ABSTRACT: This work deals with the water sorption characteristics of isorananofibril reinforced polyester composites with special reference to filler loading as well as temperature. It was found that, the neat polyester resin shows high water absorption at room temperature. The reduction of water absorption of INF filled composites is due to the improved inter-facial adhesion, which prevents the easy penetration of water molecules in the nanofibril composite. The formation of fibrous network of cellulose nanofibrils with the polyester matrix also prevents the swelling of the composite and thus reduces the water penetration. At 90 ˚C, after the initial capillary uptake of water, as the INF loading increases the water uptake also increases. This is due to the hydrophilic character of INF. At higher temperature, the composite lost all its hydrogen bonding interactions and the neat polyester shows lower water uptake. The mechanism of diffusion was analysed and the effect of INF on the sorption kinetics was studied. Parameters like diffusion, sorption and permeability coefficients of the composites were determined.
Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling and Rheological Properties of Agro Fiber...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Investigation on The Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber Reinforced Polyest...IJERA Editor
the interest in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials is rapidly growing both in terms of their industrial applications and fundamental research. The natural fiber composites are more environmentally friendly, and their availability, renewability, low density, and price as well as satisfactory mechanical properties make them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon and man-made fibers used for the manufacturing of composites. The main objective of this project is to investigate the effect of NaOH solution on the mechanical properties of Banana fiber in polyester composites. The composites have been made by with and without treatment of NaOH solution using polymer matrix using Banana fiber. Mechanical properties such as tensile, impact and bending strengths were Studied by Carrying out respective tests with varying weights of fiber (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 gm’s). The tensile, impact and bending Strength of Banana fiber reinforced composites with NaOH solution was found to be increased when compared with without NaOH solution by varying fiber content. The concentrated of NaOH solution (5%) to water (for 1lit).
A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TREATED PALM SEED FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEJournal For Research
Synthetic fibers composite fibers are more widely used because of its great property. Natural fiber epoxy composite is found to be an effective replacement of some kind of synthetic materials. Oil palm seed fiber is chosen as fiber because of its easy availability, less cost compared to other fibers, renewable, environment friendly, non-abrasive, biodegradable and enhanced properties. Palm seed fiber being available easily is also a disposal of fiber from its industries. Being a green composite 0il palm seed fiber epoxy composite was fabricated. In this paper chemical treatment with NaOH and H2O2 and mechanical properties of oil palm seed fiber epoxy composite was studied along with the morphological analysis of SEM images were conducted. Chemical treatments provided better adhesion between the fiber and matrix.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Vinylester Based BioComposite Material wi...IJERA Editor
In composites a conglomeration produces material properties which are unavailable from individual constituent
materials. The use of petroleum based products as constituents in polymer matrix composite has raised concerns
regarding environmental issue and non-renewability of the resource. Therefore in this work an attempt has been
made to develop a biocomposite material using untreated dupion silk fiber as reinforcement material and vinyl
ester as matrix material with Potato Starch used as filler material by hand layup technique.
The biocomposites were prepared in varying percentage of filler addition (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and
different mechanical tests (tensile, flexure and hardness) were conducted on the samples prepared to the ASTM
standards.
From the results of the experiments conducted on the specimen it can be concluded that the performance of 10%
Starch filler content Biocomposite is satisfactory in all aspects compared to 0%, 20%, and 30% Starch filler
content Biocomposites.
An experimental study on the effect of alkali treatment on properties of kena...eSAT Journals
Abstract Kenaf fibers are coming into interest to use in reinforced concrete elements in recent years due to its attractive properties such as non-abrasive, lightweight and renewable. However, the properties of kenaf fiber such as high moisture absorption and weak in interfacial adhesion make the use of kenaf fiber in reinforced concrete elements become less attractive. Alkali treatment is one of the best used chemical treatment for natural fibers. It help to increase the fiber surface roughness by chemically modify and clean the fiber surface. The purpose of this research is to do a fundamental study on the effects of alkali solutions to the kenaf fiber. There are a lot of researchers conducted study on the effects of different concentrations of NaOH on kenaf fiber. However, there is no information about the study of alkali treatment of kenaf fiber with different pH. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the effects of alkali pH on the properties of kenaf fiber. By theoretically, the pH of concrete is around 13, so it is important to have a better understanding on the effects of alkaline to the kenaf fiber especially pH 13. The finding of the research can help to develop an effective use of fiber in cementitious materials. The problem of water absorption of kenaf fiber could appear if fibers are directly introduced in concrete. For these reasons, in this study, different pH of NaOH ( pH 8 to 14) were used and the effects on the colour of fiber, weight loss and water absorption of treated kenaf fibers were evaluated. Keywords: Kenaf fiber; Natural fiber; Alkali treatment; Weight loss; Water absorption
Moisture management and soil release finishBerihunGashu
Soiling is the major problem of cloth in textile during use. soil release finish for easy removal of soil. Moisture management for wicking of sweat from our body to outer garment surface.
Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling and Rheological Properties of Agro Fiber...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Investigation on The Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber Reinforced Polyest...IJERA Editor
the interest in natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials is rapidly growing both in terms of their industrial applications and fundamental research. The natural fiber composites are more environmentally friendly, and their availability, renewability, low density, and price as well as satisfactory mechanical properties make them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon and man-made fibers used for the manufacturing of composites. The main objective of this project is to investigate the effect of NaOH solution on the mechanical properties of Banana fiber in polyester composites. The composites have been made by with and without treatment of NaOH solution using polymer matrix using Banana fiber. Mechanical properties such as tensile, impact and bending strengths were Studied by Carrying out respective tests with varying weights of fiber (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 gm’s). The tensile, impact and bending Strength of Banana fiber reinforced composites with NaOH solution was found to be increased when compared with without NaOH solution by varying fiber content. The concentrated of NaOH solution (5%) to water (for 1lit).
