The document provides information about a fieldwork investigation into coastal environments at Shoreham. It discusses:
1) Two themes for the fieldwork - measuring beach profiles and material to analyze the impact of coastal protection methods, and conducting a survey to understand local residents' views on coastal protection.
2) Background context on the regeneration plans for Shoreham and the need to protect the coastline given new development.
3) Details on coastal protection methods including soft engineering like beach nourishment and hard engineering like groynes and seawalls.
4) An overview of the fieldwork process including formulating aims, data collection methods, presentation, analysis and conclusions.
5) Specific instructions for tasks under Theme
Igcse geography coastal environments fieldworkWill Williams
The document provides information about a fieldwork investigation into coastal environments at Shoreham, England. It discusses:
1) Two themes for the fieldwork - measuring beach profiles and material to analyze the impact of coastal protection structures, and conducting a survey to understand local residents' views on coastal management.
2) Background context on the regeneration plans for Shoreham and the need to protect the coastline given new development.
3) Details on the coastal protection methods used, including groynes, seawalls, and beach nourishment.
4) An overview of the fieldwork process, from formulating aims and hypotheses to collecting and analyzing data and drawing conclusions.
5) Instructions for tasks to measure
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: ALTERNATIVE PAPER 4 - INVESTIGATINGGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: ALTERNATIVE PAPER 4 - INVESTIGATING. It contains: formulating aims and hypotheses, enquiry skills to collect data, questionnaires, observation, counts, measurements, river measurement and beach studies, data presentation techniques, analysis, formation of conclusions.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - HJULSTROM CURVEGeorge Dumitrache
The Hjulstrom curve shows the relationship between flow velocity and sediment transport, with larger particles being deposited first as velocity decreases due to losing the energy needed to transport heavier sediment, while higher velocities are required to both erode and transport larger particles due to their weight and the cohesion of smaller particles.
The document discusses settlement site and situation, defining site as the location a settlement is built on and situation as where the settlement is located in relation to surrounding features. It asks the reader to identify and explain the site and situation factors responsible for the location and growth of Bratislava, Slovakia. Specifically, it asks the reader to identify site factors that influenced Bratislava's original growth and situation factors that have contributed to its continued development into a major city.
The document describes various characteristics used to describe settlements, including site, situation, function, shape, population, and area. It discusses important site factors that influenced where settlements were located, such as access to water sources, defensive positioning, and shelter from aspects. Situation describes a settlement's location in relation to other features. Function refers to a settlement's main economic and social activities. Shape can be dispersed, nucleated, or linear. Settlement hierarchies rank settlements based on size and importance.
There are 10 major cultural realms in the world according to H. Robinson's classification system. These include the Polar region, European region, Anglo-American region, Latin American region, Dry region, African region, Oriental region, and Australia-New Zealand region. Each cultural realm is characterized by shared linguistic, religious, and other cultural traits as well as similarities in climate, occupation, and level of development.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TOURISM - TRENDS. It contains: trends in tourism, the growth of tourism, trends, infrastructure, reasons behind the trends in tourism.
Human and physical resources found in a place can influence tourism to that destination. Human resources are attractions made by people, like the Eiffel Tower, while physical resources are natural attractions like beaches or lakes. Popular activities for tourists in the UK include walking to enjoy the countryside, visiting heritage sites like historical buildings, and swimming at beaches, lakes or pools. Tourist attractions in the UK range from art, architecture and museums to food, music and important historical sites.
Igcse geography coastal environments fieldworkWill Williams
The document provides information about a fieldwork investigation into coastal environments at Shoreham, England. It discusses:
1) Two themes for the fieldwork - measuring beach profiles and material to analyze the impact of coastal protection structures, and conducting a survey to understand local residents' views on coastal management.
2) Background context on the regeneration plans for Shoreham and the need to protect the coastline given new development.
3) Details on the coastal protection methods used, including groynes, seawalls, and beach nourishment.
4) An overview of the fieldwork process, from formulating aims and hypotheses to collecting and analyzing data and drawing conclusions.
5) Instructions for tasks to measure
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: ALTERNATIVE PAPER 4 - INVESTIGATINGGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: ALTERNATIVE PAPER 4 - INVESTIGATING. It contains: formulating aims and hypotheses, enquiry skills to collect data, questionnaires, observation, counts, measurements, river measurement and beach studies, data presentation techniques, analysis, formation of conclusions.
REVISION AS CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: RIVERS - HJULSTROM CURVEGeorge Dumitrache
The Hjulstrom curve shows the relationship between flow velocity and sediment transport, with larger particles being deposited first as velocity decreases due to losing the energy needed to transport heavier sediment, while higher velocities are required to both erode and transport larger particles due to their weight and the cohesion of smaller particles.
The document discusses settlement site and situation, defining site as the location a settlement is built on and situation as where the settlement is located in relation to surrounding features. It asks the reader to identify and explain the site and situation factors responsible for the location and growth of Bratislava, Slovakia. Specifically, it asks the reader to identify site factors that influenced Bratislava's original growth and situation factors that have contributed to its continued development into a major city.
The document describes various characteristics used to describe settlements, including site, situation, function, shape, population, and area. It discusses important site factors that influenced where settlements were located, such as access to water sources, defensive positioning, and shelter from aspects. Situation describes a settlement's location in relation to other features. Function refers to a settlement's main economic and social activities. Shape can be dispersed, nucleated, or linear. Settlement hierarchies rank settlements based on size and importance.
There are 10 major cultural realms in the world according to H. Robinson's classification system. These include the Polar region, European region, Anglo-American region, Latin American region, Dry region, African region, Oriental region, and Australia-New Zealand region. Each cultural realm is characterized by shared linguistic, religious, and other cultural traits as well as similarities in climate, occupation, and level of development.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TOURISM - TRENDS. It contains: trends in tourism, the growth of tourism, trends, infrastructure, reasons behind the trends in tourism.
