This document discusses the WiFi-Re protocol, which is designed to provide broadband connectivity to rural areas in India. It describes the network topology, which includes a central operator station connected to multiple base stations that each cover 15-20km and 100 villages. The base stations are connected to subscriber terminals in each village via directional antennas. The protocol uses time division duplexing over a single channel to provide 25Mbps uplink and downlink bandwidth between the base stations and subscriber terminals.

1. E.RAMYA
III BCA B
BON SECOURS COLLEGE FOR
WOMEN
ABSTRACT
India, this technology has specific limitations
such as: coverage, signal attenuation problems
due to shadowing or path loss, and limited
available spectrum. The IEEE 802.16j mobile
multihop relay (MMR) technology is a
pragmatic solution designed to overcome these
limitations. The aim of IEEE 802.16j MMR is
to expand the IEEE 802.16e‘s capabilities with
multihop features. In particular, the uplink
(UL) and downlink (DL) subframe allocation
in WiMAX network is usually fixed. However,
dynamic frame allocation is a useful mechanism
to optimize uplink and downlink subframe size
dynamically based on the traffic conditions
through real-time traffic monitoring. This
particular mechanism is important for future
WiMAX based mhealth applications as it allows
the tradeoff in both UL and DL channels.In this
paper, we address the dynamic frame allocation
issue iIndia, home to 1.2 billion people with a
GDP growth of 9 percent, has been experiencing
flat to modest growth of broadband services in
the past decade despite the fact that the country
continues to add 8-10 million cellular
connections per month. In this article, we
examine the reasons that affect the high cost of
broadband in India and the steps required to
reduce the cost. We also argue that the usage-
based pricing model, which is used Swidely for
billing retail customers, is hampering the growth
of local content and services. In contrast, a flat-
rate pricing model would spur demand for
broadband services and enable content providers
to target the local and emerging market. We
study the Indian telecommunication scenario

2. from a pricing and technology perspective to
understand what the driving forces are for
business to prosper. We then discuss the Indian
landscape from a metro/access/core networks
perspective. The technology choices and the
methods of deployment are considered followed
by an analysis of the service-centric model
adopted by providers.
INTRODUCTION
THE introduction of mobile broadband
technology is one of the major breakthroughs
and turning points in m-health evolution . It is
well known that mobile broadband systems aim
to provide such high speed, high capacity, and
IP based personalized services for nomadic and
mobile wireless environment. In general, mobile
multimedia service, mobile ubiquitous This
paper provides an overview of Long Term
Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access (WiMAX)—the leading
technologies for next-generation mobile
broadband. The information presented here will
help readers understand how the two
technologies differ, why Verizon Wireless chose
LTE, and what advantages LTE offers
customers. The following executive summary
gives a quick overview of the paper’s contents
and its subject matter. The remaining sections go
into greater technical
Future mobile communication systems
Future mobile communication systems aim at
providing
very high-speed data transmission, even under
very high
mobility scenarios such as high speed wheel-
track trains
(up to 574.8 km/h test speed or 380 km/h
commercial
speed), maglev trains (up to 581 km/h test speed
or
431 km/h commercial speed), airplanes (about
400-
1000 km/h commercial speed), guided missiles
(about
980–20,000 km/h) or spacecraft (at least 28,440
km/h to
remain on an earth orbit, at least 40,320 km/h to
leave
earth). A related and particularly important
commercial
application is the strong worldwide increasing
demand
for broadband wireless communications in high
speed
railways to provide information and onboard
entertainment
services to passengers, train control, train
dispatch,
train sensor status transmission, video
surveillance, etc.
Consequently, increasing demand on data rates
to support
broadband high speed communication systems
in the
presence of frequency selective fading channels
with very
high mobilities has resulted in research on
designing computationally
efficient yet faster new algorithms for channel
estimation, equalization and detection, as well as
fast handover,
location update, modeling of rapidly time-
varying
channels, fast power control and dedicated
network architectures,
etc. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM) is becoming a backbone structure of
such systems,
being standardized as the IEEE's 802.16 family -
better

