbon steel alloy.
2) Three walls were built using the same welding parameters but varying the inter-layer wait time between adding new layers to control cooling rates and microstructure development.
3) Metallographic analysis found that grain size increased and hardness decreased with increasing wall height for all specimens, but average grain size decreased and hardness increased with increasing inter-layer wait time.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
A Comparative Study on Direct and Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of ...IDES Editor
the aim of this article is to evaluate the mechanical
and microstructure properties of Inconel 617 weldments
produced by direct current electrode negative (DCEN) gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and pulse current GTAW. In
this regard, the micro structural examinations, impact test
and hardness test were performed. The results indicated that
the joints produced by direct mode GTAW exhibit poor
mechanical properties due to presence of coarse grains and
dendrites. Grain refining in pulse current GTAW is reason of
higher toughness and impact energy than DCEN GTAW.
Further investigations showed that the epitaxial growth is
existed in both modes that can strongly affect the mechanical
behavior of the joints in heat affected zone (HAZ).
Remaining life assessment of refinery furnace tubes using finite element methodBarhm Mohamad
Crude oil heater 9Cre-1Mo steel tubes from a refinery plant were studied, after 5 years of service at nominally 650 Cº and 3 bar, to predict their remnant lives. The investigation included dimensional, hardness and tensile measurements in addition to accelerated stress rupture tests between 650 Cº and 700 Cº and microstructural examination. Tube specimens were taken from two sections, the overheated side and the side which only saw the nominal operating temperature. The method employed involved the prediction of the increase in temperature with increasing sediment deposition during the operating life times using an FEM model. In addition the predicted temperatures are used to derive appropriate creep properties at relevant temperatures in a 3D pipe FEM creep analysis to predict the pipe deformation rate. All compare well with the actual service exposed pipe measurements and layer deposition. The overheated side revealed a small loss of creep strength in a stress rupture test. A layer of sediment (appr. 10 mm thickness) consisting basically of sintered carbon (coke) spread over the inside of the tube was acting as a thermal barrier causing the temperature to rise above 650 Cº. Analysis for the overheated side predicted an upper bound temperature of 800 Cº and a life of about 50 h suggesting that failure by creep rupture could occur rapidly in the sediment region.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
A Comparative Study on Direct and Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of ...IDES Editor
the aim of this article is to evaluate the mechanical
and microstructure properties of Inconel 617 weldments
produced by direct current electrode negative (DCEN) gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and pulse current GTAW. In
this regard, the micro structural examinations, impact test
and hardness test were performed. The results indicated that
the joints produced by direct mode GTAW exhibit poor
mechanical properties due to presence of coarse grains and
dendrites. Grain refining in pulse current GTAW is reason of
higher toughness and impact energy than DCEN GTAW.
Further investigations showed that the epitaxial growth is
existed in both modes that can strongly affect the mechanical
behavior of the joints in heat affected zone (HAZ).
Remaining life assessment of refinery furnace tubes using finite element methodBarhm Mohamad
Crude oil heater 9Cre-1Mo steel tubes from a refinery plant were studied, after 5 years of service at nominally 650 Cº and 3 bar, to predict their remnant lives. The investigation included dimensional, hardness and tensile measurements in addition to accelerated stress rupture tests between 650 Cº and 700 Cº and microstructural examination. Tube specimens were taken from two sections, the overheated side and the side which only saw the nominal operating temperature. The method employed involved the prediction of the increase in temperature with increasing sediment deposition during the operating life times using an FEM model. In addition the predicted temperatures are used to derive appropriate creep properties at relevant temperatures in a 3D pipe FEM creep analysis to predict the pipe deformation rate. All compare well with the actual service exposed pipe measurements and layer deposition. The overheated side revealed a small loss of creep strength in a stress rupture test. A layer of sediment (appr. 10 mm thickness) consisting basically of sintered carbon (coke) spread over the inside of the tube was acting as a thermal barrier causing the temperature to rise above 650 Cº. Analysis for the overheated side predicted an upper bound temperature of 800 Cº and a life of about 50 h suggesting that failure by creep rupture could occur rapidly in the sediment region.
