IECC 2009 Training

The Energy Code Workshop
Professionals: Architects, Engineers, Designers
Commercial Provisions of the 2009 IECC

International Energy
Conservation Code
ASHRAE Standard 90.1
State and Locally
Adopted Codes
Building Energy Codes

Energy Codes & Standards
History of U.S. Commercial Energy Code

Baseline: IECC and ASHRAE 90.1
Both IECC and ASHRAE
90.1 apply, ASHRAE 90.1
likely used
Both IECC and ASHRAE
90.1 apply, either used to
comply
IECC applies

Codes and Architecture
Increased insulation levels and efficient windows coupled with an efficient
lighting system will reduce the heat loss from the building and heat gain from
the lighting system.

Building Envelope
The energy code specifies the
insulation levels in the floor,
ceiling, and walls and
requirements intended to seal
the building against air
leakage and moisture
migration.

Heating, ventilating, and cooling
Energy codes provide
criteria for the size and
efficiency of HVAC systems
and equipment.

Lighting and Electrical
The energy codes provide
minimum criteria to support
efficient, effective lighting—
and in commercial spaces—
lighting controls.

Water Heating
Energy codes provide
minimum criteria to
effectively heat and
deliver hot water.

Energy Code Enforcement and Compliance
Enforcement, or
making sure that a
building is in
compliance
with an energy
code, is the last
step in the building
process.

Structure of IECC
Chapter 1 Administrative
Chapter 2 Definitions
Chapter 3 Climate Zones
Chapter 4 Residential Energy Efficiency
Chapter 5 Commercial Energy Efficiency
Chapter 6 Referenced Standards

Scope:
 IECC covers one- and two-family
residences ≤ 3 stories
 All buildings that are not
“residential” by definition are
“commercial”
 Includes additions, alterations,
renovations and repairs
101.4
Administrative
Scope

 Existing buildings (Section 101.4.1)
– Electrical power, lighting, and mechanical systems still apply
 Buildings designated as historic (Section 101.4.2)
Administrative
Exempted Buildings
101.4.1, 101.4.2, 101.5.2

 Very low energy use buildings (<3.4 Btu/h-ft2 or 1 watt/ft2)
(Section 101.5.2)
 Buildings (or portions of) that are neither heated nor
cooled (Section 101.5.2)
Administrative
Exempted Buildings
101.4.1, 101.4.2, 101.5.2

Code applies to any new
construction
Unaltered portion(s) do not
need to comply
Additions can comply alone or
in combination with existing
building
Administrative
Additions, Alterations, Renovations, Repairs
101.4

 Treat as a stand-alone “building”
 Additions must meet the prescriptive requirements
Administrative
Additions
101.4.3
Conditioned
Addition
Existing
Building
Treat Addition As
Stand Alone
Building
Conditioned
Addition
Existing
Building
Treat Addition As
Stand Alone
Building
Conditioned
Addition
Existing
Building
Demonstrate
Compliance for
Entire Building
Conditioned
Addition
Existing
Building
Demonstrate
Compliance for
Entire Building

Exceptions
 Storm windows over existing fenestration
 Glass-only replacements
 Exposed, existing ceiling, wall or floor cavities if already filled with insulation
 Where existing roof, wall or floor cavity isn’t exposed
 Reroofing for roofs where neither sheathing nor insulation exposed
– Insulate above or below the sheathing
• Roofs without insulation in the cavity
• Sheathing or insulation is exposed
 Lighting alterations if:
– <50% of luminaries in a space are replaced
– Only bulbs and ballasts within existing luminaries are replaced (provided installed interior
lighting power isn’t increased)
Any non-conditioned space that is altered to become conditioned space is required to be
brought into full compliance with code.
Administrative
Additions, Alterations, Renovations, Repairs
101.4.3

Any non-conditioned space that is
altered to become conditioned
space shall be required to be
brought into full compliance with
this code
Administrative
Space Conditioning
101.4.5

Administrative
Mixed Use Buildings
101.4.6
Are These Projects Considered
Residential or Commercial?