A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TREATED PALM SEED FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEJournal For Research
Synthetic fibers composite fibers are more widely used because of its great property. Natural fiber epoxy composite is found to be an effective replacement of some kind of synthetic materials. Oil palm seed fiber is chosen as fiber because of its easy availability, less cost compared to other fibers, renewable, environment friendly, non-abrasive, biodegradable and enhanced properties. Palm seed fiber being available easily is also a disposal of fiber from its industries. Being a green composite 0il palm seed fiber epoxy composite was fabricated. In this paper chemical treatment with NaOH and H2O2 and mechanical properties of oil palm seed fiber epoxy composite was studied along with the morphological analysis of SEM images were conducted. Chemical treatments provided better adhesion between the fiber and matrix.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Vinylester Based BioComposite Material wi...IJERA Editor
In composites a conglomeration produces material properties which are unavailable from individual constituent
materials. The use of petroleum based products as constituents in polymer matrix composite has raised concerns
regarding environmental issue and non-renewability of the resource. Therefore in this work an attempt has been
made to develop a biocomposite material using untreated dupion silk fiber as reinforcement material and vinyl
ester as matrix material with Potato Starch used as filler material by hand layup technique.
The biocomposites were prepared in varying percentage of filler addition (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and
different mechanical tests (tensile, flexure and hardness) were conducted on the samples prepared to the ASTM
standards.
From the results of the experiments conducted on the specimen it can be concluded that the performance of 10%
Starch filler content Biocomposite is satisfactory in all aspects compared to 0%, 20%, and 30% Starch filler
content Biocomposites.
An experimental study on the effect of alkali treatment on properties of kena...eSAT Journals
Abstract Kenaf fibers are coming into interest to use in reinforced concrete elements in recent years due to its attractive properties such as non-abrasive, lightweight and renewable. However, the properties of kenaf fiber such as high moisture absorption and weak in interfacial adhesion make the use of kenaf fiber in reinforced concrete elements become less attractive. Alkali treatment is one of the best used chemical treatment for natural fibers. It help to increase the fiber surface roughness by chemically modify and clean the fiber surface. The purpose of this research is to do a fundamental study on the effects of alkali solutions to the kenaf fiber. There are a lot of researchers conducted study on the effects of different concentrations of NaOH on kenaf fiber. However, there is no information about the study of alkali treatment of kenaf fiber with different pH. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the effects of alkali pH on the properties of kenaf fiber. By theoretically, the pH of concrete is around 13, so it is important to have a better understanding on the effects of alkaline to the kenaf fiber especially pH 13. The finding of the research can help to develop an effective use of fiber in cementitious materials. The problem of water absorption of kenaf fiber could appear if fibers are directly introduced in concrete. For these reasons, in this study, different pH of NaOH ( pH 8 to 14) were used and the effects on the colour of fiber, weight loss and water absorption of treated kenaf fibers were evaluated. Keywords: Kenaf fiber; Natural fiber; Alkali treatment; Weight loss; Water absorption
Moisture management and soil release finishBerihunGashu
Soiling is the major problem of cloth in textile during use. soil release finish for easy removal of soil. Moisture management for wicking of sweat from our body to outer garment surface.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BANANA FIBER/PISTACIA VERA SHELL CELLULOSE REINFORCED COM...IAEME Publication
The main objective of the work is to add value to the agricultural residue by fabricating a partially biodegradable composite that shows the best combination of properties. To achieve this, Pistacia Vera shells are opted and cellulose is extracted from it, of both nano and micro sized. Such cellulose is added as filler, to the long banana fibers reinforced polyester composite. Also, this novel material is characterized by testing tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and thermal conductivity. Peak Tensile strength for Pistacia Vera shell banana fiber/nanocellulose reinforced composite is found to be 19% higher than banana fiber based composite. Similarly, Flexural, Impact strength and Thermal conductivity results also exhibited good synergism.
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Aluminum Filler Material on Thermal P...IJERA Editor
Natural fiber composites are renewable, cheap, completely or partially recyclable, carbon neutral and biodegradable. Their easy availability, lower density, higher specific properties, lower cost, satisfactory mechanical and thermal properties, non-corrosive nature, lesser abrasion to processing equipment, makes them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon or other man-made synthetic fibers. Natural fiber composites are generally very good thermal insulators and thus cannot be used where thermal conduction is desirable. Increase in thermal conduction may be done by adding metal filler powders to the matrix. In this work, the effect of aluminum filler material on thermal properties of chemically treated palmyra fiber reinforced composites is investigated. Thermal properties studied include thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal degradation and stability. Five different samples with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% aluminum powder are considered. With the addition of aluminum filler powder, thermal conductivity increases, specific heat capacity decreases, thermal diffusivity increases and thermal stability improves with maximum at 50% aluminum powder.
Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Bamboo/Glass Fibers Reinforced Polyeste...IJERA Editor
The chemical resistance of Bamboo/Glass reinforced Polyester hybrid composites to acetic acid, Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Benzene, Toluene, Carbon tetrachloride and Water was studied. The tensile and impact properties of these composites were also studied. The effect of alkali treatment of bamboo fibers on these properties was studied. It was observed that the tensile and impact properties of the hybrid composites increase with glass fiber content. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glsss/Bamboo fiber composites by SEM. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in hybrid composites. The hybrid fiber composites showed better resistance to the chemicals mentioned above. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treatment leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations.
Development of a novel mycelium based bio-composite materialSiva Prasad
The presentation is of my final year project which deals with the development of a novel mycelium-based bio-composite material that has the potential to replace expanded polystyrene in packaging applications. All aspects of development and testing is discussed in detail.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
Abstract: The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry. The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment friendly and also increase the fuel economy
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
A perfect PPT for jute fiber.
No need to edit again on this.
An executed project by own for final year project in B.Tech. and we got 100% result on this.
Try this for your review
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
A Review on Water Absorption Behavior and its Effect on Mechanical Properties...AM Publications
Composites are superior to conventional materials due to their high strength to weight ratio. Of late, because of environmental concerns, natural fibres are finding their places in composites. However, their hygroscopic nature affects the mechanical properties of the composites adversely. Applications of composites for decking, flooring and outdoor facilities have made it necessary to evaluate the water uptake characteristics of natural fibre composites. The objective of this paper is to review the water absorption behavior, its effect on mechanical properties and the efforts to reduce the absorption of various natural fibre reinforced composites.