Development of dual phase steel and determination its of mechanical propertiesIAEME Publication
In this paper, the development of dual phase steel from low carbon steel and mechanical
properties have been studies. Dual phase steel is developed by intercritical annealing in order to
improve the hardness and impact toughness. Low carbon steel of 0.21% carbon content is first
intercritically heated in furnace and then rapid cooling in water is done to obtain the martensitic
steels. Different samples of DP steels are prepared by the intercritical annealing process temperature
ranging from740˚C to 840˚C. The heating temperature and different time of heating of the steel is
used to make different percentage of Maternsite steel. Dual phase steel so obtained is now tested and
properties of the DP steel are evaluated. Hardness, charpy, microstructure test for each specimen is
conducted to compare its hardness and toughness with low carbon steel. The mechanical properties
of heat treated and non heat treated specimens are obtained and compared. The result indicates that
the specimen hardness and toughness are proportional to amount of martensite and amount of
martensite depends on intercritical annealing temperature.
ONGOING PROGRESS IN ADVANCED WELDING PROCESSES AND MATERIALSRamamSingh
The Primary dynamic for welding process development is the need to improve the total cost effectiveness of joining operations in fabrication and manufacturing industries. Many of the traditional welding techniques described are regarded as costly and hazardous, but it is possible to improve both of these aspects by employing some of the advanced process developments.
Discusses some of the role and future direction of welding technology, welding materials, productivity and efficiency, education and safety having an impact on future growth in welding technology. Analysis of key needs of some manufacturing industries has been researched. It also provides a good foundation for future research of the developmental direction of advanced welding processes and materials in manufacturing industries.
Fatigue Life Prediction of Aluminum Alloy welding spot based on the workbenchIJRES Journal
The paper is mainly to make a fast fatigue life prediction for aluminum alloy 5754welding spot. A
large number offatigue tests for aluminum alloy 5754 show that the fatigue failure of welding spot is mainly
caused by the defects of welding process, so the welding spot defect have a big impact on the fatigue life
prediction for welded parts.Based on the experimental data to match an S - N curve fitting of the aluminum
alloy5754. Simulation analysis in the workbench—an finite element software can find the maximum stress, and
predictthe minimum lifeof aluminum alloy material by using the S-N curve.At the same time, compared with the
life of welding partswith the defects, getthe importance of welding defects for parts life influence.
Abstract: The AFNOR 15CDV6 steel is high strength steel with relatively low level alloy content. By processing the steel through ESR with inoculation a marginal increase in strength and further increase in ductility and notch toughness can be obtained. The strength of the steel is inadequate for its use in fabrication of rocket motor casing in the Indian Space Programme. By increasing both carbon and chromium content of the AFNOR 15CDV6 steel strength can be increased, primarily as a cost effective for space launch vehicle applications. Welding is a major step in the fabrication of most of the pressure vessels, structures and equipments. Steels with carbon equivalent in excess of 0.40wt% shows a tendency to form martensite on welding, and therefore are considered difficult to weld. This ESR modified 15CDV6 material has a carbon equivalent value of nearly 1.0 that classified it as a very difficult to weld steel. In the present work, ESR modified 15CDV6 material welding was carried out successfully by Auto GTAW as well as Manual GTAW, without preheating. This was carried out by modification of welding parameters, cleaning process, tacking sequence etc. Mechanical Properties of the Weld are meeting requirements.
Modeling and Simulation of Base Plate of Friction Stir Welding-Advanced Weldi...ijsrd.com
Friction stir processing is an emerging technique based on the principles of friction stir welding (FSW). It is a solid-state joining method that is energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and versatile. It is considered by many to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. The basic concept of friction stir processing is remarkably simple. A rotating tool with pin and shoulder is inserted in the material to be joined, and traversed along the line of interest. The heating is localized, and is generated by friction between the tool and the work piece, with additional adiabatic heating from metal deformation. A processed zone is produced by movement of material from the front of the pin to the back of the pin.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Development of dual phase steel and determination its of mechanical propertiesIAEME Publication
In this paper, the development of dual phase steel from low carbon steel and mechanical
properties have been studies. Dual phase steel is developed by intercritical annealing in order to
improve the hardness and impact toughness. Low carbon steel of 0.21% carbon content is first
intercritically heated in furnace and then rapid cooling in water is done to obtain the martensitic
steels. Different samples of DP steels are prepared by the intercritical annealing process temperature
ranging from740˚C to 840˚C. The heating temperature and different time of heating of the steel is
used to make different percentage of Maternsite steel. Dual phase steel so obtained is now tested and
properties of the DP steel are evaluated. Hardness, charpy, microstructure test for each specimen is
conducted to compare its hardness and toughness with low carbon steel. The mechanical properties
of heat treated and non heat treated specimens are obtained and compared. The result indicates that
the specimen hardness and toughness are proportional to amount of martensite and amount of
martensite depends on intercritical annealing temperature.