 Treat the residential occupancy under the applicable
residential code
 Treat the commercial occupancy under the commercial
code
Administrative
Mixed Use Buildings
101.4.6

Definitions
Examples
• Air barrier – Materials “assembled and joined together”, a single
material or combination of materials, i.e. sealants, acting as a
system.
• Basement wall – “…enclosing conditioned space.” If unconditioned,
is classified as a crawl space.
• Fenestration – includes skylights & doors.
• U-value/R-value – Reciprocal values between transmittance and
resistance. Note that U-value includes air films. U-value is calculated
through a “component or assembly”, and R-value through a “body”.
402.1.2 (components) and 402.1.3 (assembly) make the difference
more clear. C-factor is very similar to U-value (surface to surface
instead of air to air) and is used in SHGC calculations.
• F-factor – The perimeter heat loss factor for slab on grade floors
(BTU/hft°F). Residential (building) –

Definitions
Examples
• High-efficacy lamps – minimum lumens/watt requirement
• Labeled and Listed – borrowed from the IBC
• IECC – For this code, includes R-3 buildings, as well as R-2 and R-4
buildings three stories or less in height above grade
• Labeled and Listed – borrowed from the IBC
• ASHRAE 90.1 – Spaces in buildings used primarily for living and
sleeping. Residential spaces include, but are not limited to, dwelling
units, hotel/motel guest rooms, dormitories, nursing homes, patient
rooms in hospitals, lodging houses, fraternity/sorority houses,
hostels, prisons, and fire stations

General Requirements
Climate Zones
Figure 301.1

CDD50°F – Interior base temperature = 50°F for CDD
HDD65°F – Interior base temperature = 65°F for HDD
Climate Zones
Table 301.3(2)

Arizona Climate Zones

 Fenestration product rating
in accordance to NFRC 100
 Labeled and certified by the
manufacturer
 Non-NFRC 100 rated
fenestration
 Use Default Glazed
Fenestration U-factor Table
How Do You Meet the Requirement?
Additional Provisions:
Fenestration U-Factor
303.1.3, Tables 303.1.3(1) and (2)

TABLE 303.1.3(1)
DEFAULT GLAZED FENESTRATION U-FACTOR
TABLE 303.1.3(2)
DEFAULT DOOR U-FACTORS
Additional Provisions:
Default U-Factors
Tables 303.1.3(1) and (2)

Commercial
Structure of IECC
Chapter 1 Administrative
Chapter 2 Definitions
Chapter 3 Climate Zones
Chapter 4 Residential Energy Efficiency
Chapter 5 Commercial Energy Efficiency
Chapter 6 Referenced Standards

Definitions
• Building Thermal Envelope – The basement walls, exterior walls,
floor, roof, and any other building element that enclose conditioned
space. This boundary also includes the boundary between
conditioned space and any exempt or unconditioned space.
• Conditioned space – An area or room within a building being heated
or cooled, containing uninsulated ducts, or with a fixed opening
directly into an adjacent conditioned space.
• Thermal isolation – Physical and space conditioning separation from
conditioned space(s). The conditioned spaces shall be controlled as
separate zones for heating and cooled or conditioned by separate
equipment.

Commercial
Code Comparison: IECC 2003, 2006, 2009, & ASHRAE 90.1
2007
Mesa, AZ: Climate Zone
2B

Commercial
Compliance Process
Section 501.2 Application requires 90.1 to be used in its entirety (Envelope, Lighting, Mechanical) if used as an alternate compliance path
Must the Project
Comply with the
IECC?
Comply with the
Envelope
Requirements
Comply with the
Mechanical/SWH
Requirements
Comply with the
Lighting
Requirements
Section 502 90.1 Section 5
Sections 503 and
504
90.1 Section 6 Section 505 90.1 Section 9
Document
Compliance with
the IECC
Plan Review
Inspection

Commercial
Compliance Process: Envelope Requirements
Must the Project
Comply with the
IECC?
Comply with the
Envelope
Requirements
Comply with the
Mechanical/SWH
Requirements
Comply with the
Lighting
Requirements
Sections 503 and
504
Document
Compliance with
the IECC
Plan Review
Inspection