Effect of Fired Clay on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Un- plastic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
CHARACTERIZATION OF BANANA FIBER/PISTACIA VERA SHELL CELLULOSE REINFORCED COM...IAEME Publication
The main objective of the work is to add value to the agricultural residue by fabricating a partially biodegradable composite that shows the best combination of properties. To achieve this, Pistacia Vera shells are opted and cellulose is extracted from it, of both nano and micro sized. Such cellulose is added as filler, to the long banana fibers reinforced polyester composite. Also, this novel material is characterized by testing tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and thermal conductivity. Peak Tensile strength for Pistacia Vera shell banana fiber/nanocellulose reinforced composite is found to be 19% higher than banana fiber based composite. Similarly, Flexural, Impact strength and Thermal conductivity results also exhibited good synergism.
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Aluminum Filler Material on Thermal P...IJERA Editor
Natural fiber composites are renewable, cheap, completely or partially recyclable, carbon neutral and biodegradable. Their easy availability, lower density, higher specific properties, lower cost, satisfactory mechanical and thermal properties, non-corrosive nature, lesser abrasion to processing equipment, makes them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon or other man-made synthetic fibers. Natural fiber composites are generally very good thermal insulators and thus cannot be used where thermal conduction is desirable. Increase in thermal conduction may be done by adding metal filler powders to the matrix. In this work, the effect of aluminum filler material on thermal properties of chemically treated palmyra fiber reinforced composites is investigated. Thermal properties studied include thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal degradation and stability. Five different samples with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% aluminum powder are considered. With the addition of aluminum filler powder, thermal conductivity increases, specific heat capacity decreases, thermal diffusivity increases and thermal stability improves with maximum at 50% aluminum powder.
Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Bamboo/Glass Fibers Reinforced Polyeste...IJERA Editor
The chemical resistance of Bamboo/Glass reinforced Polyester hybrid composites to acetic acid, Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Benzene, Toluene, Carbon tetrachloride and Water was studied. The tensile and impact properties of these composites were also studied. The effect of alkali treatment of bamboo fibers on these properties was studied. It was observed that the tensile and impact properties of the hybrid composites increase with glass fiber content. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glsss/Bamboo fiber composites by SEM. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in hybrid composites. The hybrid fiber composites showed better resistance to the chemicals mentioned above. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treatment leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations.
Development of a novel mycelium based bio-composite materialSiva Prasad
The presentation is of my final year project which deals with the development of a novel mycelium-based bio-composite material that has the potential to replace expanded polystyrene in packaging applications. All aspects of development and testing is discussed in detail.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
Abstract: The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry. The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment friendly and also increase the fuel economy
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
A perfect PPT for jute fiber.
No need to edit again on this.
An executed project by own for final year project in B.Tech. and we got 100% result on this.
Try this for your review
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
A Review on Water Absorption Behavior and its Effect on Mechanical Properties...AM Publications
Composites are superior to conventional materials due to their high strength to weight ratio. Of late, because of environmental concerns, natural fibres are finding their places in composites. However, their hygroscopic nature affects the mechanical properties of the composites adversely. Applications of composites for decking, flooring and outdoor facilities have made it necessary to evaluate the water uptake characteristics of natural fibre composites. The objective of this paper is to review the water absorption behavior, its effect on mechanical properties and the efforts to reduce the absorption of various natural fibre reinforced composites.
Effect of Fired Clay on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Un- plastic...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To
overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar
properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but
they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry.
The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources
and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as
reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this
paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The
main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment
friendly and also increase the fuel economy
Moisture absorption and mechanical degradation studies of PMI foam cored fibe...IJERA Editor
The present paper explores the result of hygrothermic aging of polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam core sandwich composites immersed in different temperature deionized (DI) and sea waters. The prepared specimens were tested for moisture up-take behavior and the resulting property degradation in terms of flexural and flat wise compressive strength. The results indicate that the saturated hygroscopic time of specimens immersed in low temperature water and high temperature water is about 480h and 720h, respectively. Due to the presence of ionic in sea water, the specimens immersed in sea water have higher compressive and flexural strength than specimens immersed in DI water.
Pervious concrete is a concrete composite material consisting of coarse
aggregate, cement and water. Because of the absence of fine aggregate in the mixture,
the aggregates are bonded together at its points of contact by cement paste, resulting
in a high percentage of interconnected voids that, when functioning correctly, permit
the rapid percolation of water through the concrete. In this work, polypropylene
monofilament and fibrillated fibres are selected as raw materials in three varying
percentage. 0.2% of fiber is added by the total volume of concrete and a new method
for determining the permeability of pervious concrete that provides better design
methodology is used. The experimental test values of permeability are discussed and
validated using Avizo software. The mix design is done for the water to binder ratio of
0.30. Coarse aggregate of 10 mm and 4.75 mm are selected in order to reduce the
void content as per the ACI 522R-06 codal provision. The addition of polypropylene
fibers shows enhancement in mechanical properties of the pervious concrete as
expected
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a polymeric permeable material used in ultrafiltration (UF)
membranes due to its high thermomechanical and chemical stability. The hydrophobic nature of
PES membranes renders them prone to fouling and restricts the practical applications of PES in the
fabrication of water treatment membranes. The present study demonstrates a non-solvent-induced
phase separation (NIPS) approach to modifying PES membranes with different concentrations of
discrete TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs). Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed enhanced
hydrophilicity and surface negative charge in TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes compared to
unmodified PES membranes. To discern the antifouling and permeation properties of the TNTs/PES
membranes, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wastewater obtained from the Athabasca oil
sands of Alberta was used. The TiO2 modified polymer nanocomposite membranes resulted in a
higher organic matter rejection and water flux than the unmodified PES membrane. The addition of
discrete TNTs at 1 wt% afforded maximum water flux (82 L/m2 h at 40 psi), organic matter rejection
(53.9%), and antifouling properties (29% improvement in comparison to pristine PES membrane).
An enhancement in fouling resistance of TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes was observed in
flux recovery ratio experiments.