ONGOING PROGRESS IN ADVANCED WELDING PROCESSES AND MATERIALSRamamSingh
The Primary dynamic for welding process development is the need to improve the total cost effectiveness of joining operations in fabrication and manufacturing industries. Many of the traditional welding techniques described are regarded as costly and hazardous, but it is possible to improve both of these aspects by employing some of the advanced process developments.
Discusses some of the role and future direction of welding technology, welding materials, productivity and efficiency, education and safety having an impact on future growth in welding technology. Analysis of key needs of some manufacturing industries has been researched. It also provides a good foundation for future research of the developmental direction of advanced welding processes and materials in manufacturing industries.
Fatigue Life Prediction of Aluminum Alloy welding spot based on the workbenchIJRES Journal
The paper is mainly to make a fast fatigue life prediction for aluminum alloy 5754welding spot. A
large number offatigue tests for aluminum alloy 5754 show that the fatigue failure of welding spot is mainly
caused by the defects of welding process, so the welding spot defect have a big impact on the fatigue life
prediction for welded parts.Based on the experimental data to match an S - N curve fitting of the aluminum
alloy5754. Simulation analysis in the workbench—an finite element software can find the maximum stress, and
predictthe minimum lifeof aluminum alloy material by using the S-N curve.At the same time, compared with the
life of welding partswith the defects, getthe importance of welding defects for parts life influence.
Abstract: The AFNOR 15CDV6 steel is high strength steel with relatively low level alloy content. By processing the steel through ESR with inoculation a marginal increase in strength and further increase in ductility and notch toughness can be obtained. The strength of the steel is inadequate for its use in fabrication of rocket motor casing in the Indian Space Programme. By increasing both carbon and chromium content of the AFNOR 15CDV6 steel strength can be increased, primarily as a cost effective for space launch vehicle applications. Welding is a major step in the fabrication of most of the pressure vessels, structures and equipments. Steels with carbon equivalent in excess of 0.40wt% shows a tendency to form martensite on welding, and therefore are considered difficult to weld. This ESR modified 15CDV6 material has a carbon equivalent value of nearly 1.0 that classified it as a very difficult to weld steel. In the present work, ESR modified 15CDV6 material welding was carried out successfully by Auto GTAW as well as Manual GTAW, without preheating. This was carried out by modification of welding parameters, cleaning process, tacking sequence etc. Mechanical Properties of the Weld are meeting requirements.
Modeling and Simulation of Base Plate of Friction Stir Welding-Advanced Weldi...ijsrd.com
Friction stir processing is an emerging technique based on the principles of friction stir welding (FSW). It is a solid-state joining method that is energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and versatile. It is considered by many to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. The basic concept of friction stir processing is remarkably simple. A rotating tool with pin and shoulder is inserted in the material to be joined, and traversed along the line of interest. The heating is localized, and is generated by friction between the tool and the work piece, with additional adiabatic heating from metal deformation. A processed zone is produced by movement of material from the front of the pin to the back of the pin.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on Optimization of the Process Parameters in Friction Stir Welding o...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study is describing a simple and systematic methodology for optimizing the Process parameters of friction stir welding (FSW) of (AA6105 and AA6082) aluminium alloy using Taguchi technique. The main focus of this review paper is to discuss FSW principle, process parameter and mechanical properties. The current study focuses on the friction stir welding of wrought aluminium alloys 6082 and aluminium alloy 6105 that are commonly used in the structural and automotive industries. Apart from this paper FSW process has been done on various aluminium alloys but dissimilar friction stir welding of these two materials are not reported in their research. A systematic study has been performed on the joint properties on the dissimilar welding of the selected materials and their relationships between various parameters.
Optimization of Weld Bead Parameters of Nickel Based Overlay Deposited by Pla...IJERA Editor
Plasma Transferred Arc surfacing is a kind of Plasma Transferred Arc Welding process. Plasma Transferred Arc surfacing (PTA) is increasingly used in applications where enhancement of wear, corrosion and heat resistance of materials surface is required. The shape of weld bead geometry affected by the PTA Welding process parameters is an indication of the quality of the weld. In this paper the analysis and optimization of weld bead parameters, during deposition of a Nickel based alloy Colmonoy on stainless steel plate by plasma transferred arc surfacing, are made and values of process parameters to produce optimal weld bead geometry are estimated. The experiments are conducted based on a five input process parameters and mathematical models are developed using multiple regression technique. The direct effects of input process parameters on weld bead geometry are discussed using graphs. Finally, optimization of the weld bead parameters, that is minimization of penetration and maximization of reinforcement and weld bead width, are made with a view to economize the input process parameters to achieve the desirable welding joint.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
2. Abdullah Alhuzaim and R. Bruce Madigan
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 125 editor@iaeme.com
Cite this Article: Abdullah Alhuzaim and R. Bruce Madigan. Investigate and
Optimize the Pulsing Effect of Thermo Cycle of Low Carbon Steel Alloy
Deposit in Plasma ARC Welding Additive Manufacturing, International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(10), 2015, pp. 124-
139.
