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International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
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Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling and Rheological Properties of Agro Fiber...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
An experimental study on the effect of alkali treatment on properties of kena...eSAT Journals
Abstract Kenaf fibers are coming into interest to use in reinforced concrete elements in recent years due to its attractive properties such as non-abrasive, lightweight and renewable. However, the properties of kenaf fiber such as high moisture absorption and weak in interfacial adhesion make the use of kenaf fiber in reinforced concrete elements become less attractive. Alkali treatment is one of the best used chemical treatment for natural fibers. It help to increase the fiber surface roughness by chemically modify and clean the fiber surface. The purpose of this research is to do a fundamental study on the effects of alkali solutions to the kenaf fiber. There are a lot of researchers conducted study on the effects of different concentrations of NaOH on kenaf fiber. However, there is no information about the study of alkali treatment of kenaf fiber with different pH. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the effects of alkali pH on the properties of kenaf fiber. By theoretically, the pH of concrete is around 13, so it is important to have a better understanding on the effects of alkaline to the kenaf fiber especially pH 13. The finding of the research can help to develop an effective use of fiber in cementitious materials. The problem of water absorption of kenaf fiber could appear if fibers are directly introduced in concrete. For these reasons, in this study, different pH of NaOH ( pH 8 to 14) were used and the effects on the colour of fiber, weight loss and water absorption of treated kenaf fibers were evaluated. Keywords: Kenaf fiber; Natural fiber; Alkali treatment; Weight loss; Water absorption
Effect of degumming conditions on the deformation behavior of banana (Musa ac...IJERA Editor
The current work investigates the effects of degumming conditions on the deformation behavior of banana (Musa accuminata) pseudo-stem fiber. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration was varied from 0.75M to 1.5M, treatment temperature from 80°C to 110°C and treatment time from 60 to 180 minutes. The fibers exhibited a continuous strain hardening on loading, the rate of which decreased with increasing NaOH concentration, treatment time and treatment temperature. An increase in NaOH concentration at constant treatment time and temperature had a degrading effect on the fiber’s breaking tenacity and breaking extension. Similarly, an increase in treatment time at a constant NaOH concentration and treatment temperature, reduced fiber’s breaking tenacity and breaking extension. Degumming of banana fibers at a NaOH concentration of 1M at 90°C for 90 minutes gave a good compromise between breaking tenacity and breaking extension.
Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Chemical Coagulation Followed by Geote...paperpublications3
Abstract: The emphasis of this paper is on the filtration performance of geotextiles. As we know treatment of wastewater has become an absolute necessity. An innovative cheap and effective method of purifying and cleaning wastewater before discharging into any other water systems is needed. Coagulation-flocculation is a chemical water treatment technique typically applied prior to sedimentation and filtration to enhance the ability of a treatment process to remove particles. Filtration is considered the most important solid-liquid separation process in water treatment, as well as in wastewater treatment. Geotextile are indeed textiles in the traditional sense, but they consist of synthetic fibers rather than natural ones such as cotton, wool, or silk. Thus bio degradation and subsequent short lifetime is not a problem. These synthetic fibers are made into flexible, porous fabrics by standard weaving machinery or are matted together in a random non-woven manner. Proper selection of geotextile filters plays a key role in achieving satisfactory filtration performance.
The impact of flow rate and bed height on the adsorption behavior of methylene blue, Bismarck brown y, and indigo dyes on to Cedrus libani was investigated. The biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy as well as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. The amount of dye adsorbed per unit mass of the biomass (qe) was calculated and was found to be dependent on the variables investigated within the experimental range. It was discovered that increase in bed height and flow rate increased the value of the dye adsorbed on to the biomass. The results obtained show that methylene blue dye adsorbed more onto the biomass, while indigo dye adsorbed at the least level.
Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling and Rheological Properties of Agro Fiber...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
An experimental study on the effect of alkali treatment on properties of kena...eSAT Journals
Abstract Kenaf fibers are coming into interest to use in reinforced concrete elements in recent years due to its attractive properties such as non-abrasive, lightweight and renewable. However, the properties of kenaf fiber such as high moisture absorption and weak in interfacial adhesion make the use of kenaf fiber in reinforced concrete elements become less attractive. Alkali treatment is one of the best used chemical treatment for natural fibers. It help to increase the fiber surface roughness by chemically modify and clean the fiber surface. The purpose of this research is to do a fundamental study on the effects of alkali solutions to the kenaf fiber. There are a lot of researchers conducted study on the effects of different concentrations of NaOH on kenaf fiber. However, there is no information about the study of alkali treatment of kenaf fiber with different pH. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the effects of alkali pH on the properties of kenaf fiber. By theoretically, the pH of concrete is around 13, so it is important to have a better understanding on the effects of alkaline to the kenaf fiber especially pH 13. The finding of the research can help to develop an effective use of fiber in cementitious materials. The problem of water absorption of kenaf fiber could appear if fibers are directly introduced in concrete. For these reasons, in this study, different pH of NaOH ( pH 8 to 14) were used and the effects on the colour of fiber, weight loss and water absorption of treated kenaf fibers were evaluated. Keywords: Kenaf fiber; Natural fiber; Alkali treatment; Weight loss; Water absorption
Effect of degumming conditions on the deformation behavior of banana (Musa ac...IJERA Editor
The current work investigates the effects of degumming conditions on the deformation behavior of banana (Musa accuminata) pseudo-stem fiber. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration was varied from 0.75M to 1.5M, treatment temperature from 80°C to 110°C and treatment time from 60 to 180 minutes. The fibers exhibited a continuous strain hardening on loading, the rate of which decreased with increasing NaOH concentration, treatment time and treatment temperature. An increase in NaOH concentration at constant treatment time and temperature had a degrading effect on the fiber’s breaking tenacity and breaking extension. Similarly, an increase in treatment time at a constant NaOH concentration and treatment temperature, reduced fiber’s breaking tenacity and breaking extension. Degumming of banana fibers at a NaOH concentration of 1M at 90°C for 90 minutes gave a good compromise between breaking tenacity and breaking extension.
Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Chemical Coagulation Followed by Geote...paperpublications3
Abstract: The emphasis of this paper is on the filtration performance of geotextiles. As we know treatment of wastewater has become an absolute necessity. An innovative cheap and effective method of purifying and cleaning wastewater before discharging into any other water systems is needed. Coagulation-flocculation is a chemical water treatment technique typically applied prior to sedimentation and filtration to enhance the ability of a treatment process to remove particles. Filtration is considered the most important solid-liquid separation process in water treatment, as well as in wastewater treatment. Geotextile are indeed textiles in the traditional sense, but they consist of synthetic fibers rather than natural ones such as cotton, wool, or silk. Thus bio degradation and subsequent short lifetime is not a problem. These synthetic fibers are made into flexible, porous fabrics by standard weaving machinery or are matted together in a random non-woven manner. Proper selection of geotextile filters plays a key role in achieving satisfactory filtration performance.
The impact of flow rate and bed height on the adsorption behavior of methylene blue, Bismarck brown y, and indigo dyes on to Cedrus libani was investigated. The biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy as well as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. The amount of dye adsorbed per unit mass of the biomass (qe) was calculated and was found to be dependent on the variables investigated within the experimental range. It was discovered that increase in bed height and flow rate increased the value of the dye adsorbed on to the biomass. The results obtained show that methylene blue dye adsorbed more onto the biomass, while indigo dye adsorbed at the least level.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cotton textiles are dyed mostly with reactive dyes because they produce a wide range of bright colors with excellent colour fastness to washing. However, the reactive dyeing requires considerable quantities of inorganic salt and alkali for efficient utilization and application of dyes. These inorganic salts when drained to effluent generate huge amounts of total dissolved solids leading to serious environmental pollution. Considerable remedies are being measured within the textile processing industry to reduce the effluent pollution and to fulfill the environmental regulations. This work is a part of such efforts and presents results where cotton fabrics pretreated with chitosan nanoparticles and reactive dyeing carried out without salt. In this work, chitosan nanoparticle was used for developing salt free eco-friendly reactive dyeing. The effect of chitosan nanoparticles in color strength (K/S value), color difference, color fastness to crocking and washing of the cotton fabric was investigated. The cotton fabric treated with 0.5 (w/v) chitosan nanoparticles had higher K/S values.