Commercial
Compliance
What are my Options for
Complying with the IECC?
Chapter 5 of the IECC
General Prescriptive Approach
 Use for ≤ 40% of gross wall
area in vertical fenestration
 Use for ≤ 3% of gross roof
area in skylights
OR
Section 506 Total Building
Performance Approach
502 & 506

Commercial
Thermal Envelope
 Roof/Ceiling Assembly
 Wall Assembly
 Vertical Fenestration
and Skylights
 Floor Assembly
 Slab Edge
 Below Grade Wall
Assembly

Commercial
Thermal Envelope
Tables separated by occupancy type
 Group R occupancies use “Group R” high rise column
 Non-Group R occupancies use “All other” column
Tables 502.1. & 502.1.2(1)

 Window and door assemblies
 Curtain wall, storefront glazing & commercial entrance
doors
 Sealing of the building envelope
 Outdoor air intakes and exhaust openings
 Loading dock weather-seals
 Vestibules
 Recessed lighting
502.4
Commercial Thermal Envelope
Mandatory: Air Leakage

Mandatory: Building Envelope Sealing
All penetrations, openings, joints and
seams in the building envelope must be
sealed. Materials that can be used
include:
 Caulking
 Gasketing
 Tapes
 Moisture vapor-permeable
wrapping material
Sealing materials spanning joints
between dissimilar materials must allow
for expansion and contraction
Photo courtesy of Ken Baker, K energy
502.4.3

Mandatory: Outdoor Air Intakes & Exhaust Openings
Buildings ≥ 3 stories in height
above grade
 Class 1 motorized leakage-
rated damper
– Maximum leakage rate ≤ 4cfm
/ft2 @ 1.0 inch w.g.
Buildings < 3 stories in height
 Gravity (non-motorized)
allowed
502.4.5

Mandatory: Weatherseals
Equip cargo doors and loading
dock doors with weatherseals
Goal is to restrict infiltration
502.4.6

Mandatory: Vestibules
 Required to reduce infiltration into
spaces
 Required on entrance doors leading into
spaces ≥ 3,000 ft2
 Doors must have self-closing devices
 Exceptions
– Buildings in Climate Zones 1 and 2
– Doors from a guest room or dwelling unit
– Revolving doors
– Doors used primarily for vehicular
movement, material handling and
adjacent personnel doors
Conditioned
Space  3000 FT2
Vestibule
Self Closing Doors
Exterior Doors
Conditioned
Space  3000 FT2
Vestibule
Self Closing Doors
Exterior Doors
502.4.7

Mandatory: Recessed Lighting
All recessed luminaires installed
in the building envelope
 Type IC rated and sealed with
gasket or caulk between
housing and interior wall or
ceiling covering
 Type IC rated and labeled in
accordance with ASTM E 283 to
allow ≤ 2.0 cfm of air movement
from conditioned space to
ceiling cavity
502.4.8

Prescriptive
Table 502.1.2

Prescriptive
Table 502.2(1)

Roof R-Value & U-Factor
Roof R-values and U-factor requirements are based on assembly type /
insulation placement
 Insulation entirely above deck
 Metal buildings
 Attic and other
502.2.1 (R-Value); 502.1.2 (U-Factor)

Insulation considered
continuous (CI)
Insulation thickness can vary
≤ 1” and area weighted
U-factor meets the
requirements of Table
502.2(1)
Roof R-Value: Insulation Completely Above Deck
Table 502.2(1)

Climate
Zone 1 2 3
4
Except
Marine
5
And Marine
4
6 7 8
Insulation
entirely
above deck
R-
15ci
R-
20ci
R-
20ci
R-
20ci
R-
20ci
R-
20ci
R-
20ci
R-
20ci
R-
20ci
R-
20ci
R-
20ci
R-
20ci
R-
25ci
R-
25ci
R-
25ci
R-
25ci
Metal
buildings
(with R-5
thermal
blocks)
R-19 R-19
R-
13+
R-13
R-
13+
R-13
R-
13+
R-13
R-19
R-
13+
R-13
R-19
R-
13+
R-13
R-19
R-
13+
R-19
R-19
R-
13+
R-19
R-
19+
R-19
R-
11+
R-19
R-
19+
R-10
Attic and
other R-30 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-38 R-49 R-49
ROOFS
Prescriptive Approach: Compliance
Table 502.2(1)