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a polymeric permeable material used in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes due to its high thermomechanical and chemical stability. The hydrophobic nature of PES membranes renders them prone to fouling and restricts the practical applications of PES in the fabrication of water treatment membranes. The present study demonstrates a non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) approach to modifying PES membranes with different concentrations of discrete TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTs). Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed enhanced hydrophilicity and surface negative charge in TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes compared to unmodified PES membranes. To discern the antifouling and permeation properties of the TNTs/PES membranes, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wastewater obtained from the Athabasca oil sands of Alberta was used. The TiO 2 modified polymer nanocomposite membranes resulted in a higher organic matter rejection and water flux than the unmodified PES membrane. The addition of discrete TNTs at 1 wt% afforded maximum water flux (82 L/m 2 h at 40 psi), organic matter rejection (53.9%), and antifouling properties (29% improvement in comparison to pristine PES membrane). An enhancement in fouling resistance of TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes was observed in flux recovery ratio experiments. View Full-Text
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a polymeric permeable material used in ultrafiltration (UF)
membranes due to its high thermomechanical and chemical stability. The hydrophobic nature of
PES membranes renders them prone to fouling and restricts the practical applications of PES in the
fabrication of water treatment membranes. The present study demonstrates a non-solvent-induced
phase separation (NIPS) approach to modifying PES membranes with different concentrations of
discrete TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs). Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed enhanced
hydrophilicity and surface negative charge in TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes compared to
unmodified PES membranes. To discern the antifouling and permeation properties of the TNTs/PES
membranes, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wastewater obtained from the Athabasca oil
sands of Alberta was used. The TiO2 modified polymer nanocomposite membranes resulted in a
higher organic matter rejection and water flux than the unmodified PES membrane. The addition of
discrete TNTs at 1 wt% afforded maximum water flux (82 L/m2 h at 40 psi), organic matter rejection
(53.9%), and antifouling properties (29% improvement in comparison to pristine PES membrane).
An enhancement in fouling resistance of TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes was observed in
flux recovery ratio experiments.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review SR
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the
development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste
agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced
with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup
technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using
different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic
resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar
behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester
resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the
increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the
agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Effect of Chemical Treatment and Curing Parameters on Mechanical Properties o...IJERA Editor
A brief overview on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites is presented in this work. There is a growing trend to use non conventional and environmental friendly resources for engineering applications. In this scenario Natural fiber are offering a wide range of possibilities. Detailed and thorough study of structure of natural fiber indicates about its hydrophilic nature. Various types of chemical treatment techniques are used by researchers to increase the affinity of reinforcement and matrix .Studies shows that different factors like curing time, temperature, loading condition, fiber orientation etc. affect the properties of natural fiber composites. Lot of work has been carried out with the combination of different fibers and different polymers. Comparative data is presented on properties of different composite.
Effect of Chemical Treatment and Curing Parameters on Mechanical Properties o...IJERA Editor
A brief overview on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites is presented in this work. There is a growing trend to use non conventional and environmental friendly resources for engineering applications. In this scenario Natural fiber are offering a wide range of possibilities. Detailed and thorough study of structure of natural fiber indicates about its hydrophilic nature. Various types of chemical treatment techniques are used by researchers to increase the affinity of reinforcement and matrix .Studies shows that different factors like curing time, temperature, loading condition, fiber orientation etc. affect the properties of natural fiber composites. Lot of work has been carried out with the combination of different fibers and different polymers. Comparative data is presented on properties of different composite.
The present work shows for the first time worldwide that sucrose can be easily placed by simple techniques within the micropores or nanostructure of the mercerized non-dried cotton linter fibers to create a low-cost cellulose substitute. Such sucrose-containing nanocomposites find suitable use as specialty absorbent paper. Relative to the sucrose-free paper, the sucrose-containing counterparts exhibit greater breaking length and remarkably high water uptake (WRV) up to a sucrose content of 8–15% w/w. Mercerization of cotton linters before incorporating them with sucrose greatly enhanced the retention of sucrose in the prepared paper nanocomposites as compared to the case of unmercerized cotton linters. We assume that regions of the cell wall lamellae, on both sides of the sucrose spacers, are stressed during drying because the sucrose spacers hinder them to relax. This leads to a strain, which makes some microfibrils partially released and protrude out of the fiber. Thus, a sort of fiber beating takes place. We called this phenomenon incorporation beating or encapsulation beating to differentiate it from chemical and mechanical beatings, and it explains the great increase in breaking length of the paper nanocomposites prepared from the mercerized non-dried sucrose-loaded linters.
Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Chemical Coagulation Followed by Geote...paperpublications3
Abstract: The emphasis of this paper is on the filtration performance of geotextiles. As we know treatment of wastewater has become an absolute necessity. An innovative cheap and effective method of purifying and cleaning wastewater before discharging into any other water systems is needed. Coagulation-flocculation is a chemical water treatment technique typically applied prior to sedimentation and filtration to enhance the ability of a treatment process to remove particles. Filtration is considered the most important solid-liquid separation process in water treatment, as well as in wastewater treatment. Geotextile are indeed textiles in the traditional sense, but they consist of synthetic fibers rather than natural ones such as cotton, wool, or silk. Thus bio degradation and subsequent short lifetime is not a problem. These synthetic fibers are made into flexible, porous fabrics by standard weaving machinery or are matted together in a random non-woven manner. Proper selection of geotextile filters plays a key role in achieving satisfactory filtration performance.
Similar to Diffusion Studies of Nanofibril Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites (20)
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A Review of Severe Plastic DeformationIRJESJOURNAL
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Deformation. From the period of 1950’s, the researchers made a fountain stone for this technique. Over the last
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development of different methods of SPD, production of various materials by SPD with improved and
interesting results based on our requirement. Moreover, different post processing techniques will also help to
enhance the property of the SPD processed material. This paper reviews the overall development of this
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with some specific challenges and issues faced by the modern researchers. It may be helpful to those who wants
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Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
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Evaluation of Thresholding Based Noncontact Respiration Rate Monitoring using...IRJESJOURNAL
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Combined Geophysical And Geotechnical Techniques For Assessment Of Foundation...IRJESJOURNAL
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Abstract:- research stands out because it is provided by the model of Al-Mobaideen (2009) critics to analyze for the governance of information and communications technology (ICT) at the National University of Chimborazo factors which raises the factors such as: strategies and policies, infrastructure and networks, financing and sustainability, and institutional culture that should be taken into account if desired govern the successful integration of ICT in the school. The study is exploratory, the almost total lack of previous studies on Governance of ICT integration at the University. It is concluded that there is a set of organizations with addresses IT markedly different roles in their duties with regard to its orientation to administrative, academic and research. The University has failed to define the strategic role of ICT in their academic, because there is no objective referred to IT academia in 2013-2016 pedi, but also because there is not a pedi-oriented IT the formation. The limited effectiveness of IT organizations in academic activities is provided by the low rate of use of educationalplatformsb_learning.