Mechanical Analysis of an Ixtle Based Cable for Its Use in ArchitectureIOSRJMCE
Thegrowing conscience for sustainability has driven humanity to attempt to go back to basic and natural materials, such as the use of earth, and the incorporation of biopolymers and fibers, producing, among other things, a diverse kind of structural elements applied to architecture. Natural fibers can be a good alternative given its abundance and the great number of possibilities in regard to its use.The lechuguilla agave Torrey is a plant, belonging to the Agavaceaefamily, that can be found in several zones of Mexico, and from it, the fiber known as ixtle, generally used in the elaboration of crafted structures, can be obtained.The present paper has studied the stress resistance of the ixtle fibers, of this specie and its qualitative effect when dosed in an earth mixture to be used as mortar for wall coating. The study consisted in stress testing the fibers separately and entwined for its possible use. In the case of the mortar, different samples of clay soils were taken, stabilized and dosed with and without the fiber, observing the effect when used to cover a block surface and determining the material’s resistance to compression. It has been found that it is possible to add fibers in mixtures and obtain a greater adherence in the block’s surface, besides, it can be added to clay samples for revoke obtaining resistances of 18kg/cm2. Finally it was obtained that by weaving the fibers, the stress resistance can be enhanced by over 600%.
Eco Friendly Extraction and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Cissus Quadra...EditorIJAERD
Cissus quadrangualaris plant yield fibers and all the parts of this plant can be utilized in many applications. In
recent days, textile industries are widely using plant fibers for numerous applications acquired from lots of resources. The
advantage of natural fibers is their continuous supply, easy and safe handling, and biodegradable nature. The usage of
enzymes in the textile industry consents the development of eco-friendly technologies in fiber processing and tactics to
improve the final product quality. In the present work, natural cellulosic fibers were extracted from Cissus quadrangualaris
plant using an eco-friendly method (amylase enzyme). The physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of Cissus
quadrangualaris fibers were reported in this paper. Further, the properties of CQSF ensured that it can play an imperative
role in the textile manufacturing industries
Potential utilisation of untreatedtreated textile effluent in concreteeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improving Impact Strength Recovery of Fractured and Healed Rice Husks Fibre R...IJERA Editor
Rice husks fibre reinforced polypropylene composite (rhfrpc) is a natural plant fibre reinforced polymer composite having advantages of high strength, light weight and affordability. They are commonly used for light load structural and non structural applications. They are mainly used as particle boards, for fencing post, roofing tiles, for interiors of car and aircrafts among other usages. This material once cracked by impact forces cannot be repaired using traditional repair methods for engineering materials such as metals or other composites that can be repaired by welding or by patch repair methods respectively, thus a method of repair of rice husks fibre reinforced polypropylene composites by refilling the damaged volume by injection of various healing agents has been investigated. The composite coupons were produced by injection moulding, cooled sufficiently and prepared for charpy impact tests. Test results for pristine coupons were a maximum of 48 J/mm2 . The destroyed coupons were then subjected to healing in a fabricated healing fixture. Healing agents such as epoxy resin, ethyl cyanoacrylate, and tannin gum have been investigated for their use as possible healing agents to fill the damaged volume and perform healing action at the fractured surfaces. The impact test results were recorded and compared with those of unhealed pristine coupons. The recovered strengths were a maximum of 60 J/mm2 translating into a 125% impact strength recovery, and this is good enough for the healed composites to be recommended for reuse in their second lives of their respective original functions.
Accelerated ageing of newsprint paper: Changes in swelling ability, WRV and e...Michal Jablonsky
The present paper deals with the effect of accelerated ageing on the ability of fibres to undergo saturation with water and the corresponding swelling kinetics. Changes in the surface charge of aged paper fibres were also investigated. Accelerated ageing was performed with newsprint paper at 98 °C and 50% RH during 0, 3, 5,7, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days. The rate and maximum swelling of accelerated aged paper in water were obtained with a modified monitoring unit measuring wood swelling ability. Since paper swells extremely fast in water, even at 30 °C, this apparatus made it possible for the first time to obtain accurate kinetic data on aged paper swelling in water. The polyelectrolyte titration technique was used to investigate changes in the surface charge on fibres from accelerated aged paper.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Birmingham New Street Station - What does the client need from the architect?...SIG Design and Technology
Presentation by Dave Maginnis, Briggs Amasco at Quality in Flat Roofing - Sharing What We Know Seminar in London 23 November 2016.
More Information at http://www.singleply.co.uk/quality-in-flat-roofing-live-blog/
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cotton textiles are dyed mostly with reactive dyes because they produce a wide range of bright colors with excellent colour fastness to washing. However, the reactive dyeing requires considerable quantities of inorganic salt and alkali for efficient utilization and application of dyes. These inorganic salts when drained to effluent generate huge amounts of total dissolved solids leading to serious environmental pollution. Considerable remedies are being measured within the textile processing industry to reduce the effluent pollution and to fulfill the environmental regulations. This work is a part of such efforts and presents results where cotton fabrics pretreated with chitosan nanoparticles and reactive dyeing carried out without salt. In this work, chitosan nanoparticle was used for developing salt free eco-friendly reactive dyeing. The effect of chitosan nanoparticles in color strength (K/S value), color difference, color fastness to crocking and washing of the cotton fabric was investigated. The cotton fabric treated with 0.5 (w/v) chitosan nanoparticles had higher K/S values.