http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=6&IType=10
INTRODUCTION
The main driving forces to advance are cost reduction and flexibility in both
manufacturing and product design (Ref.1). Layer creation is a precise and time-
consuming step in all layer-based rapid prototyping (RP) processes. Great difficulties
in achieving accurate deposition of the layered base material are encountered in most
processes. The deposition of the layered base material is often the clue to a successful
or failing process (Ref.2).
Additive manufacturing offers the potential to save significant amounts of energy
and resources (Ref.1, 3) and overcome some limitations of traditional manufacturing
methods such as casting, forging and machining. The use of the Plasma Arc welding
process for additive manufacturing promises to produce low cost products from
vitally important metal alloys (Ref.4). Previous work has demonstrated that it possible
to produce relatively complex part shapes and that it is possible to boost metal
deposition rate to increase productivity (Ref.5). Attention is now being turned to
attaining acceptable mechanical properties and fine geometric features in additively
manufactured deposits (Ref.6, 7). While the general processing parameters required to
produce certain microstructures and hence mechanical properties in low carbon steel
alloys are well known, it is difficult to achieve both high productivity and acceptable
mechanical properties simultaneously in additively-manufactured. A significant
amount of work is being conducted to characterize additive manufacturing process
parameters for different alloys. Fusion welding processes like electron beam welding,
laser welding, plasma arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding subject the additively
manufactured deposit to repetitive and cumulative thermal cycles that cause complex
transformations in steel alloys. The work presented here begins to focus on the next
important next step for the PAW process: deposit thermal management to control
deposit temperature and therefore microstructure development and resulting
mechanical properties.
INVESTIGATION OVERVIEW
Experimental PAW deposits of alloy 1018 were made to build two walls to
understand and optimize the range of build parameters including welding parameters
and shot delivery parameters. All build parameters held consistent except the wait-
time between layers. Wait-time between layers was used to allow the deposit to cool
varying amounts and therefore control solidification and cooling rates thereby
controlling deposit microstate.
WELD SEQUENCE OPERATION
As the experiments progressed, a series of changes in equipment and procedures were
implemented to optimize the build process. In this experiment, a computer controls
the entire build process. The process equipment consists of the control computer shot
feeder, the robot and the PAW unit. Figure 1 shows the different stages a single cycle
goes through.
3. Investigate and Optimize The Pulsing Effect of Thermo Cycle of Low Carbon Steel Alloy
Deposit In Plasma ARC Welding Additive Manufacturing
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 126 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 1 Graphic of program’s continuous cycle
For each shot delivered to the weld pool the following sequence of events were
executed by the control computer
The robot was moved to the location where the next shot was to be placed and motion
was stopped.
The shot feeder was actuated to release a single shot.
When the shot detected sensed the release of a shot, a time delay was implemented as
the shot traversed the shot delivery path.
As the shot approached the weld area, the arc current was change to the peak value to
prepare a weld pool for the shot to enter.
The arc current was held at the peak time to melt the shot
After the peak time, the arc current was returned to the background level.
The robot was moved to the next location and the entire sequence was repeated.
EXPERIMENTAL DEPOSIT BUILD PROCEDURE
The substrate was clamped to a positioning fixture within the Robot the substrate was
fixed on the positioner, and the torch standoff distance was set by adjusting the arm
torch positioner. The various essential PAW parameters were then set and shown in
the Results and Discussion section for each wall specimen. The essential PAW
parameter ranges used to manufacture the weld metal specimens for the additive
manufacturing processes are given in Table 1. Welding parameters are detailed in
Appendix A. Figure 2 shows the experimental setup design with shot feeder.
Figure 2 Experimental setup design with shot feeder
4. Abdullah Alhuzaim and R. Bruce Madigan
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 127 editor@iaeme.com
Linear wall weld metal deposits were constructed on A36 low-carbon steel
substrate. Figure 3 shows the positioning of the PAW torch and shot delivery tube
above the substrate prior to welding.
Figure 3 Positioning of the PAW torch and the shot delivery tube above substrate
prior to welding
As Figure 3 shows, the substrate was fixed on the positioner, and the torch
standoff distance was set. The various essential PAW parameters were then set. The
essential PAW parameter ranges and are shown in appendix A.