Human and physical resources found in a place can influence tourism to that destination. Human resources are attractions made by people, like the Eiffel Tower, while physical resources are natural attractions like beaches or lakes. Popular activities for tourists in the UK include walking to enjoy the countryside, visiting heritage sites like historical buildings, and swimming at beaches, lakes or pools. Tourist attractions in the UK range from art, architecture and museums to food, music and important historical sites.
River bank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that causes significant land and property loss each year. Three key points:
1) Major rivers like the Jamuna and Padma have widened over 3 km and eroded over 130,000 hectares of land in the last 30 years according to satellite image analysis.
2) Case studies show river bank erosion displacing over 4,000 people and causing over 4 crore BDT in economic losses annually in some districts. A majority of affected people face poverty due to loss of land and livelihood.
3) While structural measures like embankments are used, long-term policies addressing resettlement, land zoning, and afforestation are needed to
Rivers shape the surrounding land through the processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition as they flow from their source to their mouth. Erosion involves the wearing away of river beds and banks by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution. Rivers pick up and carry materials through processes like suspension, saltation, and traction. The energy levels of rivers determine what materials can be transported, with higher energy near sources allowing larger objects and lower energy at mouths resulting in deposition. Deposition occurs when rivers enter shallow water or experience decreased volume, such as after floods or in drought, commonly forming deltas at river mouths.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS EXTRA REVISION - EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS 1 - HYDROLOGY AN...George Dumitrache
The document contains exam style questions on hydrology and fluvial geomorphology. Section A asks students to define the hydrological cycle, draw a diagram showing its stores and flows, and outline how human activities have modified it. Section B asks students to describe how rivers carry sediment loads, explain river erosion processes, illustrate how waterfalls and oxbows are formed with diagrams, and provide examples of how human activities increase flooding risks.
This document provides an overview of physical and human geography. It summarizes key concepts in physical geography such as landforms, rivers, weathering, vegetation and natural hazards. It also outlines topics in human geography including population, migration, settlement, communications and economic activity. The document is an outline for a geography project covering essential information about the natural and human factors that define geography.
This document provides an introduction to eight tools for watershed protection, summarizing each tool. The first tool discussed is land use planning, outlining how to develop a land use plan to meet water resource goals. Land use planning techniques like zoning are described. The second tool is land conservation, identifying five types of areas to conserve like critical habitats. Land conservation techniques are listed. The third tool discussed is establishing buffers along aquatic corridors, outlining their benefits and management considerations. The fourth tool is better site design to reduce impervious surfaces in developments. Key choices for applying each tool in a watershed are identified.
Beaches form in sheltered environments like bays through the processes of deposition. Spits are formed when longshore drift causes sediment to accumulate into narrow extensions of land along a shoreline. Bars are similar to spits but connect two areas of mainland, while tombolos connect an island to the mainland through a double-barred spit formation.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.4 HU...George Dumitrache
1. The document discusses key terms and definitions related to hydrology and fluvial geomorphology such as abstraction, bankfull stage, channelization, discharge, drainage basin, and floodplain.
2. It also discusses the impact of human activity on various components of the hydrological cycle including precipitation, evaporation, runoff, infiltration and groundwater stores.
3. Large dams and urbanization are highlighted as human activities that can seriously affect floods and river flows by changing infiltration, storage and flow rates.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: SETTLEMENTS - 6.3 THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF ...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 6.3 The Changing Structure of Urban Settlements, from the third chapter of Human Geography, AS Cambridge, Settlements.
This document discusses why and how human settlements started. It defines settlement as a place where groups of people live, ranging from small villages to large cities. Key factors that influenced where settlements were located include site (the physical place), situation (location relative to other features), resources like food and fuel supply, defense, and access to water or transportation routes. Settlement sites were commonly located on high dry ground, by rivers/springs, in defensible positions, at river crossings, or where several transportation routes intersected. Understanding site selection is important for studying less economically developed countries today.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS - HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY: 1.3 RIVER CHANN...George Dumitrache
Subchapter 3 in the first chapter of Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology, suitable for AS students, consisting in the following: river processes, velocity, flows and Hjulstrom Curve.
This notes about Introduction to Economic Geography. Which helped to Geography & Environmental Science department students.
In this note I will discourse about:
1) The concept of Economic Geography
2) Historical Vs Modern economic geography
A settlement is defined as a place where people live, ranging from a single house to a large city with over 10 million residents. Settlements can be classified based on their site, type, shape, size, functions, and hierarchy. Rural settlements are typically smaller areas where people engage in farming, fishing, or mining, while urban settlements are larger areas where people work in non-rural industries and services. Characteristics such as population size, social heterogeneity, and economic functions help distinguish rural from urban settlements.
This document discusses different types of rural and urban settlements and settlement patterns. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and work. Settlements are classified as rural or urban based on population size, main functions, available amenities, and way of life. Rural settlements typically have smaller populations and are involved in activities like farming, mining and fishing. Urban settlements have larger populations and focus on manufacturing and business. Common settlement patterns include dispersed, linear and nucleated. Examples of each type are described along with reasons for their development based on geography, transportation and sharing of resources.
Floods occur when bodies of water overflow their normal confines, like when river flow exceeds the capacity of the river channel. Floods can submerge dry land and damage homes and businesses located in natural flood plains. However, floods also positively renew wetlands, return nutrients to soil, prevent erosion, and recharge groundwater. Some flood prone areas in India are mentioned as well.