Mechanical Analysis of an Ixtle Based Cable for Its Use in ArchitectureIOSRJMCE
Thegrowing conscience for sustainability has driven humanity to attempt to go back to basic and natural materials, such as the use of earth, and the incorporation of biopolymers and fibers, producing, among other things, a diverse kind of structural elements applied to architecture. Natural fibers can be a good alternative given its abundance and the great number of possibilities in regard to its use.The lechuguilla agave Torrey is a plant, belonging to the Agavaceaefamily, that can be found in several zones of Mexico, and from it, the fiber known as ixtle, generally used in the elaboration of crafted structures, can be obtained.The present paper has studied the stress resistance of the ixtle fibers, of this specie and its qualitative effect when dosed in an earth mixture to be used as mortar for wall coating. The study consisted in stress testing the fibers separately and entwined for its possible use. In the case of the mortar, different samples of clay soils were taken, stabilized and dosed with and without the fiber, observing the effect when used to cover a block surface and determining the material’s resistance to compression. It has been found that it is possible to add fibers in mixtures and obtain a greater adherence in the block’s surface, besides, it can be added to clay samples for revoke obtaining resistances of 18kg/cm2. Finally it was obtained that by weaving the fibers, the stress resistance can be enhanced by over 600%.
Eco Friendly Extraction and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Cissus Quadra...EditorIJAERD
Cissus quadrangualaris plant yield fibers and all the parts of this plant can be utilized in many applications. In
recent days, textile industries are widely using plant fibers for numerous applications acquired from lots of resources. The
advantage of natural fibers is their continuous supply, easy and safe handling, and biodegradable nature. The usage of
enzymes in the textile industry consents the development of eco-friendly technologies in fiber processing and tactics to
improve the final product quality. In the present work, natural cellulosic fibers were extracted from Cissus quadrangualaris
plant using an eco-friendly method (amylase enzyme). The physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of Cissus
quadrangualaris fibers were reported in this paper. Further, the properties of CQSF ensured that it can play an imperative
role in the textile manufacturing industries
Potential utilisation of untreatedtreated textile effluent in concreteeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Improving Impact Strength Recovery of Fractured and Healed Rice Husks Fibre R...IJERA Editor
Rice husks fibre reinforced polypropylene composite (rhfrpc) is a natural plant fibre reinforced polymer composite having advantages of high strength, light weight and affordability. They are commonly used for light load structural and non structural applications. They are mainly used as particle boards, for fencing post, roofing tiles, for interiors of car and aircrafts among other usages. This material once cracked by impact forces cannot be repaired using traditional repair methods for engineering materials such as metals or other composites that can be repaired by welding or by patch repair methods respectively, thus a method of repair of rice husks fibre reinforced polypropylene composites by refilling the damaged volume by injection of various healing agents has been investigated. The composite coupons were produced by injection moulding, cooled sufficiently and prepared for charpy impact tests. Test results for pristine coupons were a maximum of 48 J/mm2 . The destroyed coupons were then subjected to healing in a fabricated healing fixture. Healing agents such as epoxy resin, ethyl cyanoacrylate, and tannin gum have been investigated for their use as possible healing agents to fill the damaged volume and perform healing action at the fractured surfaces. The impact test results were recorded and compared with those of unhealed pristine coupons. The recovered strengths were a maximum of 60 J/mm2 translating into a 125% impact strength recovery, and this is good enough for the healed composites to be recommended for reuse in their second lives of their respective original functions.
Accelerated ageing of newsprint paper: Changes in swelling ability, WRV and e...Michal Jablonsky
The present paper deals with the effect of accelerated ageing on the ability of fibres to undergo saturation with water and the corresponding swelling kinetics. Changes in the surface charge of aged paper fibres were also investigated. Accelerated ageing was performed with newsprint paper at 98 °C and 50% RH during 0, 3, 5,7, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days. The rate and maximum swelling of accelerated aged paper in water were obtained with a modified monitoring unit measuring wood swelling ability. Since paper swells extremely fast in water, even at 30 °C, this apparatus made it possible for the first time to obtain accurate kinetic data on aged paper swelling in water. The polyelectrolyte titration technique was used to investigate changes in the surface charge on fibres from accelerated aged paper.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Birmingham New Street Station - What does the client need from the architect?...SIG Design and Technology
Presentation by Dave Maginnis, Briggs Amasco at Quality in Flat Roofing - Sharing What We Know Seminar in London 23 November 2016.