Thermal Blocks
Insulation
Draped Over
Purlin
Insulation
Parallel to Purlin
Picture from NAIMA
Thermal Blocks
Insulation
Draped Over
Purlin
Insulation
Parallel to Purlin
Picture from NAIMA
R-5 thermal blocks required on all metal
buildings or must use U-factor Compliance
Method
Climate Zones 2-8 require two layers of
insulation for “all other”
 CZ 2-5 and marine 4: R-13+R-13
 CZ 6-7: R-13+R-19
 CZ 8: R-11+R-19
Example (R-13+R-19):
– R-13 draped perpendicularly to the purlins
– R-19 running parallel to the purlins
supported by the R-13
Roof R-Value: Metal Buildings
Table 502.2(1)

 Install insulation between framing
 R-38 in most Climate Zones
 R-30 in Climate Zones 1 and R-49 in Climate Zone 8
Roof R-Value: Ceilings with Attic Spaces
Table 502.2(1)

Climate
Zone
1 2 3 4
Except Marine
5
And Marine 4
6 7 8
Mass NR
R-
5.7ci
R-
5.7ci
R-
7.6ci
R-
7.6ci
R-
9.5ci
R-
9.5ci
R-
11.4ci
R-
20ci
R-
13.3ci
R-
13.3ci
R-
15.2ci
R-
15.2ci
R-
15.2ci
R-
25ci
R-
25ci
Metal
building
R-
16
R-16 R-16 R-16 R-19 R-19 R-19 R-19
R-
13+
5.6ci
R-13+
5.6ci
R-13+
5.6ci
R-13+
5.6CI
R-19+
5.6CI
R-19+
5.6CI
R-
19+
5.6CI
R-
19+
5.6CI
Metal
Framed R-
13
R-13
R-13+
7.5ci
R-13+
7.5ci
R-13+
3.8ci
R-13+
7.5ci
R-13+
7.5ci
R-13+
7.5ci
R-
13+
7.5ci
R-13+
7.5ci
R-13+
7.5ci
R-13+
7.;5ci
R-13+
7.5cfi
R-13+
15.6ci
R-
13+
7.5ci
R-
13+
18.8c
i
Wood
Framed &
Other
R-
13
R-13 R-13 R-13 R-13 R-13 R-13
R-13=
3.8ci
R-
13+
3.8ci
R-13+
3.8ci
R-13+
7.5ci
R-13+
7.5ci
R-13+
7.5ci
R-13+
7.5ci
R-
13+
15.6c
i
R-
13+
15.6c
i
WALLS, ABOVE GRADE
Table 502.2(1)

Walls weighing at least 35
lbs/ft2 of wall surface area
OR
25 lbs/ft2 of wall surface
area if material weight is
≤ 120 lb/ft3
Wall R-Value: Mass Walls
502.2.3, Table 502.2(1)

Climate Zones 1 (Group R) and 2 (all other) – Can use
integral insulation instead of R-5.7 ci
 Concrete block walls must comply with ASTM C 90, and
 Ungrouted or partially grouted @ 32 inch. o.c. or less
vertically or 48 inch. o.c. or less horizontally, and
 Ungrouted cells must be filled with insulation material ≤ of
0.44 Btu-in./h-ft2 F
Climate Zone 1 “all other”
 No insulation required for mass walls
Mass Walls: Concrete Masonry Units
Table 502.2(1)

Climate Zone R-Value
1-2 R-16
3-4 except
Marine
R-19
Marine 4-6 R-13+R-5.6ci
7-8 R-19+R-5.6ci
Metal Building Walls
Table 502.2(2)