3. known as Mobile Worldwide Interoperability
Microwave
Systems for Next-Generation Wireless
Communication
Systems (WiMAX) - and by the Third-
Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) in the form of its Long-Term
Evolution
(LTE) project. Both systems employ orthogonal
frequency
division multiplexing/multiple access (OFDMA)
as well as
a new single-carrier frequency-division multiple
access
(SC-FDMA) format. To promote the IEEE
802.16 standards,
recently, a high mobility feature has been
introduced
(IEEE 802.16 m) to enable mobile broadband
services at vehicular speeds beyond 120 km/h.
Since the
signal transmission under very high speed
scenarios will inevitably
experience serious deterioration, it is imperative
to
develop key broadband mobile communication
techniques
for such very high speed vehicles.
This special issue aims at putting together the
major
achievements and developments in this field.
There are 18
papers in this special issue, which have been
organized into
three thematic groups. The first group of five
papers deal
with the rapidly time-varying channel modeling
and estimation,
the next group of seven papers address data
transmission
under high mobility scenarios, and the last group
of six papers are related to fast handover
schemes, location prediction, etc.
The Benefits of LTE
+ Provides a global ecosystem with inherent
mobility
+ Offers easier access and use with greater
security and privacy
+ Dramatically improves speed and latency
+ Delivers enhanced real-time video and
multimedia for a better overall experience
+ Enables high-performance mobile computing
+ Supports real-time applications due to its low
latency
+ Creates a platform upon which to build and
deploy the products and services of today and
those of tomorrow
+ Reduces cost per bit through improved
spectral efficiency
Within the Verizon Wireless network, LTE will
operate in the 700 MHz spectrum, giving it vast
potential for greater broadband speeds and
access.
plight of rural women
In India, the plight of rural women is particularly
dismal. For example,
literacy rate of rural women is only 46%3 and
the rural maternal mortality
rate is more than 600 per 1000 live births.4
Plagued by life-long
discrimination, subjugation and dependence,
most rural women are unable
to realize their potential as equal and important
participants in social,

4. political and economic fabric of the nation.
The SHG movement is primarily aimed at
addressing the needs for
capacity building of rural women by organizing
them into homogenous
support groups that pool their resources to
engage in microentrepreneurship
activities and share the income thus generated.
The SHG
model of targeting women’s empowerment
initiatives has been found to be
more sustainable than individual based models
as these groups with their
community/NGO backing tend to accumulate
necessary social capital and
also display better economic viability.5 The
Ministry of Rural Development
and the National Bank for Agricultural and
Rural Development (NABARD)
support self employment activities of SHGs
through schemes such as
Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
whereby credit and other
support is provided to SHGs to enable them to
engage in income generating
activities. As on 31 March 2006, a total of 2.22
million SHGs had been
formed of which 0.27 million groups, covering 3
million members had been
assisted for taking up economic activities. NGOs
too play an important role
in such schemes by nurturing and supporting
SHGs.
Description of WiFi-Re protocol
The basic design of WiFiRe comprises of a
single operator Station (S) which
have licensed bandwidth like dedicated lines,
fiber PoP etc. This operator
provides the communication base for the outside
world to rural environment.
The total area is being sectored and each sector
will be having Base Station
(BS), which is a sectorized antenna of height
around 40m that lies near
point of presence (PoP). BS are arranged such
that they can simultaneously
able to transmit or receive within the sectors.
There are Subscriber Terminals
(ST) situated at the villages which have 10-12m
directional antennas.
Both BS and ST are fixed where as users with in
ST (e.g. building, house,
small campus etc) can be either fixed or mobile
depending upon the internal
network being used.
These are the basic points for the villages from
where people will be able
to communicate with the outer world. These
ST’s should be in a height so
as to maintain a system gain of 150dB. Users
may connect to these ST’s
using wired or wireless means of
communication. The System will be of star
topology. The network topology will be as
shown in the following figure 1.
Each BS can cover up to 15-20km range,
covering around 100 villages.
Each BS will be responsible for all the
communication that takes place in
its sector range. Each ST will be connected to
voice and data terminals
in the village by a local area network. As
mentioned earlier these ST will
be directional and will be connected to
corresponding BS covering the sector,
thus providing reliable data transfer. Chances of
interference with the
other transceivers can be solved by locking up
ST with the BS with highest
signal strength. BSs in the system (S) are
configured to operate alternatively
or diagonally opposite BS for non-overlapping
transmission. WiFiRE
supports time division duplex (TDD) over single
channel with multi-sector
TDM (MSTDM) mechanism, which supports
about 25Mbps (for both uplink
and downlink) for a cell. In TDD, the uplink (ST
to BS) and downlink