The linear walls were built by placing individual weld layers on top of one
another. Successive weld layers were placed one atop the previous layer. The
idealized weld metal deposit linear wall build progression is displayed in Figure 4.
Figure 4 Idealized weld metal deposit build progression
After completing the first deposit layer, the appropriate wait-time was allowed to
pass for the deposit temperature to cool. The time between layers is referred to as the
inter-layer wait time, . Figure 5 shows the formation of the straight weld metal
deposit after accumulating several layers on the substrate.
Figure 5 Example of a multi-layer linear wall deposit
5. Investigate and Optimize The Pulsing Effect of Thermo Cycle of Low Carbon Steel Alloy
Deposit In Plasma ARC Welding Additive Manufacturing
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Optimization of shot feed and arc current pulsing
Video system was used to investigate and optimize the shot feeding and arc current
pulsing timing and sequencing. Figure 6 shows the steps of the thermal cycle to build
a deposit and captured by the video system
Robot Move Arc on at background level Arc on at pulse level
Waiting for shot Shot leaving the tube pool Shot hitting the weld pool
Shot melting Arc on at background level Weld pool solidification
Figure 6 Optimization of shot feed and arc current pulsing
Prior to the start of the building, the pilot arc is turned on. Then the main arc is
turned on at the background level. When the shot is detected, the arc current is pulse
after the pulse delay time. Then, the shot will land on the weld pool and melt. The arc
current is returned to the background level. Then, the robot will move the substrate (2
mm in this experiment) and repeat the cycle again. Timing in this process is critical
and mainly depends on the shot feeder.
METALLOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF LINEAR WALL
DEPOSITIONS
After the walls were built, they were subjected to metallographic inspection. First the
walls were sectioned both transversely (perpendicular to the long axis of the wall) and
longitudinally (parallel to the long axis of the wall). The sections were then mounted,
polished and etched to reveal the grain microstructure. The sections were then
photographed and subjected to micro-hardness measurements. Grain size was
determined from the photographs. Then both grain size and hardness values were
converted to wall height and inter-layer wait-time.
6. Abdullah Alhuzaim and R. Bruce Madigan
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GRAIN SIZE MEASUREMENT
The microscopic pictures were shots at 140X magnification. The scale is 500 μm (0.5
mm) Ten grains were measured from each picture and the measurements were
averaged.
HARDNESS
A Rockwell Harness Tester was used to indent the sample to determine the hardness.
An average B-scale hardness number was obtained using a 1/16” steel ball and a load
of 100kg. The first reading was from the middle of the substrate, and the rest of
reading was from the HAZ, all the way to the surface of the wall with approximately
1mm pitch from the center of the indenters. Figure 7 shows the indenter progressing
upward in a cross section cut of one of the specimen.
Figure 7 Indenter progressing upward in cross section cut of one of the specimen
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Two linear wall weld metal specimens made from the A36 steel alloy were built using
1018 steel shots filler metal throughout this research. Here the results are presented
and discussed in regards to all of the weld specimens that were constructed. tt is the
time to produce a layer. δ is a coefficient to make the inter-layer wait time a function
of the time to produce a layer. δtt is the inter-layer wait-time. Essential process
parameters, dimensions, photographs of the specimens, mechanical properties plots of
Tdep in relation to the number of weld tracks in the weld metal deposit (nt), and weld
metal microstructures are presented and discussed. nt, Tdep after a minimum δtt of 1
minute and a maximum δtt of 10 minutes, and any important comments pertaining to
the weld tracks that were made are shown in Appendix A: Raw Specimen Data.
Linear wall Specimen #1
The waiting time between layers was 1 minute. The a erage temperature for the
specimen before building the next layer was 00C. The PAW essential process
parameters used to manufacture the Specimen#1 are shown in Table 1. Specimen#1
was built using 1018 steel. Specimen #1 was cut into longitudinal and transverse
sections. As shown in Figure 8, the transverse section was taken from the between of
segment 1M and 1. The longitudinal section was taken from top of segment 1M.
7. Investigate and Optimize The Pulsing Effect of Thermo Cycle of Low Carbon Steel Alloy
Deposit In Plasma ARC Welding Additive Manufacturing
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Figure 8 Location of transverse section and longitudinal section on specimen # 1
The deposit grains change structure from a relatively microstructure and small
grain size near the substrate to a very coarse microstructure with a large grain size
near the tip of the deposit. Figure 9 shows specimen #1 grains change.