 Cavity insulation or
cavity plus continuous
(ci)
 Continuous insulation
not broken up by
framing members e.g.
rigid board insulation
Wall R-Value: Wood, Metal Frame, & Other
Table 502.2(1)

What is a below grade wall?
 Basement or first-story
walls ≥ 85% below grade
Insulation must extend down 10 ft
from the outside finished grade level
or to the level of the floor, whichever
is less
Heated slabs installed below grade
(Table 502.2(1) footnote d)
 Below grade walls must meet
exterior insulation requirements for
perimeter insulation according to
heated slab-on-grade construction
Below Grade Walls
502.2.4, Table 502.2(1) footnote d
Photo courtesy of Dow Building Solutions

Climate
Zone
1 2 3
4
Except
Marine
5
And
Marine 4
6 7 8
Below
grade
wall
N
R
N
R
N
R
N
R
N
R
N
R
N
R
R-
7.5ci
R-
7.5ci
R-
7.5ci
R-
7.5ci
R-
7.5ci
R-
7.5ci
R-
10ci
R-
7.5ci
R-
12.5ci
Table 502.2(1), 502.2.4
WALLS, BELOW GRADE

Joist/Framing
(Steel/Wood)
 Insulation installed
between framing
Mass Floors
 Materials weighing (of
floor surface area)
35 lbs/ft2, or
 25 lbs/ft2 if material
weight is ≤ 12 lbs/ft3
 Insulation installed
continuously
Steel Floor Joist
Systems (footnoted to
Table 502.2(1))
 R-38 in Climate
Zones 6-8
Floors over Outdoor Air or Unconditioned Space
502.2.5

Climate
Zone
1 2 3 4
Except Marine
5
And Marine 4
6 7 8
Mass NR NR
R-
6.3ci
R-
8.3ci
R-
6.3ci
R-
8.3ci
R-
10ci
R-
10.4ci
R-
10ci
R-
12.5ci
R-
12.5ci
R-
14.6ci
R-
15ci
R-
16.7ci
R-
15ci
R-
16.7ci
Joist/
Framing
Steel/
(Wood)
NR NR R-19 R-30 R-19 R-30 R-30 R-30 R-30 R-30 R-30 R-30 R-30 R-30 R-30 R-30
Table 502.2(1), 502.2.5
FLOORS

Climate
Zone
1 2 3 4
Except Marine
5
And Marine 4
6 7 8
Unheated
Slabs
NR NR NR NR NR NR NR
R-10
for
24 in.
below
NR
R-10
for
24 in.
below
R-10
for
24 in.
below
R-15
for
24 in.
below
R-15 for
24. in.
below
R-15 for
24 in.
below
R-15 for
24 in.
below
R-20
for
24 in.
below
Heated
Slabs
R-7.5
for
12 in.
below
R-7.5
for
12 in.
below
R-7.5
for
12 in.
below
R-7.5
for
12 in.
below
R-10
for
24 in
below
R-10
for
24 in.
below
R-15
for
24 in.
below
R-15
for
24 in.
below
R-15
for
24 in.
below
R-15
for
24 in.
below
R-15
for
24 in.
below
R-20
for
48 in.
below
R-20 for
24 in.
below
R-20 for
48 in.
below
R-20 for
48 in.
below
R-20
for
48 in.
below
SLAB-ON GRADE FLOORS
Table 502.2(1), 502.2.6

Unheated slab – insulation
required:
 “All Other” in Climate
Zones 6-8
 “Group R” in Climate
Zones 4-8
Heated slabs – insulation
required in all Climate
Zones
Slab-on-Grade
502.2.6

Climate
Zone
1 2 3
4
Except
Marine
5
And Marine 4
6 7 8
Swinging
U-
0.70
U-
0.70
U-
0.70
U-
0.70
U-
0.70
U-
0.70
U-
0.70
U-
0.70
U-
0.70
U-
0.70
U-
0.70
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
Roll-Up
Or
Sliding
U-
1.45
U-
1.45
U-
1.45
U-
1.45
U-
1.45
U-
1.45
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
U-
0.50
Table 502.2(1), 502.2.7
OPAQUE DOORS