There are three main types of channels: straight channels found in the upper zone on rock, braided channels in the middle zone on coarse alluvial material with several intersecting channels, and meandering channels in the lower zone on fine alluvial material that regularly change position across the floodplain. The long profile of a river shows it has a concave shape from the steeper upper reach to gentler lower reach, with an ideal graded long profile existing in a state of dynamic equilibrium between erosion and deposition rates.
This document discusses frontiers and provides classifications of different types of frontiers. It defines a frontier as a politico-geographical area at the margin of a political unit's territory where expansion can occur. Frontiers are classified based on their relationship to a state's sovereignty, indigenous populations, pace of expansion, and degree of trans-frontier contact. Examples include political frontiers which mark the limits of de facto state control, and settlement frontiers which indicate stages of state expansion into new lands. Frontiers can involve inclusion or exclusion of indigenous groups and can be dynamic with continuous expansion or static if expansion is halted. The document also distinguishes between frontiers and boundaries, noting that frontiers are outward-oriented zones while boundaries are
This document discusses the British school of modern geographical thought. It outlines several key founders and contributors, including Halford Mackinder who formulated the heartland theory of geopolitics. It also discusses Patrick Geddes and his concepts of region and conurbation. Later contributors applied more quantitative and statistical analysis, like Richard Chorley and Peter Haggett who advanced models and theories using new techniques. In conclusion, the document traces how the British school evolved from early environmental determinism to incorporate more nuanced regional and inter-regional analysis, and eventually quantitative and positivist approaches.
The primary aim of studying settlement geography is to acquaint with the spatial and structural characteristics of human settlements under varied environmental conditions.
Coastal areas face problems of erosion and flooding due to rising sea levels and increased storm activity. This threatens homes, businesses and tourism. Coastal defenses use hard engineering like seawalls and groynes, or soft engineering like beach nourishment and managed retreat, to protect coastlines. However, all methods have disadvantages such as visual impacts or increasing erosion elsewhere. Coastal resorts also struggle with declining visitor numbers from overseas competition and require solutions like improving attractions to revitalize their economies.
The document discusses soft engineering strategies for managing coastal erosion. It provides information on four soft engineering techniques: beach nourishment, dune stabilizing, beach reprofiling, and managed realignment. For each technique it provides a description of how it works, advantages, and disadvantages. It includes examples of where each technique has been used and discusses costs. The purpose is to assess the costs and benefits of different soft engineering management strategies.
- Coastal erosion has been an issue at Quinns Beach, Western Australia since 1973. An artificial headland and groynes were previously constructed but erosion continued.
- In 2012 a review was conducted to evaluate mitigation options. Option 1 proposed relocating the headland and adding/relocating groynes along with renourishment. Option 2 proposed managed retreat. Option 3 proposed adding an offshore headland and repairing existing groynes.
- Cost estimates were conducted for the options. Option 1 had the highest initial cost but similar long-term maintenance costs to Option 3. Option 2 had the lowest initial cost but potential high costs if severe erosion continued. The recommended solution aimed to mimic natural processes to minimize
River bank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that causes significant land and property loss each year. Three key points:
1) Major rivers like the Jamuna and Padma have widened over 3 km and eroded over 130,000 hectares of land in the last 30 years according to satellite image analysis.
2) Case studies show river bank erosion displacing over 4,000 people and causing over 4 crore BDT in economic losses annually in some districts. A majority of affected people face poverty due to loss of land and livelihood.
3) While structural measures like embankments are used, long-term policies addressing resettlement, land zoning, and afforestation are needed to
Rivers shape the surrounding land through the processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition as they flow from their source to their mouth. Erosion involves the wearing away of river beds and banks by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution. Rivers pick up and carry materials through processes like suspension, saltation, and traction. The energy levels of rivers determine what materials can be transported, with higher energy near sources allowing larger objects and lower energy at mouths resulting in deposition. Deposition occurs when rivers enter shallow water or experience decreased volume, such as after floods or in drought, commonly forming deltas at river mouths.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS EXTRA REVISION - EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS 1 - HYDROLOGY AN...George Dumitrache
The document contains exam style questions on hydrology and fluvial geomorphology. Section A asks students to define the hydrological cycle, draw a diagram showing its stores and flows, and outline how human activities have modified it. Section B asks students to describe how rivers carry sediment loads, explain river erosion processes, illustrate how waterfalls and oxbows are formed with diagrams, and provide examples of how human activities increase flooding risks.
This document provides an overview of physical and human geography. It summarizes key concepts in physical geography such as landforms, rivers, weathering, vegetation and natural hazards. It also outlines topics in human geography including population, migration, settlement, communications and economic activity. The document is an outline for a geography project covering essential information about the natural and human factors that define geography.
This document provides an introduction to eight tools for watershed protection, summarizing each tool. The first tool discussed is land use planning, outlining how to develop a land use plan to meet water resource goals. Land use planning techniques like zoning are described. The second tool is land conservation, identifying five types of areas to conserve like critical habitats. Land conservation techniques are listed. The third tool discussed is establishing buffers along aquatic corridors, outlining their benefits and management considerations. The fourth tool is better site design to reduce impervious surfaces in developments. Key choices for applying each tool in a watershed are identified.
Beaches form in sheltered environments like bays through the processes of deposition. Spits are formed when longshore drift causes sediment to accumulate into narrow extensions of land along a shoreline. Bars are similar to spits but connect two areas of mainland, while tombolos connect an island to the mainland through a double-barred spit formation.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.4 HU...George Dumitrache
1. The document discusses key terms and definitions related to hydrology and fluvial geomorphology such as abstraction, bankfull stage, channelization, discharge, drainage basin, and floodplain.
2. It also discusses the impact of human activity on various components of the hydrological cycle including precipitation, evaporation, runoff, infiltration and groundwater stores.