More Information at http://www.singleply.co.uk/quality-in-flat-roofing-live-blog/
Norma Walton shares her thoughts on generating extra income from your real estate by sharing it with others for a fee. This also works in commercial settings through sub tenants.
EFFECT OF FIBER LENGTH ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PALF REINFORCED BISPHE...IAEME Publication
In recent years natural fibers appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and non-renewable synthetic fiber. Natural fibers like sisal, banana, jute, oil palm, kenaf and coir has been used as reinforcement in thermoset composite for applications in consumer goods, furniture, low cost housing and civil structures. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to explore the potential of using PALF as reinforcement and investigate the effect of fiber length on mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite.
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
Response Surface Methodology was employed for
studying the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent by
utilization of dead biomass of Rhizopus arrhizus in a batch
system. Central Composite Design at the specified combinations
of four variables (pH, biosorbent dosage, speed of agitation,
contact time) was adopted to achieve maximum biosorption. The
fitted quadratic model (P<0.0001) was used to arrive at the best
operating conditions. Under the following optimum conditions
i.e., pH 2.0; biosorbent dosage 3 g /L; speed of agitation 80 rpm
and contact time 60 min, 99.60% of the dyes were removed from
the wastewater. The mechanism of biosorption was elucidated by
FTIR, XRD and BET analysis. This work demonstrated the
feasibility of employing Rhizopus arrhizus as an effective and
economical fungal biosorbent for the removal of dyes from the
textile effluent.
Study the effect of using ultrasonic membrane anaerobic system in treating su...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Sugarcane mill produces significant amount of wastes mainly in the form of liquid waste or also knows as sugarcane mill effluent (SCME). SCME can cause water pollution and need proper treatment before it can be discharge into water sources (river or lake). This is due to the high content of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS).In present study, biological treatment (anaerobic system) and membrane filtration assisted with ultrasonic effect was carried out to treat the SCME. In anaerobic system, the decomposition of organic and inorganic substrate occurs without the presence of oxygen to treat high concentration of organic carbon waste such as SCME and methane gas (CH4) is produced as a by product in this process. Ultrasonic assisted membrane system is applied in the system in order to enhance the efficiency of the process in treating the SCME. Study was conducted by comparing the quality of the SCME after undergo the treatment process using membrane anaerobic system (MAS) and ultrasonic membrane anaerobic system (UMAS). From the study, it shows that more than 90% (>90%) percents of removal efficiency (BOD, COD, and TSS), and reduce flux decline is achieved by using UMAS
Keywords: Sugarcane waste water effluent, Ultrasonic, Anaerobic Digestion
Diffusion Studies of Nanofibril Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester NanocompositesIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This work deals with the water sorption characteristics of isorananofibril reinforced polyester composites with special reference to filler loading as well as temperature. It was found that, the neat polyester resin shows high water absorption at room temperature. The reduction of water absorption of INF filled composites is due to the improved inter-facial adhesion, which prevents the easy penetration of water molecules in the nanofibril composite. The formation of fibrous network of cellulose nanofibrils with the polyester matrix also prevents the swelling of the composite and thus reduces the water penetration. At 90 ˚C, after the initial capillary uptake of water, as the INF loading increases the water uptake also increases. This is due to the hydrophilic character of INF. At higher temperature, the composite lost all its hydrogen bonding interactions and the neat polyester shows lower water uptake. The mechanism of diffusion was analysed and the effect of INF on the sorption kinetics was studied. Parameters like diffusion, sorption and permeability coefficients of the composites were determined.
Effect of titanium dioxide treatment on the properties of 100% cotton knitted...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a white, water insoluble pigment. It is used in paints, plastics, foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Its main application on textile materials as an ultraviolet ray protecting agents. Titanium dioxide can reflect, scatter or absorb ultraviolet ray. Besides Titanium dioxide also modify the properties of fabrics. In previous research, titanium dioxide was applied mainly by padding mangle method. This paper presents an approach to observe the effect of titanium dioxide treatment 100% cotton knitted (plain jersey) fabric applied by exhaustion method followed by curing and washing. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH value and absorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were checked. It is found that titanium dioxide impairs the better hand feel and absorbency (wetting time) of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the strength and keeps the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.