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The Analysis and Perspective on Development of Chinese Automotive Heavy-duty ...IRJESJOURNAL
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Research on The Bottom Software of Electronic Control System In Automobile El...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: With the development of science and technology, car replacement faster and faster. The development of the automotive industry has a contradiction, on the one hand, the speed of upgrading the car technology can not keep up with the speed of the performance requirements of the car, on the other hand, the country's automobile exhaust emission standards become more stringent. In addition, the depletion of oil resources led to the rise in gasoline prices, the traditional car is facing a crisis. Considering the situation of gas fuel resource structure and supply situation in China, it is feasible to promote gas fuel engine[1].However, the pollution caused by the car has become one of the major pollution sources in the urban environment and the atmospheric environment, and this trend continues to deteriorate[2].Therefore, alternative energy vehicles and hybrid cars is the main direction of development, and any improvement in the car will be car electronics and software replacement for the premise. On the one hand, natural gas as an alternative to gasoline, with its low prices, excellent combustion emissions, the relative sustainable development and other characteristics of more and more car manufacturers favor;On the other hand, the mainstream of the automotive electronic control unit ECU software development to AUTOSAR structure, low power consumption, functional safety for the development direction. Based on the actual development of natural gas engine control unit, the structure and function of ECU software are studied with reference to AUTOSAR software design standard. This paper studies the structure of the application of the software layer of the electronic control system and the main control strategy under the various conditions of the structure, and puts forward the underlying software resources needed by the application layer software. This paper analyzes the internal and peripheral resources of Infineon XC2785x microcontroller and designs hardware abstraction layer software and ECU abstraction layer software. The current characteristics of the jet valve driven by the natural gas multi-point injection engine were investigated. Automotive electronics technology has been widely used in modern vehicles which, and gradually become the development of new models, improve the performance of the key technical factors[3] .
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Elisa Test for Determination of Grapevine Viral Infection in Rahovec, KosovoIRJESJOURNAL
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Abstract. Ensuring of permanent and continuous working process of oil-gas and field equipment alongside with the other factors, depends also on reliability of sealing units. A problem of deterioration modeling of a sealing element of a packer including into an oil field equipment complex is considered in this paper.
Determining Loss of Liquid from Different Types of Mud by Various Addictives ...IRJESJOURNAL
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Diffusion Studies of Nanofibril Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 6, Issue 3 (March 2017), PP.52-58
www.irjes.com 52 | Page
Diffusion Studies of Nanofibril Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester
Nanocomposites
Cintil Jose Chirayila
, Midhunc Raja
, Neenugeorgea
, Lovely Mathewb
,
Sabuthomasc
A
Department Of Chemistry, Newman College, Thodupuzha, Kerala, India
B
Viswajyothy College Of Engineering, Vazhakkulam, Kerala, India
C
School Of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
ABSTRACT: This work deals with the water sorption characteristics of isorananofibril reinforced polyester
composites with special reference to filler loading as well as temperature. It was found that, the neat polyester
resin shows high water absorption at room temperature. The reduction of water absorption of INF filled
composites is due to the improved inter-facial adhesion, which prevents the easy penetration of water molecules
in the nanofibril composite. The formation of fibrous network of cellulose nanofibrils with the polyester matrix
also prevents the swelling of the composite and thus reduces the water penetration. At 90 ˚C, after the initial
capillary uptake of water, as the INF loading increases the water uptake also increases. This is due to the
hydrophilic character of INF. At higher temperature, the composite lost all its hydrogen bonding interactions
and the neat polyester shows lower water uptake. The mechanism of diffusion was analysed and the effect of
INF on the sorption kinetics was studied. Parameters like diffusion, sorption and permeability coefficients of
the composites were determined.
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of natural plant fibres as reinforcement in polymer composites for making low cost engineering
materials has generated much interest in recent years [1-5]. New environmental legislation as well as consumer
pressure has forced manufacturing industries (particularly automotive, construction and packaging) to search for
new materials that can substitute for conventional non-renewable reinforcing materials such as glass fibre [6].
The advantages of natural plant fibres over traditional glass fibres are acceptable as good specific strengths and
modulus, economical viability, low density, reduced tool wear, enhanced energy recovery, and reduced dermal
and respiratory irritation and good biodegradability [7]. Furthermore, cellulose fibres are environmentally
friendly, non-toxic and renewable materials. Despite the enormous advantages presented by cellulose fibres,
their utilization as reinforcement in polymer composites has been limited by their susceptibility to moisture
absorption. This makes them susceptible to swelling, resulting in formation of micro-cracks and voids at the
fibre-matrix interface region. This in turn reduces the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of
composites [8-10]. The hydrophilic nature of cellulose fibres is facilitated by hydroxyl groups which are present
in the structure of cellulose that makes them attract and bind with water molecules via hydrogen bonds [11-13].
Moisture diffusion in polymeric composites has shown to be governed by three different mechanisms [14, 15].
The first involves of diffusion of water molecules inside the micro gaps between polymer chains. The second
involves capillary transport into the gaps and flaws at the interfaces between fibre and the matrix. This is a result
of poor wetting and impregnation during the initial manufacturing stage.
The third involves transport of micro cracks in the matrix arising from the swelling of fibres
(particularly in the case of natural fibre composites). Generally, based on these mechanisms, diffusion behaviour
of polymeric composites can further be classified according to the relative mobility of the penetrant and of the
polymer segments, which is related to either Fickian, non-Fickian or anomalous, and an intermediate behaviour
between Fickian and non-Fickian [16,17]. In general moisture diffusion in a composite depends on factors such
as volume fraction of fibre, voids, viscosity of matrix, humidity and temperature [18].