Figure 9 Transverse macro section of baseline specimen #2 with example
micrographs and grain size at deposit heights
The microstructure of the specimen near the substrate consisted of pearlite
colonies (dark contrast) and ferrite grains (light contrast). Both ferrite and pearlite
grains were nearly equiaxed grains, ranging from 5 to 50 μm in size.
The microstructure of the specimen near the surface, the light-colored region of
the microstructure, is the ferrite. The grain boundaries between the ferrite grains can
be seen quite clearly. The dark regions are the pearlite. It is made up from a fine
mixture of ferrite and iron carbide, which can be seen as a "wormy" texture. Both
ferrite and pearlite grains were columnar grains which are long, thin, coarse grains,
ranging from 300 to 430 μm in size. Figure 10 shows the growth in grain size of
Specimen #1.
8. Abdullah Alhuzaim and R. Bruce Madigan
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Figure 10 Grain size number for 1-minute specimen
Figure 10 shows that grain size is a function of deposit height. Figure 10, also
shows the results of a regression analysis performed using grain size as function of
deposit height. The data and regression fit line show that grain size increase with
increasing deposit height. Furthermore, as deposit height increase, the rate that grain
size increases with each added layer also increases. The regression correlation
coefficient of R²= 0.7627 shows a good fit between data and fit line.
As the deposit height increase, the heat flow conditions for remaining heat from
and therefore determining the temperature of the deposit change. As the deposit
height increases, the solidification and cooling rate decrease and the grains in higher
layer grow larger than those in lower layers.
Linear wall Specimen #2
The waiting time between layers was 10 minutes. The average temperature for the
specimen before building the next layer was 0C. The PAW essential process
parameters used to manufacture the Specimen #2 are shown in Table 1. Specimen #2
was built using 1018 steel. Specimen #2 was built with wait time of 10 minutes
between each layer. Specimen #2 was cut into longitudinal and transverse sections. As
shown in Figure 11, the transverse section was taken from the segment next to
segment 5. The longitudinal section was taken from top of the large center segment.
Figure 11 Location of transverse section and longitudinal section on specimen #
The deposit grains change structure from a relatively microstructure and small
grain size near the substrate to a very coarse microstructure with a large grain size
near the tip of the deposit. Figure 12 shows specimen #2 grains change.
9. Investigate and Optimize The Pulsing Effect of Thermo Cycle of Low Carbon Steel Alloy
Deposit In Plasma ARC Welding Additive Manufacturing
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Figure 12 Macro section of weld metal specimen 10 min wait time
The microstructure of the specimen near the substrate consisted of pearlite
colonies (dark contrast) and ferrite grains (light contrast). Both ferrite and pearlite
grains were nearly equiaxed grains, ranging from 18 to 5 μm in size.
The microstructure of the specimen near the surface, the light-colored region of
the microstructure, is the ferrite. The grain boundaries between the ferrite grains can
be seen quite clearly. The dark regions are the pearlite. It is made up from a fine
mixture of ferrite and iron carbide, which can be seen as a "wormy" texture. Both
ferrite and pearlite grains were columnar grains which are long, thin, coarse grains,
ranging from 0 to 3 0 μm in size. Figure 13 shows the growth in grain size of
Specimen #2.
Figure 13 Grain size number for 10-minute specimen
Figure 13 shows that grain size is a function of deposit height. Figure 13, also
shows the results of a regression analysis performed using grain size as function of
deposit height. The data and regression fit line show that grain size increase with
increasing deposit height. Furthermore, as deposit height increase, the rate that grain
size increases with each added layer also increases. The regression correlation
coefficient of R²= 0.9042 shows a good fit between data and fit line.
As the deposit height increase, the heat flow conditions for remaining heat from
and therefore determining the temperature of the deposit change. As the deposit
height increases, the solidification and cooling rate decrease and the grains in higher
layer grow larger than those in lower layers.
10. Abdullah Alhuzaim and R. Bruce Madigan
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HARDNESS RESULTS
The hardness-HRB results of the two specimens are plotted in Figure 14. A regression
analysis was performed for HRB as a function of deposit height on all two specimens.
The equations of the hardness trend lines are displayed in the graph. For all
specimens, hardness decreases nearly linearly with increasing deposit height.
Specimen #1 was completed with an inter-layer wait time of 1 minute and specimen
#2 was completed with a 10 minutes inter-layer weight time, the average deposit
temperature for specimen #1 was greater than that of specimen #2.
Figure 14 Hardness test regression analysis shows decrease in all specimens as a
function of Deposition Height
The decrease in hardness with increasing deposit height is a direct result of the
observed increase in grain size with increasing deposit height.