Rear Bumper Laminated In Jute Fiber With Polyester Resin.IJERA Editor
Today, a growing interest exists in the use of natural of fibers (sisal, coconut, banana, and jute), as
reinforcement in composites. The aim of the present study is shows the use of jute fiber agglutinated with
polyester resin in the automobile industry in the production of a rear bumper of hatch vehicle. A simplified
mathematical model was used for evaluation of the flaw on trunk center cover submitted to dynamic loads. The
traverse section of the referred bumper is simplified by a channel formation. This study shows that a rear
bumper made using jute fiber agglutinated with polyester resin will be possible. The molded part obtained good
visual characteristics, good geometric construction and surface without bubbles and imperfections in the fiber
and resin composite. The mathematical model to failure criterion showed that the rear bumper in jute fiber will
not resist to an impact equivalent at 4.0 km/h.
Mechanical Characterization of Bio-Char Made Hybrid CompositeIJERA Editor
Material discoveries and development have always been the cause of the growth and development of a nation
and the need of naturally made materials is the need of hours. Thus this paper takes you to the development of a
hybrid composite made of sisal fiber with epoxy as the matrix intertwined with softwood bio-char. Softwood
chip bio-char, produced by slow pyrolysis, has a porous structure improving its nutrient absorbing capacity,
surface area and thus a potential substituent. Bio-char has an appreciable carbon sequestration value i.e. a carbon
absorbing product. The orientation of sisal fiber are changed and studied in longitudinal and orthogonal
direction indicating superiority of longitudinal fiber orientation .It also addresses the variation in mechanical
characteristic (tensile flexural and impact) with different constituent of the new composite and its position in
material selection charts with a direction for further work.
Lyocell microfibre fabrics were produced using rapier weaving machine, which is to be used as inner layer while developing the Multilayered Technical Tecxtiles. The lyocell microfibre fabric has been treated with plasma using low pressure Oxygen. Then the plasma treated and untreated fabrics were dyed using reactive dyes. The dyed lyocell fabrics of plasma treated and untreated were tested for the comfort properties such as Wickablity, Air Permeablilty and Water Vapour Permeablilty. The results of the study confirmed that there is a significant improvments in Wickablilty and Air permeablilty of plasma treated fabrics which are essential characteristics for inner layer of the Multilayered Technical Textiles. The significant improvements due to new porus in the treated fabrics allow more air to penterate and also to increase the Wickablilty. Where as the Water Vapour Permeablilty characteristics of the untreated fabric have better results than plasma treated fabrics due to new etching on the surface of the treated fabrics which retain more vapour than untreated fabrics. The Plasma treated lyocell fabric can be used as inner layer for the development of Multilayered Technical Textiles.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Ijetr021132
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
66 www.erpublication.org
Abstract— Degumming of ramie was carried out using
sodium hydroxide in such condition that varying amount of non
celulosic content can be obtained on fiber. These fiber samples
have been examined for bio-engineering application through
wettability, microbial restivity and other properties. The fiber
samples with residual gum content in the range of 2 – 6 % and
sufficient lignin content can be satifactorily used in such
applications.
Index Terms— Bio-engineering, Chemical constitution,
Degumming, Ramie
I. INTRODUCTION
Bio – engineering textile terms mainly applied for
polymeric materials used in application where it protect the
erosion of soils until the nearby trees can grow up. Textiles
used in the said application must have excellent filtration
property along with high microbial resitivity, tensile
strength, durabilty and others. Commercially wool or cotton
types of natural fibers blended with polypropylene or
polyethylene or polyester types of synthetic fibers are widely
adopted as bio-engineering materials (1 – 3). In the
application of drainage system, geotextiles should permit the
water and air to flow through their structure at the same time
retian the soil to move. This will prevent the erosion of soil
on riverbeds or on slopes canal but simultaneously allowed
the trees to grow up on other side of the water stream. The
traditional ways to control erosion of soil in such areas is
either heavy armour stones or concrete blocks or gabion
mattresses are placed (structure). Natural textile fibers are
the best substitute or formed intermediate layer in above
blocks to get satisfactory effects (4, 5).
Ramie, being bast fiber has natural ability to allow water and
air permaibilty alongwith excellent microbial resistivity and
high wet strength (6-8). This fiber, in its raw state consist
high amount of gummy materials (19 – 30 %, owf) and
cannot be converted into textile fiberous forms and used.