3. Large dams and urbanization are highlighted as human activities that can seriously affect floods and river flows by changing infiltration, storage and flow rates.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: SETTLEMENTS - 6.3 THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF ...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 6.3 The Changing Structure of Urban Settlements, from the third chapter of Human Geography, AS Cambridge, Settlements.
This document discusses why and how human settlements started. It defines settlement as a place where groups of people live, ranging from small villages to large cities. Key factors that influenced where settlements were located include site (the physical place), situation (location relative to other features), resources like food and fuel supply, defense, and access to water or transportation routes. Settlement sites were commonly located on high dry ground, by rivers/springs, in defensible positions, at river crossings, or where several transportation routes intersected. Understanding site selection is important for studying less economically developed countries today.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS - HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY: 1.3 RIVER CHANN...George Dumitrache
Subchapter 3 in the first chapter of Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology, suitable for AS students, consisting in the following: river processes, velocity, flows and Hjulstrom Curve.
This notes about Introduction to Economic Geography. Which helped to Geography & Environmental Science department students.
In this note I will discourse about:
1) The concept of Economic Geography
2) Historical Vs Modern economic geography
A settlement is defined as a place where people live, ranging from a single house to a large city with over 10 million residents. Settlements can be classified based on their site, type, shape, size, functions, and hierarchy. Rural settlements are typically smaller areas where people engage in farming, fishing, or mining, while urban settlements are larger areas where people work in non-rural industries and services. Characteristics such as population size, social heterogeneity, and economic functions help distinguish rural from urban settlements.
This document discusses different types of rural and urban settlements and settlement patterns. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and work. Settlements are classified as rural or urban based on population size, main functions, available amenities, and way of life. Rural settlements typically have smaller populations and are involved in activities like farming, mining and fishing. Urban settlements have larger populations and focus on manufacturing and business. Common settlement patterns include dispersed, linear and nucleated. Examples of each type are described along with reasons for their development based on geography, transportation and sharing of resources.
Floods occur when bodies of water overflow their normal confines, like when river flow exceeds the capacity of the river channel. Floods can submerge dry land and damage homes and businesses located in natural flood plains. However, floods also positively renew wetlands, return nutrients to soil, prevent erosion, and recharge groundwater. Some flood prone areas in India are mentioned as well.
There are three main types of channels: straight channels found in the upper zone on rock, braided channels in the middle zone on coarse alluvial material with several intersecting channels, and meandering channels in the lower zone on fine alluvial material that regularly change position across the floodplain. The long profile of a river shows it has a concave shape from the steeper upper reach to gentler lower reach, with an ideal graded long profile existing in a state of dynamic equilibrium between erosion and deposition rates.
This document discusses frontiers and provides classifications of different types of frontiers. It defines a frontier as a politico-geographical area at the margin of a political unit's territory where expansion can occur. Frontiers are classified based on their relationship to a state's sovereignty, indigenous populations, pace of expansion, and degree of trans-frontier contact. Examples include political frontiers which mark the limits of de facto state control, and settlement frontiers which indicate stages of state expansion into new lands. Frontiers can involve inclusion or exclusion of indigenous groups and can be dynamic with continuous expansion or static if expansion is halted. The document also distinguishes between frontiers and boundaries, noting that frontiers are outward-oriented zones while boundaries are
This document discusses the British school of modern geographical thought. It outlines several key founders and contributors, including Halford Mackinder who formulated the heartland theory of geopolitics. It also discusses Patrick Geddes and his concepts of region and conurbation. Later contributors applied more quantitative and statistical analysis, like Richard Chorley and Peter Haggett who advanced models and theories using new techniques. In conclusion, the document traces how the British school evolved from early environmental determinism to incorporate more nuanced regional and inter-regional analysis, and eventually quantitative and positivist approaches.
The primary aim of studying settlement geography is to acquaint with the spatial and structural characteristics of human settlements under varied environmental conditions.
Coastal areas face problems of erosion and flooding due to rising sea levels and increased storm activity. This threatens homes, businesses and tourism. Coastal defenses use hard engineering like seawalls and groynes, or soft engineering like beach nourishment and managed retreat, to protect coastlines. However, all methods have disadvantages such as visual impacts or increasing erosion elsewhere. Coastal resorts also struggle with declining visitor numbers from overseas competition and require solutions like improving attractions to revitalize their economies.
The document discusses soft engineering strategies for managing coastal erosion. It provides information on four soft engineering techniques: beach nourishment, dune stabilizing, beach reprofiling, and managed realignment. For each technique it provides a description of how it works, advantages, and disadvantages. It includes examples of where each technique has been used and discusses costs. The purpose is to assess the costs and benefits of different soft engineering management strategies.
- Coastal erosion has been an issue at Quinns Beach, Western Australia since 1973. An artificial headland and groynes were previously constructed but erosion continued.
- In 2012 a review was conducted to evaluate mitigation options. Option 1 proposed relocating the headland and adding/relocating groynes along with renourishment. Option 2 proposed managed retreat. Option 3 proposed adding an offshore headland and repairing existing groynes.
- Cost estimates were conducted for the options. Option 1 had the highest initial cost but similar long-term maintenance costs to Option 3. Option 2 had the lowest initial cost but potential high costs if severe erosion continued. The recommended solution aimed to mimic natural processes to minimize
This document summarizes a report on opportunities to improve the climate resilience of Stamford, Connecticut's beach parks. It finds that the parks are vulnerable to storm damage from flooding and infrastructure damage, and that this vulnerability will increase over time due to sea level rise and stronger storms. To address this problem, the report evaluates options to make the parks more resilient and recommends constructing vegetated sand dunes, which could include geotextile tubes, to reduce storm impacts in the short term. However, it notes that this option may not be effective long-term. The report also recommends reducing infrastructure exposure to improve resilience as conditions change. It concludes that Stamford needs a flexible, risk-based approach to coastal management to address
The document discusses coastal erosion issues in Happisburgh, England. It notes that over 250m of land was lost between 1600-1850, and 125m was lost between 1992-2007 at a rate of around 8m/year. The cliffs are comprised of glacial sands and clays that are easily eroded by the sea and saturated by rainwater. Coastal defenses could worsen the situation by disrupting sediment flows, while rising seas and stronger storms from climate change also increase erosion risks. The rapid erosion is negatively impacting the local community and environment through lost homes and infrastructure as well as valuable farmland.