Natural fiber reinforced polyester materials are more or less sensitive to humidity through absorption of
water and the differential swelling between the fibers and the resin. The uptake of water can also lead to
chemical degradation such as hydrolysis of the matrix. Consequently the fiber-matrix interface is affected,
resulting in changes of bulk properties such as dimensional stability and mechanical properties. Water treatment
is strongly affected by the nature of fiber/matrix interface. If the interface is strong, it is difficult for the water
molecules to diffuse into the composite system. Several investigators have evaluated the sorption properties of
composites based on jute, pineapple, oil palm etc in different polymer matrices [19-21]. Bessadoc et al. [22]
investigated the water sorption characteristics of alfa fibers. The results revealed that, the treatments reduced the
overall water uptake of alfa fibers. The physical mechanism of moisture diffusion into highly hygroscopic fibers
2. Diffusion Studies Of Nanofibril Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites
www.irjes.com 53 | Page
such as wool and cotton can be described by a 2 stage moisture diffusion process, a fast Fickian diffusion with a
concentration diffusion coefficient and a slow diffusion with a time dependent diffusion coefficient. Several
studies have been reported on the effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of natural fiber
reinforced unsaturated polyester and randomly oriented natural fibers/polyester composites [23].
This paper is concerned with the moisture sorption characteristics of isorananofibril reinforced
unsaturated polyester nanocomposites. The water sorption of these composites at different temperatures was
analysed. The diffusion coefficient, sorption coefficient, permeability coefficient and the kinetic parameters of
water diffusion of the composites were calculated. It is important to add that no detailed studies have been
reported on the water absorption of nanofibril reinforced unsaturated polyester nanocomposites.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
Materials used:
The resin employed in this study was, unsaturated polyesterbased on isophthalic acid with 40% of
styrene [specific density –1.080 g/cm3, at 258 ◦C viscosity is 650 cps]. Methyl ethyl ketone
peroxide [MEKP], and cobalt naphthenate were introduced intothe system as initiator and accelerator
respectively. The resinand the reagents were supplied by Sharon Engineering enterprises,Cochin, India.
Isorananofibrils were extracted from thebark of H. isoraplant using steam explosion technique. Isorafibers have
a diameter of 10–20 _m, density of 1.35 g/cm3 and
a tensile strength of 500–600 MPa. Sodium hydroxide, aceticacid, sodium chlorite and oxalic acid were the
chemicals usedin the nanofibril preparation and all reagents were of analyticalgrade.
Preparation of isorananofibrils
Isora fibers were chopped into short length of about 0.5–1 cmand treated with 2 wt% NaOH in an
autoclave and kept under 137 Papressure for one hour. Then fibers were bleached using a mixtureof NaOH and
acetic acid and a mixture of 1:3 sodium hypochloritesolution. The steam exploded bleached fibers were treated
with10% oxalic acid in an autoclave under pressure. The fibers weresuspended in water and homogenized the
solution for 20 min andthe suspension was kept in an oven at 90 ◦C till it was fully dried.
Preparation of composites
Isorananofibrils [INFs]–polyester composites were preparedusing a three piece stainless steel mold
having dimensions of200 mm×150 mm×30 mm. Prior to the composite preparation,the mold surface was
polished well and a mold releasing agentwas applied to the surface. Isorananofibrils (in powder form) ofvarying
composition [0.5, 1, 3 and 5 wt%] were mixed with 100 gunsaturated polyester resin by homogenization,
followed by probesonication. The quantity of accelerator and catalyst added to resinwas 1.5% by volume of
resin each and is mixed by mechanical mixingfor 2 min. Then the resin mixture was poured evenly on to
themold and air bubbles were removed carefully. The closed moldwas cured at room temperature for 12 h under
constant pressure(1 MPa). The demolded samples were post cured for a further periodof 24 h and cured at 80 ◦C
for 6 h. From the sheet, samples were cutfor measuring various properties according to ASTM standards.
Diffusion studies
Diffusion studies were used to determine the barrier properties of isorananofibrils on the water
absorption behaviour of the polyester composites under specified conditions. For the diffusion tests, round
shaped samples of 2 mm thickness and a diameter of 2cm were used and a minimum of three samples used for
each composition. The specimens were dried in an oven at 80°
C for 6 hours, and after cooling the specimens is
weighed accurately using electronic balance. Then these samples were immersed in water taken in test bottles at
room temperature and studied the diffusion rates.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Water uptake of INF/unsaturated polyester nanocomposites
Figure1shows the molar uptake of INF reinforced unsaturated polyester nanocomposites at different
filler loading, as a function of immersion time at 25˚C. It was found that, the neat polyester resin shows high
water absorption at room temperature. The observed absorption of water in this case could have occurred
through the micro cracks present in the material. All the composite samples absorbed water at the initial stage
and later a saturation level was attained without any further increase in water sorption. The water absorption
curves show a multi stage mechanism. The initial portion of the moisture absorption curve is linear, after which
the mechanism changes. Water diffusion in polymers was found to lead to typical phenomena of composite
swelling and physical relaxation. According to Flory’s two-stage theory [24] the swollen polymer chains induce
increased elasticity of chain structure and thus increased chemical potential. The increased chemical potential
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inhibits further absorption of water which may be observed as the first equilibrium of water uptake. However
the swollen polymer chains start relaxing with time and subsequently reduce chemical potential.
the second equilibrium is attained by the decreased elasticity of the polymer chains. From figure it can
be seen that, 0.5 wt% INF reinforced composite shows very low water absorption. These three dimensionally
cross-linked nanocomposites has very little absorption at room temperature. All the composite samples absorbed
water at the initial stage but resulted in a levelling off at a later stage. This indicates the attainment of
equilibrium. The water penetration and diffusion are mainly through the filler/matrix interfacial region and
cross sectional portion of the filler by capillary mechanism.
The reduction of water absorption of INF filled composites can be explained by several factors. The
improved inter-facial adhesion prevents the easy penetration of water molecules in the nanofibril composite.
Another reason is the formation of fibrous network of cellulose nanofibrils with the polyester matrix prevents
the swelling of the composite and thus reduces the water penetration [25]. Although the cellulose contains a
number of hydrophilic OH groups, the water intake of the nano composites is reduced compared to neat resin
indicating a lower availability of free -OH groups and a higher fraction of polymer matrix entrapped within the
cellulosic network and on the surface of the nanofibers.