5. Figure 1: WiFi-Re Topology
(BS to ST) share the same frequency but are
activated at different time.
BS and ST operate with synchronization with
each other. Time is divided
into frames, which is further divided into
DownLink (DL) and UpLink (UL)
segments, which may not be of equal time
intervals. In each DL slot one or
zero transmissions can take place in each sector.
Multiple BS antennas can
transmit simultaneously provided they do so in a
non-interfering manner.
Figure 2 is sequence diagram for basic working
ofWiFi-Re protocol. Beacons
are being transmitted at the start of each DL
segment, which contains
information for time synchronization of the
ST(s) in that sector, information
regarding the DL and UL slots allocations
(which are called DL and
UL maps respectively) for that frame, and other
control information. These
DL and UL maps are computed online because
there may be site dependent
or installation dependent losses and different
time varying requirements at
each point of time.
The basic assumptions for working for WiFi-Re
protocol are stated as:
• Wireless links in the system are fixed, single
hop, with a star topology.
Mobility and multi-hop wireless links are not
considered.
• Fixed carrier frequency and WiFi radios
operating at 11Mbps, except
PHY operating at 1 or 2 Mbps.
• Various components in the system will be
having unique IP addresses.
• About 20MHz(1 carrier) of conditionally
licensed spectrum is available
for niche/rural areas.
Figure 2: Basic communication sequence
diagram
• All nodes in the system are operated by a
single operator who owns
the conditional license.
• The availability of unlicensed or free spectrum
in the 2.4GHz band.
• The existence of point of presence (PoP) every
25km or so, for backbone
connectivity.
Alternatives There are alternatives present for
this but most of them are
not cost effective. The following are some of the
alternatives
• WiMAX-d (IEEE 802.16d), can provide an
alternate solution as it has
got high gain and a good spectral efficiency,
which can carry 80Mbps

6. over-the-air per base station with a 20MHz
allocation. The main drawback
is deploying WiMAX solutions are difficult
which also need complex
and costly hardware that is not available easily.
• WiFi (IEEE 802.11b) can provide for short
distances of about few meters
but not for long distances. In 802.11 based
networks, contention
algorithm like Distributed Coordination
Function (DCF) mechanism
does not provide any delay guarantees and are
more distributed in
nature, while the Point Coordination Function
(PCF) mechanism is
efficient only for small number of nodes.
• Mobile cellular technologies cannot provide
broadband services with
high bandwidth need.
• 802.11 based Mesh Network [3], where it
doesn’t use the existing
CSMA/CA technology in 802.11, instead it uses
2-phase TDMA based
protocol. But the problem with current approach
is MAC of 802.11b.
802.11b doesn’t provide any quality of service
except PCF. The outdoor
long-distance use of 802.11 requires a revisit to
the protocols at
various layers of the OSI stack, as well as
various system design issues.
Verizon Wireless and LTE Mobile
Broadband Technology
Wireless carriers are keenly interested in
choosing the best technology for their
customers—for both today and tomorrow. For
Verizon Wireless, selecting the right technology
is imperative. As a leader in the wireless
industry, Verizon Wireless is committed to the
potential technology advances offered by LTE.
Verizon Wireless is currently conducting
laboratory and field tests using
LTE technology and plans to launch its 4G
mobile network in 2010. This deployment will
help the company realize its goal of delivering
improved wireless Internet connectivity and
mobility to its customers. For the mobile user,
connectivity means an untethered experience
and true mobility. Users can work and
communicate almost whenever and wherever
they want. LTE’s improved speeds will allow
wireless carriers to offer a number of business-
specific applications and services, such as video
conferencing, direct connectivity, and mobile
applications that bring the desktop experience to
mobile devices.
Wireless Technology Overview
Wireless technologies enable one or more
devices to communicate without an actual wired
connection. Radio frequency is used to transmit
the data. Such technologies are rapidly evolving
to meet a variety of communications needs, from
simple to complex. Wireless communications
needs can all be classified in one of three ways,
based on the distance they are meant to cover.
These include: wireless personal area networks
(WPAN), wireless local area networks (WLAN),
and wireless wide area networks (WWAN).