Doors having < 50% glass area
Swinging doors
 Meet U-factor requirement
Roll-up or sliding doors
 Climate zones 1 - 3: U-factor-
1.45
 Climate zones 4 including
Marine - 8: U-factor-0.50
Opaque Doors
502.2.7

Mandatory: Fenestration
Table 502.3, 502.3

Percentage of Vertical
Fenestration Area to Gross
Wall Area
 Allowed up to 40% maximum
of above grade wall
Vertical Fenestration Requirement
502.3.1 – Prescriptive (Max Area)

Based on above-grade wall area (gross)
 Includes walls between conditioned space and
unconditioned space or the great outdoors
• Includes walls that are > 15% above grade
Total fenestration area (includes frame and glazing)
 Does not include opaque door area
Vertical Fenestration Requirement
502.3.1

 Limited to ≤ 3% of Roof Area
 U-factor and SHGC Based
 NFRC 100 Rating for U-factor or Default Table
 No SHGC requirements in Climate Zones 7-8
Skylight U-Factor / SHGC
502.3.1 Prescriptive (Max Area), 502.3.2, Table 502.3

Framing Materials Other Than Metal w/ or w/o metal
reinforcement or cladding
 Includes vinyl and wood frame products or other non-metal frames
 Typically manufactured fenestration products
Fenestration U-Factor
502.3.2

By definition:
Fenestration products
used to create an external
nonload-bearing wall that
is designed to separate
the exterior and interior
environments
Fenestration U-Factor: Curtain Wall
502.4.2

Storefront Entrance Door
Fenestration U-Factor: Storefront
502.4.2

Includes operable windows, fixed windows and
non-entrance doors
Fenestration U-Factor: All Other
502.4.1

Two Options for Meeting the SHGC Requirements
 Fenestration product rated and labeled to NFRC 200, or
 Select default from Table 303.1.3(3)
TABLE 303.1.3(3)
DEFAULT GLAZED FENESTRATION SHGC
Fenestration SHGC Requirements
Table 303.1.3(3)

The Effect of Overhangs on Fenestration SHGC
 Overhangs allow a higher SHGC
product to be installed
 Projection factor must be calculated
Fenestration SHGC Requirements
502.3.2

What is Solar Heat Gain Coefficient?
 “The ratio of the solar heat gain entering the space through the
fenestration assembly to the incident solar radiation.”
Glazed Fenestration SHGC
502.3.2, Table 502.3
Two Options for Meeting the SHGC Requirements
 Fenestration product rated and labeled to NFRC 200, or
 Select default from Table 303.1.3(3)

Dropped CeilingDropped Ceiling
Insulation placed on Suspended
Ceiling with Removable Ceiling
Tiles
 Will not count for code compliance
 Will not comply with Section 502.4.3 –
“Sealing of the building envelope”
Roof R-Value
502.2.1

Commercial
Compliance Process: Mechanical /
SWH
Must the Project
Comply with the
IECC?
Comply with the
Envelope
Requirements
Comply with the
Mechanical/SWH
Requirements
Comply with the
Lighting
Requirements
Sections 503 and
504
Document
Compliance with
the IECC
Plan Review
Inspection

Only Four Sections:
 What Provisions of the Code Apply
(503.1)
 Mandatory Provisions (503.2)
PLUS
 Simple HVAC Systems and Equipment
(503.3)
OR
 Complex HVAC Systems and
Equipment (503.4)
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems
Section 503

Simple systems
 Unitary or
packaged HVAC
equipment
 Serves one zone
and controlled by
a single
thermostat
Buildings served by unitary
or packaged HVAC each
serving 1 zone controlled by
1 thermostat. Two-pipe
heating systems serving
multiple zones are included
if no cooling system is
installed [Tables 503.2.3(1)
through 503.2.3(5)]
Section 503.3
Simple
Systems
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Simple vs. Complex Systems
503.3, Tables 503.2.3(1) through 502.2.3(5)

Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Simple System
Simple Systems