PREDICTION OF TENSILE STRENGTH
Hardness values can be used to estimate tensile strength. The conversion chart use to
predict tensile strength from HRB values included in Appendix A, Table 3 (Ref.8).
Figure 15 shows the results of regression analysis of tensile strength on the three
specimens.
Figure 15 Tensile strength regression analysis shows decrease in specimens
Figure 15 reveals that estimated ultimate tensile strength for all specimens
decrease with increasing deposit height. The decrease in tensile strength with
increasing wall height follows directly from observation that grain size increases with
wall height. The tensile strength and grain size data shown have followed the Hall-
Patch relationship. (Ref.9)
(1)
11. Investigate and Optimize The Pulsing Effect of Thermo Cycle of Low Carbon Steel Alloy
Deposit In Plasma ARC Welding Additive Manufacturing
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where tensile strength ( ) is inversely proportional to grain size (GS). The data
presented here demonstrates that it is possible to control deposit strength effectively
using inter-later wait-time. As inter-layer wait-time increases, strength increases. The
cost of increasing strength is lowered productivity. Analysis for all specimens is
located in Appendix A, Table 3.
CONCLUSION
Metallographic results of the linear wall specimens revealed useful information
relating to the thermal history experienced by the specimens during manufacturing.
Cross-sections of the weld metal specimens showed an overall increase in the grain
size, along with a coarsening microstructure, as the height of the linear wall specimen
increased. The coarse microstructure, along with the large grain size, corresponds to
the increase in temperature of the linear wall specimen deposit. As the weld metal
deposit temperature increases, solidification and cooling rates decrease, grain growth
increases, and the microstructure coarsens.
The influence of deposit temperature on deposit microstructure has been shown.
As deposit temperature increases, grain structure coarsens and grain growth occurs,
which leads to poorer mechanical properties. For all the two linear wall specimens,
grain size increases with height of deposit because of the decreases in solidification
and cooling rate. Moreover, one-minute (60 second) inter-layer time produces larger
grain size than ten-minute (600 second) waiting time.
Hardness results of the linear wall specimens also revealed useful information
relating to the thermal history experienced by the specimens during manufacturing.
The results show an overall decrease in hardness. The decrease in hardness
corresponds to the increase in grain size.
For the three specimens, hardiness decreases nearly linearly with increasing
deposit height because of the increase in grain size with height. Tensile strength of the
material increases with longer inter-layer wait-time. However, an increase in the
strength can reduce the productivity. The decrease in hardness with increasing deposit
height is a direct result of the observed increase in grain size with increasing deposit
height
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was sponsored in-part by the Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu
under scholarship number (1039/20/6)
REFERENCE
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6Al-4V. Luleå, Sweden: Luleå University of Technology, 2008.
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and Rapid Prototyping. s.l: Elsevier, 1998. pp. 525-540
[3] Killander, Lena Apelskog and G. Sohlenius. Future Direct Manufacturing of
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[4] Journal of Material Processing Technology. June 2012, Vol. 212, pp. 1377-1389.
[5] Research and Development in Rapids Prototyping and Tooling in the United
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[6] Material Incress Manufacturing by Rapid Prototyping Techniques. Kruth, J.
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[8] FINDLEY, KIP O. Colorado School of Mines. [Online] April 3ed, 2014. [Cited:
April 5th, 2014.] http://inside.mines.edu/HallPetchEquation.
[9] Alhuzaim, Abdullah F. Investigation in the Use of Plasma Arc Welding and
Alternative Feedstock Delivery Method in Additive Manufactur E. Butte, MT:
Montana Tech of the University of Montana, 2014. Available at
http://www.abdullahalhuzaim.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Additive-
Manufacture.pdf.
[10] Vipul V.Ruiwale and Dr. Rajesh U. Sambhe. Application of Additive
Manufacturing Technology for Manufacturing Medical Implants: A Review,
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[11] Mr. Shukla B.A. and Prof. Phafat N.G. Experimental Study of Co2 Arc Welding
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APPENDIX A
Table 1 Essential Variable for PAW
Parameter Value/Range
Automation Level Mechanized/Robotic
Electrode Setback Gauge 1
Orifice Diameter 2.4mm
Shielding Gas Argon @ 18CFH
Plasma Gas Argon @ 2CFH
Voltage Vp = 20V Vb =16V
Amperage Ip = 50A Ib = 9A
Current Type DCEN
Tungsten Type/Size/Prep W+Th,La,Cs / 2.4mm / Pointed with landing
Travel Speed Actual 22.22mm/min Theoretical 20mm/min
Torch Stand-off 4mm
Filler Material 1018 Steel
Base Material Substrate A36 Steel
Transfer Mode Transferred Arc
Welding Mode Melt-In
Table 2 Properties Used to Solve the Analytical Heat Flow Model
Model Property Value1
mo (g) 2607.400000
Δmt (g) 3.280500
Ao (m2) 0.011966
ΔAt (m ) 1.280000E-04
cp [J/(g∙°C)] 0.050000
14. Abdullah Alhuzaim and R. Bruce Madigan
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APPENDIX B
Glossary of Terms
Term Definition
A Ampere
Aarc Arc area (mm2)
AC Alternating current
Adep Cumulative deposit area (in².)