However, removal of gummy material to certain specific
level, the said fiber can be explored in the areas of
bio-engineering alone or in blend with oter fibers (9-12).
Very few literatures avilable pertaing to the application of
ramie as geo-engineering and / or bio-engineering material
and most of them are patented (13,14). Gummy materials
present in ramie fiber are heterogeneous in nature and
removal of individual component greatly influenced on
various application areas (15, 16). If raw ramie fiber
Manuscript received January 12, 2014.
Dr S R Shah, Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology &
Engineering, The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat,
India, 390 019
pretreated in such a way that the important components of
gummymaterials remain in the fiber structure within specific
limit, they can be satisfactorily used as bio-engineering
materials. In the present research decorticated ramie fiber
has been pretreated and their chemical compositions have
been determined. The pretreated fibers were examined and
compared for their bio-engineering applications through
various properties such as microbial resitivity, strength,
absorbency and others.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
A. Materials
Ramie, in decorticated form (variety R – 1449) procured
from the Ramir research Station, Assam, India. Long strands
of fiber were cut into small lengths (ca. 10 cms) and used
through out the work. All other chemicals used in the present
investigation were of laboratory reagent grade. Three soils of
different origin namely, canal, river band and farm field were
selected for determination of bio-restivity of ramie fibers
(Table – 1).
Table – 1: Specifications of soil used for bio-resistivity
analysis
Property Soil sample
Soil – 1 Soil – 2 Soil – 3
Particle size
(mm)
0.015-0.01
9
0.036-0.04
0
0.005-0.01
Specific gravity 2.65 2.70 2.20
Moisture content
(%)
14.2 18.6 22.4
Water
permeability
(cm/sc)
40 20 80
Unconfined
compressive
strength(kg/cm2
)
0.50-0.60 0.82-0.93 0.36-0.40
B. Pretreatment process
Decorticated ramie fiber (one gram) was pretreated
(degummed) with 2 % (w/v) sodium hydroxide solution (the
most commnly used) at 70o
C for different time intervals (15,
45 and 120 minutes) using liquor ratio of 1 : 50 to obtain
fibers with various level of residual gum content. After
pretreatment fiber sample was washed thoroughly with
distilled water to neutral pH.
Effects of Degumming on Bio - Engineering
Properties of Ramie Fiber
Dr S R Shah
2. Effects of Degumming on Bio - Engineering Properties of Ramie Fiber
67 www.erpublication.org
III. ANALYSIS
A. Determination of chemical constitution
Chemical constituents of different ramie fiber samples were
determined as per the scheme prescribed by Turner and
Doree (17).
B. Determination of residual gum content (RGC)
The total RGC (Residual Gum Content) on decorticated fiber
was calculated from the chemical composition. The total
RGC of pretreated samples, were determined from the values
of weight loss of sample before and after treatment and from
the values of RGC of decorticated fibers.
C. Determination of wettability
Wettability of ramie fiber before and after pretreatments was
determined in terms of wicking length. In case of ramie fiber
a constant weight (0.2 gm) of each sample was converted into
a sliver of length 2 inches and used as a specimen for
analysis. Each specimen was suspended along side of ruler
scale, with its lower edge just touching the soluttion(congo
red solution 0.05 % w/v), and the time required to travel
upward in one minute was noted as wicking length. Average
of three such readings were taken and reported as wettability.
D. Determination of bio-resistivity
Bio-restivity of samples was determined in terms of strength
retained by the fiber after exposure to various soils for
different time periods. Fiber samples were kept in specially
designed chamber, filled with a particular soil, and burried
for different time period (1, 2, 6 and 12 months). During this
process the soil was kept wetted by spraying water (a
predetermined amount) at regular time intervals. After
stipulated time, the strength retention values measured
through tensile strength of treated and untreated samples.
Results were expressed as percentage over unexposed
sample.
Degradation properties, namely, color change, fungal
formation and feel were also assessed through subjective test.