Complex systems
 All equipment not covered under Section
503.3 Simple Systems
Section 503.4
Complex
Systems
All buildings served
by HVAC systems not
covered under 503.3
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Simple vs. Complex Systems
503.4, 503.3

Complex Systems
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Complex Systems

This section applies to all HVAC equipment and systems not
included in Section 503.3
Complex Systems
 Packaged VAV reheat
 Built-up VAV reheat
 Built-up single-fan, dual-duct VAV
 Built-up or packaged dual-fan, dual-duct VAV
 Four-pipe fan coil system with central plant
 Water Source heat pump with central plant
 Any other multiple-zone system
 Hydronic space heating and cooling system
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Complex HVAC Systems &
Equip.
503.4 Prescriptive

Provisions Applicable to ALL Mechanical Systems
 Duct and Plenum Insulation
and Sealing
 Piping Insulation
 HVAC System Completion
 Air System Design and
Control
 Motor Nameplate
Horsepower
 Heating Outside a Building
 HVAC Load Calculations
 Equipment and System Sizing
 HVAC Equipment Performance
Requirements
 HVAC System Controls
 Ventilation
 Energy Recovery Ventilation
Systems
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Mandatory Provisions
503.2

Applies to all equipment used in heating and cooling of
buildings
 Where components from different manufacturers are used
• calculations & supporting data demonstrating combined efficiency meets
requirements
Must comply with all listed efficiencies
Exception
 Water-cooled centrifugal water-chilling packages
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: HVAC Performance
503.2.3 Mandatory Minimum Efficiency Requirements

Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Mandatory
Table 503.2.3(2)

Heating and cooling load sizing calculations required
 ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183
 Other approved computation procedures – defined in
Chapter 3
• Exterior design conditions
– Specified by ASHRAE
• Interior design conditions
– Specified by Section 302 of the IECC
• ≤ 72oF for heating load
• ≥ 75oF for cooling load
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: HVAC Load Calculations
503.2.1 Mandatory

Output capacity SHALL NOT exceed sizing
 Select the system which serves the greater load,
heating or cooling
– Exceptions
• Standby Equipment with Required Controls
• Multiple Units with Combined Capacities Exceeding Loads
– Sequencing Controls Required
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Equipment & Sizing
Systems
503.2.2 Mandatory

Control required for each system
 if zoned for each zone
Commercial Building
System Controls
503.2.4 Mandatory
Thermostats must have at
least a 5°F dead band
 Exception
• Thermostats requiring
manual change over
between heating and
cooling

Commercial Building
System Controls

Automatic time clock or programmable system
 Exceptions
• Zones operated continually
• Zones with full HVAC load demand <6,800 Btu/h and has
a readily accessible shut off switch
Thermostatic setback capabilities
 Capability to maintain zone temps down to 55ºF
or up to 85ºF
Automatic setback and shutdown
Commercial System Controls
Off Hour
503.2.4.3 Mandatory

Motorized dampers that will automatically shut
when the system or spaces are not in use.
 Exceptions
• Gravity dampers permitted in buildings < 3 stories
• Gravity dampers permitted for buildings of any height located
in Climate Zones 1-3
• Gravity dampers permitted for outside air intake or exhaust
airflows of 300 cfm (0.14m3/s) or less.
Shut-Off Dampers
503.2.4.4 Mandatory

Heat pump systems
 Heat pump thermostat
required when supplying
electric resistance heating
 Control must prevent
supplemental heat
demand when heat pump
can meet the heating
load.
• Except during defrost
Commercial Building
System Controls: Heat Pump Systems
503.2.4.1.1 Mandatory

Snow- and ice-melting systems, supplied through energy
service to the building, shall include
 automatic controls capable of shutting off the system when the
pavement temperature is above 50°F (10°C) and no precipitation
is falling
 an automatic or manual control that will allow shutoff when the
outdoor temperature is above 40°F (4°C) so that the potential for
snow or ice accumulation is negligible
Snow Melt System
503.2.4.5 Mandatory