Coastal Work Protection Election in Southern Badung Area Based on Analytical ...IJMCERJournal
ABSTRACT : Badung Regency is one of the regencies on the island of Bali that has a beach with high
assets as an international coastal area. Badung Regency has a coastline of 64 km, but along the coast of
12.10 km has been eroded. The purpose of this research is to choose an appropriate coastal work protection
for coastal protection in the southern Badung area which is determined based on several criteria with the
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method so that it is expected that based on AHP analysis the best coastal
work protection will be obtained from several assessment criteria so that the existence the beach will be
sustainable. This research is a literature review research which is then continued by making a model of the
selection of appropriate coastal work protection in the Southern Badung region, especially in the form of
sandy beaches, this selection model is carried out by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Based
on the analysis the results consistently show that an alternative submerged breakwater as a coastal work
protection is the best alternative as a coastal work protection in the Southern Badung area based on the
suitability criteria, implementation methods, costs and environmental aesthetics.
KEYWORDS: Coastal work protection, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Southern Badung
The document discusses hard and soft engineering techniques used to protect coastlines in the UK. Hard engineering aims to control coastal processes through man-made structures like sea walls, while soft engineering works with natural processes, using methods such as beach replenishment and managed retreat. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages for coastal management.
The document discusses various coastal stabilization techniques and alternative solutions from an international perspective. It provides examples of different systems used, such as seawalls, breakwaters, groins, beach nourishments, and more recently developed geosystems using bags, tubes and other containers filled with sand or mortar. The conclusion emphasizes that there is no single ideal solution and each coastal problem requires evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of different materials and systems based on the specific conditions and protection needs.
Hard engineering strategies like sea walls, rock armor, groynes, and gabions are used to protect coastal areas from storm waves and erosion. These structures work by blocking and reflecting wave energy to prevent beaches and cliffs from being worn away. While providing flood protection and maintaining tourist beaches, hard engineering options are often very expensive to build and maintain and can negatively impact coastal habitats and restrict public access.
Here is a potential evaluation of how sustainable seawalls are as a coastal protection method:
1) The type of hard engineering being evaluated is a seawall.
2) A seawall stops coastal erosion by acting as a barrier between the sea and the land. It reflects wave energy back into the sea rather than allowing waves to reach and erode the coastline.
3) Seawalls provide protection for coastal properties and infrastructure from storm waves and sea level rise. This prevents coastal flooding and allows continued development of coastal areas. They also provide a walkway which can attract visitors to the coastline.
4) However, seawalls disrupt the natural movement of sediment along the shoreline. This can
AquaTech Eco Consultants has over 16 years of experience restoring seagrass beds through innovative and traditional techniques. They have restored over 111,000 square feet of propeller scars using sediment tubes and over 217,000 square feet using bird stakes. Their projects employ local laborers and have received environmental awards.
This document discusses building capacity for climate change adaptation at the local level. It outlines the principles of adaptation and describes the IMCORE project approach of using expert couplets and boundary organizations to build adaptive capacity in coastal communities. As a case study, it summarizes efforts in Cork Harbour, Ireland to develop adaptation strategies through stakeholder workshops, scenario building, and identification of sectoral impacts from climate trends. Key lessons highlighted include the importance of bridging organizations, mainstreaming adaptation across local governance, and allowing time for building adaptive capacity.
Shoreline Engineering and their consideration.pptxasdfg484362
This document discusses shoreline engineering and techniques for protecting shorelines. It describes shorelines as the transition zones between land and water that provide benefits but require engineering considerations to maintain integrity and prevent erosion. Shoreline engineering techniques discussed include groynes, gabions, concrete walls, sand dunes, and beach replenishment to protect from erosion from waves, currents, and storms. The document also discusses considerations for shoreline engineering projects, such as using natural materials where possible, designing structures based on wave heights, and preventing development in vulnerable coastal areas.
Coastal management integrated and sustainable managementMrOH
The Holderness Coast in northeast England is eroding rapidly due to its soft geology, large fetch exposure to North Sea storms, and coastal processes. Hard engineering can protect assets but is expensive and impacts the environment, while soft engineering uses natural defenses but requires maintenance. Coastal management plans take an integrated approach, using hard structures to hold the line in developed areas and managed retreat in others to allow creation of protective salt marshes. Sustainable approaches also use natural habitats but require abandoned land and may be unpopular.
Coastal erosion is a major problem for Grand Bahama's economy and infrastructure due to sea level rise and hurricanes. Hard engineering structures like sea walls, groynes and breakwaters have been used to protect settlements, roads and tourism resorts, but can disrupt sediment flows and cause erosion issues further down the coast. Softer techniques like beach replenishment, gabions and dune vegetation have also been tried with mixed results. While protection is needed, coastal managers must consider both economic and environmental impacts.
The document discusses different methods for coastal management, distinguishing between hard and soft engineering approaches. It describes various hard engineering structures like sea walls, groynes, revetments, and gabions. Soft engineering techniques mentioned include beach nourishment and cliff regrading. Students will experiment with different coastal protection methods using materials provided and write a short report evaluating the effects. They are asked to consider the most cost-effective protection for various coastal areas.