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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Chemical constituents of ramie fibers
The chemical analysis of decorticated ramie indicates that
the proportion of hemicellulose is the highest(15.93 %)
followed by pectin (4.86 %), lignin (0.79 %) and fas and
waxes (0.4 %). Pretreatment removes these non-cellulosic
constituents of gummy material from ramie. The extents
such removal under different degumming conditions, differ
considerably. Removal of pectin, hemicellulose lignin, fats
and waxes at 2 % (w/v) sodium hydroxide for 15 minutes
treatment were 7, 19, 31 and 51 % respectively. With
increase in duration of treatment i.e. at 120 minutes, removal
of pectin, hemicellulose lignin, fats and waxes increases
significantly to about 55, 90, 71 and 80 % respectively
(table-2). Removal of overall gummy material increases with
the severity of process conditions but the proportion of
individual constituents were unequal. Extent of hydrolysis of
fats and waxes were higher at initial stage and progressively
increases with the severity of process. Similar trends were
observed for hemicellulose and lignin. However, pectin
hydrolyzed to less extent at initial stage and suddenly
increased at later stage i.e. at 120 minutes duration.This may
because of the heterogeneous nature of non – cellulosic
impurities of ramei and their unequal distribution in the fiber
strands.
B. Microbial resistivity and wettability and of ramie
fibers
In order to avail bio–engineering application of ramie fiber,
it is essential to examine their microbial resitivity and
wettability. Microbial resitivity was determined in different
soils in terms of strength retained over untreated sample.
Wettabilitywas calculated as wicking length after removal of
gummy material to various extents and also of decorticated
fiber. The values of strength retained and wettabilty of
different samples are reported in table – 3.
It can be seen that decorticated ramie has poor microbial
resitivity compared to degummed fibers. On progressive
removal of gummy material the microbial resistivity of ramie
fiber increases. For e.g. in case of soil-1 (canal soil), the
strength retained values were 20, 30, 55 and 95 % with the
ramie fibers having gum content of 27.27, 19.52, 12.62 and
4.19 % respectively after 1 month soiling (table-3). Similar
trends were observed for all the other soils for successive
removal of gummy material from the fibers i.e. from R – 1 to
R – 4 (table-3).
The excellent microbial resistivity was observed for 1 month
duration. However, with increase in treatment time,
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
68 www.erpublication.org
microbial resitivity decrease. Sample having RGC of 4.19 %
(R – 4), the strength retained value after 1 month duration
was almost 90 to 100 % and for 6 months duration it was in
the range of 40 to 55 % and after 12 months it was between
19 to 28 % for different soil samples. One interesting point
observed was that the microbial resitivity of ramie fiber
sample to river soil was better followed bycanal soil and farm
soil. This may be due to the particular constituents present in
the different soils. The microbial resitivity of various ramie
fibers to different soils is more clearly compared through
illustrations in figure-1.
Figure 1: Microbial resistivity of different ramie fibers in (a)
Soil-1, (b) Soil-2 & (c) Soil-3
It is clear that the microbial-resistivity of ramie fiber after
degumming is better than that of decorticated fiber. This is
because the individual constituents of non cellulosic
impurities are also play important role. Hemicellulose and
pectin being polysaccharide provides nutrition for microbial
growth. The extent of removal of these two constituents,
prevent the growth of microbial in respected level and
improve bio-resitivity. Further, removal of lignin increases
the fiber seperation and therefore over all crystallinity may
increases. These are the probable reasons for improvement in
microbial resistivity of various samples of ramie fibers.
C. Physical appearance of ramie fibers
Bio-resitivity of decorticated and degummed ramie fibers are
further assessed through subjective evaluation of color
change and fungal formation after soiling treatment (table-4
and 5) of various samples.
From the physical appearance of different ramie fibers, it has
been observed that on progressive removal of non cellulosic
impurities i.e. from R – 1 to R – 4, the fungal formation
capacity decreases, color changes from duller to purer and
feel becomes more improved. This indicates the
bacteriological growth decreases with the removal gummy
material from fiber. Further, with the increase in duration of
soiling i.e. 1 month to 12 months the bacteriological growth
increases in different fibers. The excellent feel and color
retained after incubation for different time intervals was
observed for R – 4 (RGC = 4.19 %) sample.
V. CONCLUSION
Ramie, being natural fiber can be used as bio-engineering
materials. The bio-engeering behavior of ramie fiber is
mainly influenced by the presence of noncellulosic
constituents i.e. hemicellulse, pactin and lignin.The
progressive removal of noncellulosic constituent improved
bio-restivity of fiber. The removal of hemicellulose and
pectin and presence of lignin increases microbial resistivity
and therefore degumming should be performed in a way that
level of different constituents can be mainted. The
degradation of fibers examined through the color change and
fungal formation also show that the removal of noncellulosic
component i.e. hemicellulose and pectin increases
bio-engineering application.
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