Figure 1: Molar uptake ofunsaturated polyester nanocompositeshaving different INF content as a function of
immersion time at 25˚C
Due to the hydrogen bonding between nanofibril and polyester, hydroxyl groups available for water
absorption is decreased, and it results in lower water intake. The percentage swelling was lowest for 0.5 wt %
INF composite compared to the other INF reinforced samples. The water sorption was found in the order
neat>5>3>1>0.5wt% INF filled nanocomposites. Higher water absorption rate of 3 and 5 wt % INF filled
composites can be explained as follows.
At higher concentrations of isorananofibrils, there exists poor filler matrix interaction and which results
in vacant spaces in composites, thereby increases the water absorption. Also the addition of nanofibrils at higher
concentrations exposes more free hydroxyl groups, which can direct towards water molecule results in more
water absorption. Similar trend is observed by Das et al., with biocopolyester reinforced with jute nanofiber
[26]. The percentage swelling was lowest in 10 wt % jute nanofiber reinforced composites and they explained it
due to the uniform dispersion of the nanofiber in matrix.
Upon reinforcing polyester resin with INF, a large decrease in sorption takes place. The presence of
reinforcement modifies the response of the resin to humid environments. The diffused moisture may reduce the
bond strength by the breaking of the bonds. The lower water uptake of INF filled composites supports the
increased fibril/matrix adhesion observed in the mechanical property measurements. The interaction between
nanofibril and water molecule is represented in figure2. Twotypes of hydrogen bonds are present in the system.
Inter molecular hydrogen bonds are formed betweenthe hydroxyl groups in the cellulosic fiber and water, while
intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed with the hydroxyl groups of two cellulosic units in the form of chain.
4. Diffusion Studies Of Nanofibril Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites
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Figure2: Schematicshowingthe interaction of cellulose with water molecule
possibility of water absorption in composites is through the interfacial region. Several researchers have
reported the chances of thermal shrinkage in composites especially in thermosetting resin matrices during curing
[27]. By the addition of INF, moisture absorption reduced in composites, thus the durability of UPR composites
can be improved by the addition of this nano filler. The water sorption is found to follow the order: 0.5 wt% >1
wt% >3 wt% > 5 wt% INF filled composites. As the hydroxyl groups of cellulose become chemically bonded to
UPR, by hydrogen bonding interaction, the hydrophilic character of the filler is reduced, which favours a strong
interfacial adhesion between INF and UPR matrix.
Effect of temp.on water uptake of INF/unsaturated polyester nanocomposites
Figure 3 shows the molar uptake of INF reinforced unsaturated polyester nanocomposites at different
filler loading, as a function of immersion time at 90˚C. At 90 ˚C, after the initial capillary uptake of water, as the
INF loading increases, the water uptake also increases. This is due to the hydrophilic character of INF. All the
composites showed higher water uptake at 90 ˚C and the saturation level for the composite is much higher at 90
˚C. At this temperature, the water sorption gradually increases with the filler loading. As the fiber loading
increases, the composite surface becomes more and more hydrophilic and water can penetrate into the
composite, leading to increased water absorption.
Figure.3: Molar uptake ofunsaturated polyester nanocompositeshaving different INF content as a function of
immersion time at 25˚C
It is observed that, the initial rate of water sorption and the equilibrium rate of water uptake of
INF/polyester nanocomposites increased with increase in temperature because diffusion coefficient (D) is
related to the velocity of the diffusing molecules by the equation given below.
D = 1/3 λ c………………….. (1)
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Where c is the mean velocity of molecules, λ is the mean free path (distance travelled by molecules
between two consecutive collisions). Since the mean velocity increases with temperature, the diffusion also
increases with temperature.
The effect of INF loading on the Qα values for the composites at 90 ˚C is evident from table2. The
water absorption is found to follow the order, neat<0.5 wt% < 1 wt% < 3wt% < 5 wt% INF filled
nanocomposites. For all composites, the rise of temperature leads to enhanced water uptake at equilibrium. The
observed change in Qα shows that, temperature has a strong effect on the fiber/matrix interaction in these
composites. This is associated with the changes that occur in the interface at high temperatures, in composites.
At high temperature, the composite lost all its hydrogen bonding interactions and the neat polyester shows lower
water uptake. Then further with increase in INF, the water absorption rate increases, leading to a regular
increase in water absorption rate with INF loading. The increased water uptake at higher temperature can be due
to the relaxation mechanism in the polymer whereby the polymer network is distorted. This inevitably leads to
large scale segmental motion, allowing further penetration of water.
At higher temperature, the adhesive bonding is deteriorated. The temperature affects the penetration rate of
water to the interface. Bellenger et al. [28] observed that, in crosslinked polyesters the water equilibrium
concentration is an increasing function of temperature. With increase of temperature, as a result of the expansion
of volume fraction accessible to water molecules is increased and the water uptake got enhanced.
Kinetics of water diffusion:
To study the mechanism of water sorption, the kinetic parameters n and k, diffusion coefficient and
permeability coefficient of water absorption in different systems were analysed using the following relationship.
Log (Qt/ Qα) = log K + n log t………………….. (2)
Where Qtis the mole percent uptake at time t, Qα is the mole percent uptake at equilibrium, t is the time,
k is a constant characteristic for the polymer, which indicates the interaction between the polymer and the water.
The values of n and k are determined by linear regression analysis. The value of n shows the diffusion process
and the constant k indicates the interaction between polymer and the solvent. When the value of n = 0.5,
diffusion obeys Fick’s law and is said to be Fickian. This occurs when the segmental mobility of the polymer
chains is faster than the rate of diffusion of permient molecules. When n> 1 the diffusion is said to be
anomalous. When the value of n is, between 0.5 and 1 the diffusion is non Fickian. The value of n is between
0.5 and 1. The value of n clearly shows that the diffusion process deviates from the Fickian mechanism.
Diffusion, sorption and permeability coefficient
Diffusion coefficient explains the rate at which diffusion process takes place. It is the rate of transfer of
the diffusing substance across unit area of section divided by the space gradient of concentration. It
characterizes the ability of water molecules to diffuse into the system. The values of diffusion co-efficient were
calculated from the relationship and are given in table3 and4.