This presentation was given at the 2011 Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism Conference in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. It summarized the Town of Hilton Head Island's beach management program, which includes regular beach monitoring, renourishment projects using nearby sand sources, and stabilizing structures. The program has widened beaches, increased recreation areas, and protected development from erosion at a total cost of $40 million. Future projects aim to maintain current beach conditions with smaller volumes of sand rather than continual widening.
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5 REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD ATTEND THE LAND RECLAMATION AND COASTAL ENGINEERING
• Hearing from the successful coastal projects on the latest experience to effectively manage and execute reclamation projects
• Gauging the key benefits and best practices on ground and soil improvements
• Mastering effective and cost-saving excavation and sediment disposal methods
• Learning new innovations, techniques and technologies in overcoming geotechnical and geophysical challenges
• Exploring the advances in the field of design and construction of coastal structures
Similar to Igcse geography coastal environments fieldwork (20)
Fcase study: aqa gcse geography the changing economic world: teesside, uk ind...Will Williams
Teesside industry in the UK is looking to become more environmentally sustainable as 5.6% of the country's CO2 emissions come from the region's chemical and steel production. While the area has an outdated industrial landscape, it has a highly skilled workforce. To avoid heavy polluting industries closing due to high EU taxes on CO2 emissions and meet future targets, the region is pursuing carbon capture and storage technology which could reduce emissions by 90% and help secure over 12,000 existing jobs while adding 2,600 new jobs through a regional economic multiplier effect.
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Igcse geography coastal environments fieldwork
1. Page 1
IGCSE Geography Fieldwork
Coastal Environments
Introduction
Fieldwork enquiry
Theme A
Beach measurements & Beach profiling
Theme B
Management of a pressured coastline
2. Page 2
Introduction
Shoreham has a long history of development and is currently in the middle of a 2007 initiated regeneration
project aimed at re-stimulating the area and its commercial operations. Clearly with such an investment
project there is a need to ensure that the physical environment is protected. This protection has to meet the
twin and often opposing issues of conserving the environment and protecting the physical integrity of the
coastline. The more that is invested in the onshore infrastructure, the more important of course the physical
protection of the coast becomes.
Locational context
Recent Regeneration ideas (from shorehamharbour.com – umbrella website for the redevelopment)
Historically, previous attempts to create development in the Shoreham Port area have been unsuccessful
because they haven’t addressed local community needs and there has been a funding gap which has not
allowed the investment in infrastructure needed for an increase in housing and jobs.
To this end, Adur District Council, Brighton and Hove City Council and West Sussex County Council, working
with Shoreham Port Authority, SEEDA*, the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA) and other agencies are
working in partnership to achieve much needed economic, social and infrastructure improvements along this
stretch of coast.
A large-scale regeneration including the provision of new jobs and housing, as well as the new facilities and
infrastructure needed to serve the area, is being proposed.
The geography for the project addresses a much larger area than previous ones - roughly from Hove Lagoon to
Shoreham, including the whole Port, but also including a lot of areas north of the A259 along the way.
In July 2009, the Shoreham Harbour Regeneration Project was affected by Government cut backs and the
project was slowed down. However, in October 2009, the three Councils involved took control of the project,
agreeing to create the first Joint Committee of its kind locally to take forward regeneration plans. The
3. Page 3
partnership is working closely with Shoreham Port, the Environment Agency and other agencies to bring about
an approved Joint Area Action Plan in 2012.
The partnership aims to have a range of options for Shoreham Harbour ready for public consultation in the
summer of 2010
*SEEDA = South East England Development Agency
4. Page 4
Fieldwork in Shoreham Harbour
Protecting Shoreham coastline
Given the plans for the future as stated above it is important that the coastal protection fulfils the needs of the
area. We will therefore investigate the issue of coastal protection in this area of pressured coastline.
There are two parts to our study:
Theme A
How do the coastal protection techniques used at Shoreham affect the beaches in the area?
Theme B
What are people’s views in the area of the coastal protection?
Background on coastal protection methods
There are many ways that we can manage the interface between the coast and the land
and the methods chosen will fit the cost benefit analysis conducted locally. Broadly there
are 2 sub-divisions:
Soft Engineering - is the use of ecological principles and practices to reduce erosion and
achieve the stabilization and safety of shorelines
Hard Engineering - defined as controlled disruption of natural processes by using man-
made structures
Soft Engineering (internetgeography.net)
Technique Description Advantage Disadvantage Approximate
Cost
Beach nourishment Beaches are made
higher and wider by
importing sand and
shingle to an area
affected by
longshore drift.
Cheap, retains the natural
appearance of the beach
and preserves the natural
appearance of the beach.
Off shore
dredging of sand
and shingle
increases
erosion in other
areas and affects
the ecosystem.
Large storms will
require beach
replenishment,
increasing costs.
£20 /cu.m
Managed retreat
This is when areas
of coast are allowed
to erode. This is
usually in areas
where the land is of
low value.
Managed retreat retains the
natural balance of the
coastal system. Eroded
material encourages the
development of beaches
and salt marshes.
People lose their
livelihood e.g.
farmers. These
people will need
to be
compensated.
Depends on
amount of
compensation
that needs to
be paid to
people
affected by
erosion.
Hard Engineering (internetgeography.net)
5. Page 5
Description Advantage Disadvantage Approximate
Cost
Groynes Groynes are wooden
barriers constructed
at right angles to
the beach to retain
material. Material is
trapped between
these groynes and
cannot be
transported away by
longshore drift.
Groynes
encourage a wide
beach which helps
absorb energy from
waves, reducing
the rate of cliff
erosion.
Cheap, retain wide
sandy beaches and
do not affect access
to the beach.
Beaches to the
south of the
defences are
starved of beach
material due to
their affect on
long shore drift.