7. : Wireless network technologies.
802.16J BASED BROADBAND M-HEALTH
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The advantages of WiMAX technology for m-
health scenarios include: High bandwidth,
integrated services, QoS support, and security.
As result, this technology is a suitable choice
for different m-health applications and
scenarios. In general, m-health scenarios can be
categorized as accident and emergency (A&E),
clinical care, and home care scenarios [2, 10].
WiMAX broadband m-health system. In this
work, the ambulance (A&E) scenario traffic
includes blood pressure, heart rate, ROI (region
of interest), ultrasound video streaming, voice,
and video conference. The different medical
traffic specifications and QoS indices are shown
in Table I [10].
Typical Ambulance scenario over IEEE 802.16j
MMR network The WiMAX TDD (Time
Division Duplex) is the most common WiMAX
implementation in which the Uplink subframe
follows the downlink subframe with specified
timing gap.
WPAN
WPANs typically provide ad hoc network
connections designed to dynamically connect
devices to other devices within close range of
each other. These connections are termed ad hoc
because they do not generally need to connect to
any network infrastructure to operate. They can
simply connect to each other and perform
necessary communications without the need of
any access network devices, such as access
points or base stations.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth has emerged as the most widely used
WPAN network standard. The Bluetooth
standard is an industry specification that
describes how mobile phones, headsets,
computers, handhelds, peripherals, and other
computing devices should interconnect with
each other. Bluetooth network applications
include wireless headsets, hands-free operation,
wireless synchronization, wireless printing,
advanced stereo audio, dial-up networking, file
transfer, and image exchange, to name a few.

8. WLAN
WLANs provide connections designed to
connect devices to wired networks. Unlike a
wired LAN, a WLAN does not require cabling
to connect the device to a switch or router.
Devices connect wirelessly to nearby wireless
access points that are attached to the local
network using an Ethernet connection. A single
access point communicates with nearby WLAN
devices in a coverage area of about 100 meters.
This coverage area allows users to move freely
within range of an access point with their
notebook computers, handhelds, or other
network devices. Multiple access points can be
coordinated together by a network WLAN
switch to allow users to hand off between
access points.
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi (or IEEE 802.11) is the set of standards
established to define wireless LANs. A number
of different protocols are defined
in the 802.11 family of standards, addressing
various operating frequencies and maximum
throughputs. The 802.11g standard is currently
the predominant protocol deployed in WLAN
implementations.
WWAN
WWANs provide broadband data networks with
a far greater range, using cellular technologies
such as GPRS, HSPA, UMTS, 1xRTT, 1xEV-
DO, and LTE. Wireless data devices connect to
a wireless broadband network through a
commercial carrier’s data network, allowing
broadband performance without the need for a
cabled connection to a network infrastructure
(much like a WLAN), while providing end
users with far greater mobility. These WWANs
typically incorporate sophisticated user
identification techniques to ensure that only
authorized users are accessing the network.
Multiple base stations are coordinated by base
station controllers to allow users to hand off
between base stations (cell sites).
1xEV-DO Rev. A
1xEV-DO is the broadband wireless network
standard developed by the Third-Generation
Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part
Conclusion:
Mobile Broadband appears to be an
excellent technology, provided you only
intend to use it for general/basic Internet
activity. It certainly makes for an effective
remote working or land-line backup
connection too. However the
comparatively slow and unstable speeds,
lack of value-added extras (email) and

9. inability to use certain common services
only serves to restrict its productive value.
Some operators also impose costly or
harsh overuse terms and the service is best
avoided entirely if you’re planning on
connecting from outside of the UK
(massive per MegaByte global roaming
data charges). It’s still incredibly useful, if
not quite yet a true mass market land-line
broadband alternative.
THANK YOU