D = π [hƟ/4Ɵα]2
………………….. (3)
Where Ɵ is the slope of the initial linear portion of the sorption curves and h is the thickness of the
sample. Qα is the mole % at equilibrium. The values of diffusion coefficient are given in table. The diffusion
coefficient changes with changes in filler loading and with temperature. The diffusion coefficient D which
characterizes the ability of water molecules to diffuse into the fiber is increased at higher temperature. At higher
temperature, the hydrogen bond formation tends to disappear and the molecular packing controls the diffusion
process. At room temperature, the absorption diffusion mechanism with filler loading is slow and especially at
0.5 wt%, because the entrance of water molecules into the crystalline regions is difficult. Diffusion coefficient
obeys the activated transition theory and its temperature dependence can be expressed by the Arrhenius equation
[29, 30].
D= D0exp (-Ea/RT) ………………….. (4)
In which Ea is the activation energy of diffusion, Do is the pre-exponential factor and R is the gas
constant. The exponential correlation of diffusivity with 1/T results in a very strong temperature dependence.
The permeability of small molecules into a polymer is dependent on diffusivity as well as the sorption or
solubility of a liquid in the polymer. Diffusion which is a thermally activated process is very sensitive to
temperature. It is a general phenomenon that, low diffusion coefficient of materials in polymers, shows
considerable dependence on any change of condition of concentration, temperature etc.
The sorption coefficient (S) or solubility can be calculated from equilibrium swelling using the equation [29],
S = Mα/Mp ………………….. (5)
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Where Mα is the mass of water taken up at equilibrium and Mp is the initial mass of the polymer.
Solubility is a thermodynamic parameter which depends on the strength of interaction in the polymer penetrant
mixture. The obtained values for sorption coefficient are given in table3 and 4. At room temperature maximum
sorption coefficient is for neat polyester and least for 0.5 wt % INF filled composites. The reduction of water
absorption of INF filled composites is due to the improved inter-facial adhesion, which prevents the easy
penetration of water molecules in the nanofibril composite. At 90 ˚C, maximum sorption is for 5 wt% INF
reinforced composites. This is due to the hydrophilic character of INF. At higher temperature, the composite
lost all its hydrogen bonding interactions and the neat polyester shows lower water uptake.
Permeability coefficientgives an idea about the amount of water permeated through uniform area of the sample
per second. Permeability coefficient which could be considered as the total effect of sorption and diffusion can
be estimated using the following equation.
P= DS………………….. (6)
Where D is the diffusion coefficient and S is the solubility.
Table3 and4 shows the effect of filler loading on permeability of isorananofibril reinforced unsaturated
polyester nanocomposites at different temperatures. The calculated P values are shown in table. The P values
also increased with increase in temperature and the D with filler loading (90˚C). It is due to the inherent
hydrophilic nature of filler. As the temperature increases, the D value increases in all composites. At room
temperature D value is maximum for neat and least for 0.5 wt% INF reinforced composites. At higher
concentrations of isorananofibrils, there exists poor filler matrix interaction and which results in vacant spaces
in composites, thereby increases the water absorption. Also the addition of nanofibril at higher loadings exposes
more free hydroxyl groups, which can direct towards water molecule results in more water absorption. The
sorption and permeability coefficient vary with filler temperature. At 90 ˚C, the permeability value increases as
a function of filler loading and is maximum for 5 wt% INF filled composites. Because at 90 ˚C, the interactions
get deteriorated and with the addition of hydrophilic nanofibrils, permeability coefficient increases.
Table.1: Effect of filler loading on the Qα , n and k values of isorananofibril reinforced unsaturated polyester
nanocomposites at 25 ˚C.
Sample Qα (mole/g)% n K (g/g/min 2
)
neat polyester 0.095 0.82 3.15
0.5 wt% INF 0.04 0.59 2.25
1 wt% INF 0.05 0.70 2.64
3 wt% INF 0.05 0.69 2.60
5 wt% INF 0.08 0.93 3.53
Table 6 : Effect of filler loading on the Qα , n and k values of isorananofibril reinforced unsaturated polyester
nanocomposites at 90 ˚C.
Sample Qα (mole/g)% n K (g/g/min
2
)
neat polyester 0.33 0.62 2.18
0.5 wt% INF 0.39 0.88 3.5
1 wt% INF 0.51 0.73 3.7
3 wt% INF 0.63 0.73 3.1
5 wt% INF 0.7 1.11 3.79
Table 3: Transport properties of isorananofibril reinforced unsaturated polyester nanocomposites at 25 ˚C (D,
diffusion coefficient, S and P, sorption and permeation coefficient).
Sample D (*10-9
) (cm2
sec-1
) S (g/g) P (*10-10
) (cm2
sec -1
)
neat polyester 2.04 0.28 0.57
0.5 wt% INF 0.65 0.08 0.05
1 wt% INF 0.81 0.10 0.08
3 wt% INF 1.2 0.12 0.14
5 wt% INF 1.4 0.20 0.28
Table4: Transport properties of isorananofibril reinforced unsaturated polyester nanocomposites at 90 ˚C
Sample D (*10-9
) (cm2
sec-1
) S (g/g) P (*10-10
) (cm2
sec -1
)
neat polyester 0.68 0.21 0.14
0.5 wt% INF 0.90 0.40 0.36
1 wt% INF 1.5 0.45 0.68
3 wt% INF 1.8 0.52 0.94
5 wt% INF 2.4 0.60 1.4
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
The water absorption kinetics of isorananofibril reinforced unsaturated polyester nanocomposites were
analysed at two different temperatures 25˚C and 90 ˚C. The effect of filler loading on the water absorption of
composites was valuated. It was observed that, the neat polyester resin shows high water absorption at room
temperature. The reduction of water absorption of INF filled composites is due to the improved inter-facial
adhesion, which prevents the easy penetration of water molecules in the nanofibril composite. At 90 ˚C, after
the initial capillary uptake of water, as the INF loading increases the water uptake also increases. This is due to
the hydrophilic character of INF. At higher temperature, the composite lost all its hydrogen bonding interactions
and the neat polyester shows lower water uptake. The values of diffusion coefficient, sorption coefficient and
permeability coefficient at equilibrium of nanocomposites were also studied. Diffusion studies revealed that the
interfacial adhesion plays a vital role in the water transport process. Fickian model was used to study the
diffusion process in nanocomposites and showed some deviations from Fickian behaviour. Finally it is highly
relevant to add that, water transport studies could be used as a probe to evaluate the strength of the interfacial
adhesion in nanofibril reinforced polymer composites.
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