£7000 each
Sea Walls Sea walls are usually
built along the front
of cliffs, often
to protect
settlements. They
are often recurved
which means waves
are reflected back on
themselves. This
can cause the
erosion of material at
the base of the sea
wall.
Provide excellent
defence where wave
energy is high,
reassures the public
and long life span.
Expensive, can
affect beach
access, recurved
sea walls can
increase the
erosion of beach
material.
£3000-
4000/m
Reventments Traditionally these
have been wooden
slatted barriers
constructed towards
the rear of beaches
to protect the base of
cliffs. Energy from
waves is dissipated
by them breaking
against the
revetments. In recent
times concrete
revetments such as
accropodes have
been used in places
such as
Scarborough.
Less beach material
is eroded compared
to a sea wall.
Cheaper and less
intrusive than a sea
wall.
Short life span
and unsuitable
where wave
energy is high.
£2000/m
Rock armour / boulder barriers These are often large
boulders placed
along the base of a
cliff to absorb energy
from waves.
Cheap and efficient Unattractive,
dangerous
access to beach,
costs increase
when rock is
£3000/m
6. Page 6
imported.
Gabions This is where rocks
and boulders are
encased in wired
mesh. They absorb
the energy from
waves.
Cheap and efficient. Shorter life span
than a sea wall.
Visually
unattractive.
£100/m
Off-shore breakwater These are large
concrete blocks and
boulders
located off shore to
change the direction
of waves and reduce
longshore drift. They
also help absorb
wave energy.
Beaches retain
natural appearance.
Difficult to
maintain,
unattractive, does
not protect the
cliffs directly and
does not stop
beach material
from being
eroded.
7. Page 7
Fieldwork enquiry – overview of the sequence
All field work enquiries should allow you to follow this sequence
(i) Formulating aims and hypotheses
The hypotheses may investigate a geographical concept e.g. ‘A CBD has the highest concentration
of comparison shops’. Collecting relevant data, analysis and drawing conclusions using the data
as evidence can test these.
(ii) Enquiry skills to collect data
You will need to be aware of a range of methods to gather primary data.
Questionnaires – Questionnaires can be oral or written to gain information from an individual or
a group of individuals. Consideration should be given to factors influencing the successful design
of questionnaires e.g. layout, format of questions, the appropriate wording of questions and the
number of questions. The practical considerations of conducting a questionnaire e.g. the
sampling methods, pilot survey, and location of survey should also be discussed.
Observation – Examples of using observations as an enquiry skill to collect data include the
recording of land use in an urban area or observations of river or coastal features.
Counts – Pedestrian and traffic counts are two significant examples of this enquiry skill.
Measurement – When recording measurements, due consideration should be given to planning
the layout of the recording sheet, the location of instruments and the sampling methods adopted
to provide reliable data. Knowledge of the equipment used in measurement is required such as
the quadrat, the clinometer and the pebbleometer or callipers. For example; beach studies of
beach profile, the size and shape of pebbles and the movement of beach material and weather
study instruments closely linked to
(iii) Data presentation techniques
This should include various types of graphs, maps and diagrams for example line graphs, bar
graphs, divided bar graphs, histograms, flow diagrams, wind rose graphs, isoline maps and
scattergraphs.
(iv) Analysis
You should be able to describe the patterns in data presented in graphs and tables of results.
Reference to relevant geographical knowledge and understanding is often required in the
interpretation of the data.
(v) Formation of Conclusions
You should be able to make judgements on the validity of the original hypothesis or aims of the
assignment. Reference is also required of the reliability of the collected data and a critical
evaluation of the chosen data collection methods.
8. Page 8
Theme A
What impact do the coastal protection methods at Shoreham have
on the beaches in the area?
Formulating the aim or hypothesis:
“Groynes have no impact on beach profile or beach material”
Enquiry skills to collect data
Action #1
Field Sketch
Even in this day and age with cameras on our phones you need to be able to do
field sketches – a field sketch is used to highlight the significant things in the
field of view that you would want to annotate.
On the blank page (Appendix 1) produce a field sketch to show the profile of
the beach – you should try in 3 dimensions. If you have the capacity then take
some photos or video too.
To be able to draw any conclusion about whether or not the groynes influence the beach morphology we
need to know what the shape of the beach is….
(i) Beach profile by clinometers
Equipment
Tape measure
Ranging poles
Clinometer
Compass
Recording sheet
Methodology
1. Select sampling points for beach profiles across the width of the beach.
2. At each sample point in turn, place a ranging pole at the start and finish (at A and H on the
diagram). Point A should ideally be the low tide mark, or as close to this as is safe.
9. Page 9
3. Note the main changes in slope angle up the beach, and use them to inform the ‘sections' for
the profile. (A through to H on the diagram)
4. For each change in slope, use the clinometer to take a bearing to record the slope angle (ii).
For example, from point A to point B in the diagram below. It is important to ensure that the
bearing is taken from a point on the ranging pole that coincides with the eye level of the
person using the clinometer. Many ranging poles have stripes which can be used for this
purpose. Alternatively, bearings can be taken from the eye level of a person of a similar
height holding the ranging pole.
5. Measure the distance along the ground of the section (i), and record this information
alongside the slope angle.
6. Repeat processes (4) and (5) for each break in slope that you have identified
Figure 1
Ranging pole – systematic or variable intervals?
Pantometers can be used by one person, and the slope can be surveyed systematically at regular, short
intervals
Figure 2
Using a clinometer to measure the angle of a beach profile.
10. Page 10
Considerations and possible limitations
Varying tidal conditions can affect access and safety. Make sure you check tide times before you
embark on your fieldwork.
Low tide is the best time to measure beach profiles, but places a time constraint on the activity.
This can be overcome if groups of students complete profiles at different locations
simultaneously and share their results.