Ain Inner surface area of deposit (in².)
AM Additive manufacturing
Ao Original substrate area (in².)
A36 Plain carbon steel alloy
CAD Computer-aided design
Cb Columbium
CC Constant current
DC Direct current
DCEN Direct current electrode negative
DM Direct manufacturing
Eg Thermal energy generation in a control volume (J)
Ein Thermal and mechanical energy entering a control volume (J)
Eout Thermal and mechanical energy leaving a control volume (J)
FFF Free-form fabrication
HAZ Heat-affected zone
hcond Conduction heat transfer coefficient [W/(m ∙K)]
hconv Con ection heat transfer coefficient [W/(m ∙K)]
hcp Hexagonal close-packed
hspec1 Specimen 1 height (mm.)
hspec2 Specimen 2 height (mm.)
ht Weld track height (mm.)
Iarc Arc current (A)
In. Inch
J Joule
K Kelvin
kg Kilogram
ksi 1,000 pounds per square inch
lb. Pound
LM Layered manufacturing
m Meter
MD Metal deposition
mdep Cumulative deposit mass (kg)
min Minute
mm Millimeter
mo Original substrate mass (kg)
nl Layer “n” in the deposit
Nl Number of layers per deposit
15. Investigate and Optimize The Pulsing Effect of Thermo Cycle of Low Carbon Steel Alloy
Deposit In Plasma ARC Welding Additive Manufacturing
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 138 editor@iaeme.com
Term Definition
nt Track “n” in the deposit
Nt Number of tracks per layer
Parc Arc power (W)
PAW Plasma arc welding
PD Power density (W/mm2)
psi Pounds per square inch
Q Deposit thermal energy lost (J)
Qcond Deposit thermal energy lost via conduction (J)
Qconv Deposit thermal energy lost via convection (J)
Qdep Accumulated deposit thermal energy (J)
Qrad Deposit thermal energy lost via radiation (J)
Qweld Deposit thermal energy gained via PAW (J)
RM Rapid manufacturing
RP Rapid prototyping
s Second
sl Substrate length (mm.)
sw Substrate width (mm.)
sh Substrate height (mm.)
SMD Shaped metal deposition
sv Substrate volume (mm³)
Tdep Deposit temperature (°C)
Texp Experimental deposit surface temperature (°C)
Tfluid Fluid temperature (°C) (used in Mathcad analytical heat flow model solution)
To Original deposit surface temperature (°C)
Ts Deposit temperature (°C) (used in Mathcad analytical heat flow model solution)
tspec Specimen thickness (mm.)
Tsur Surrounding/ambient temperature (°C)
tt Time to weld one track (s)
V Voltage
W Tungsten
W Watt
wt% Weight percent
δtt Wait time between weld tracks (min)
ΔAt Area added to substrate after each weld track (mm.2)
ΔEst Change in thermal and mechanical energy stored in a control volume (J)
Δmt Mass added to substrate after each weld track (kg)
ε Emissivity
ζ Scale factor to modify the convection heat transfer coefficient
ζhcon Modified effecti e con ection heat transfer coefficient [W/(m ∙K)]
λ Scale factor to modify the PAW heat transfer efficiency
η Modified effective PAW heat transfer efficiency (%)
μm Micrometer (1 x 10-6 m)
ξ Scale factor to modify the conduction heat transfer coefficient
ξhcond Modified effecti e conduction heat transfer coefficient [W/(m ∙K)]
16. Abdullah Alhuzaim and R. Bruce Madigan
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Term Definition
π Mathematical constant (≈ 3.14)
ρ Density (g/cm3)
σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant [5.67 x 10-8 W/(m ∙K4)]
Σ Summation
ψ Scale factor to modify the magnitude of heat lost due to radiation
σ Modified effective Stefan-Boltzmann constant [W/(m ∙K4)]