It is important to ensure that the ranging poles are held straight and prevented from sinking into
sand, both of which may affect angle readings.
Sampling technique is an important consideration. A balance needs to be struck between time
available and the need for a number of profiles across the width of the beach to ensure the
validity of results.
There may be some user error when taking readings with a clinometer, and the sophistication of
models of clinometer can vary enormously.
If using a pantometer, this piece of equipment must be kept vertical when taking readings.
Action #2
Beach Survey
After your equipment briefing, organize your group and use the graph paper
(Appendix 1) to record your data.
One study area will work in an area of groynes; the other will work in a less
protected area.
(ii) Beach material analysis (fabric analysis)
To be able to draw any conclusion about whether or not the groynes influence the beach fabric we need to
know how the beach material varies….
Equipment
Clear ruler, pebble meter or stone-board
Roundness or angularity charts / indexes
Recording sheet
Quadrats (optional)
Random number table (optional)
Methodology
11. Page 11
At each sampling point
1. Reach down with the index finger extended and select the first pebble it touches.
2. Measure the length of the longest axis on this pebble.
3. Repeat this process, perhaps 10 times per location or as you decide after your piloting
4. Analyse your findings using a roundness index or chart.
There are various charts and indexes for analysing the roundness or angularity of pebbles, including the
different sediment shape and roundness indexes developed by Powers, Cailleux and Zingg. Information about
these various methods can be found on the Science Education Resource Center website. We will be
measuring the pebbles and assessing their Power’s & Cailleux.
Considerations and possible limitations
Using the data within an investigation
If using Cailleux, the roundness index for each location can be calculated by using the formula:
R = 2r x 1000 / L
where R = Cailleux roundness
r = average radius of curvature (obtained from chart)
L = average length of pebbles (in sample)
Thought should be given to the sampling technique used to ensure that a representative sample is obtained.
Quadrats can be used to select sediment for sampling. Alternatively, ten surface pebbles touching your foot
can be selected at each location. There are many different methods of sampling sediment. The different
methods should be analysed by the researcher and an informed decision made as to which is the most
appropriate for the aims of the investigation.
Considerations and possible limitations
Consideration needs to be given to the size of the sample and the method used to select pebbles in
order to avoid bias.
The use of visual charts such as Power's can be subjective - one person's opinions on the roundness
or angularity of a pebble may differ from another's.
Deciding on the sampling strategy is very important in reducing subjectivity and increasing the
validity of results. A sampling method should always be adopted to avoid the temptation to
‘select' the pebbles! Random requires a “3
rd
party” selector – a coin or dice for example,
12. Page 12
Systematic requires a regular interval “Every third pebble”, Stratified requires a deliberate
selection – say for example from one side or another
Sample size should be large enough to provide a representative sample of the ‘parent
population', yet not too large to be unmanageable.
The sharpest point of a stone must be measured when using the Cailleux scale and judgement of
this may vary from person to person creating subjectivity.
In reality, using Power's scale will reveal mostly class 5 / 6.
Anything which may affect the results should be noted, e.g. recent storms or management
structures which may alter the composition of beach material.
Action #3
Measuring beach material
Along your beach profile survey the sediment fabric;
(a) record Cailleux (x, y, z axis) and
(b) Power’s scale
Appendix 4 can be used to record this data
13. Page 13
Theme B
Surveying peoples’ views on the management of the coast at
Shoreham (& Lancing).
Surveying peoples’ views is a staple of human geographical investigation and a technique that is used
frequently in many professions to gauge responses; from politicians to users of anti-dandruff shampoo.
In this instance we are interested in finding our how the people of the local are view the coastal protection.
Clearly in an area where the coast is retreating we may illicit more powerful responses than in this location.
The issue here is the commercial, residential and industrial value of the land and the need to protect it.
Action #4
Questionnaires
The questionnaire can be found in Appendix 4.
In pairs you will need to conduct the questionnaire with as many people as possible in the
period of time designated to you. Please make sure that you keep safe and contactable at
all times. DO NOT JOIN UP INTO A LARGER GROUP – THIS IS INTIMIDATING TO OTHERS
AND THEREFORE VERY UNFAIR ON THE LOCAL PEOPLE – who after all you are wanting to
get information from.
You should aim to complete 30 questionnaires per pair
You will have already experienced creating questionnaires so this time you must consider
the following issues surrounding their implementation:
Sampling – stick to one sample method (random, systematic or stratified)
The problems and limitations of the questionnaire and carrying out the surveys.
Methods for recording responses
Risk Assessment
By now you should be able to construct your own RA:
ACTUAL HAZARD X POTENTIAL FREQUENCY = RISK
18. Page 18
Appendix 5
Questionnaire – all students to complete the same questionnaire to allow all
responses to be collated
Record Gender (M/F)
1. Age
Age grouping
School age
18 – 25
26 - 30
31 - 45
46 - 55
55- retirement
Retired (age)
2. Work
If you are working, how would you classify your job?
3. Income bracket?
Benefits
<16, 000
Between 16,000 & 20,000
20k – 25k
25k – 30k
30k – 35k
35k – 40k
40k – 45k
4. Residence
Are you local (Shoreham to Lancing), if not please state
5. Opener on Sea defences
Are you aware of the sea defences along the coast here from Lancing
to Shoreham. ( if no then record that and STOP questionnaire)
6. View on the Sea defences
Question Strongly
agree
Stongly
disagree
19. Page 19
10 0 -10
The sea defences are
neceassary
The money used should
have been used for
something else (if they
offer an alternative
record it)
The sea defences are
unisghtly
The beaches have been
imprved by the sea
defences
They should have used a
different method
20. Page 20
Appendix 6
Questionnaire responses – devise your own method for recording the data
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