DCV must be provided for each zone with spaces > 500 ft²
and the average occupant load > 40 people/1000 ft² of floor
area where the HVAC system has:
 An air-side economizer,
 Automatic modulating control of the outdoor air damper, or
 A design outdoor airflow > 3,000 cfm
Demand control ventilation (DCV): a ventilation system capability that
provides for the automatic reduction of outdoor air intake below design
rates when the actual occupancy of spaces served by the system is
less than design occupancy.
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Demand Control Ventilation
503.2.5.1 Mandatory

Exceptions:
 Systems with energy recovery per 503.2.6
 Multiple zone systems without direct digital control of
single zones communicating with central control panel
 Systems with design outdoor airflow < 1,200 cfm
 Spaces where supply airflow rate minus any makeup or
outgoing transfer air requirement < 1,200 cfm
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Demand Control Ventilation
503.2.5.1 Mandatory

Applies to individual fan systems with
 Design supply air capacity ≥ 5,000 cfm
 Minimum outside air supply of ≥ 70% of design supply air
quantity
Exhaust air recovery efficiency must be ≥ 50%
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Energy Recovery Ventilation
503.2.6 Mandatory

Exceptions:
 Where energy recovery ventilation systems prohibited by the
IMC
 Lab fume hood system with at least one of the following:
– VAV hood exhaust and room supply systems capable of reducing exhaust
and makeup air volume to ≤ 50% of design values
– Direct makeup (auxiliary) air supply equal to at least 75% of exhaust rate,
heated no warmer than 2ºF below room setpoint, cooled to no cooler than
3ºF above room setpoint, no humidification added, and no simultaneous
heating and cooling use for dehumidification control
 Systems serving uncooled spaces and heated to < 60ºF
 Where > 60% of outdoor heating energy is from site-
recovered or site solar energy
 Heating systems in climates < 3,600 HDD
 Cooling systems in climates with a 1% cooling design wet-
bulb temperature < 64ºF
 Systems requiring dehumidification that employ series-style
energy recovery coils wrapped around the cooling coil
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Energy Recovery Ventilation
503.2.6 Mandatory

Insulation required for supply
and return ducts and plenums
 Located in unconditioned
space – minimum R5
 Located outside the
building - minimum R8
Exceptions
 When located within
equipment
 When design temperature
difference between interior
and exterior of the duct or
plenum doesn’t exceed 15ºF
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Duct & Plenum Insulation &
Sealing
503.2.7 Mandatory

FLUID
NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER
≤ 1.5” ≥ 1.5”
Steam 1 ½ 3
Hot water 1 ½ 2
Chilled water, brine or
refrigerant
1 ½ 1 ½
All piping serving heating or cooling system must be insulated
in accordance with Table 503.2.8
Minimum Pipe Insulation
(thickness in inches)
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Piping Insulation
503.2.8 Mandatory, Table 503.2.8

Exceptions:
 Piping internal to HVAC equipment (including fan coil
units) factory installed and tested
 Piping for fluid in temperature range
– 55 < temp < 105°F
 Piping for fluid not heated or cooled by electricity or
fossil fuels
 Runout piping ≤ 4’ in length and 1” in diameter
between the control valve and HVAC coil
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Piping Insulation
503.2.8 Mandatory

Ducts designed to operate at static pressures ≤ 2 in.
wg
Securely fastened and sealed
 Exceptions
• When located within equipment
• Design temperature difference between interior and exterior of
duct or plenum <15°F
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Low & Med. Pressure Duct
Systems
503.2.7.1 & 503.2.7.2 Mandatory

Ducts designed to operate at static pressures > 3 in. wg to
be leak tested in accordance with SMACNA HVAC Air Duct
Leakage Test Manual
 Air leakage rate ≤ 6.0
 CL = F x P0.65
• Where
– F = leakage rate per 100 sf of duct surface area
– P = test condition static pressure
Must test ≥ 25% of the duct area and meet the requirements
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: High Pressure Duct Systems
503.2.7.1.3 Mandatory

 Air System Balancing
 Hydronic System Balancing
 Manuals
– Equipment Capacity and Required Maintenance
– Equipment O & M Manuals
– HVAC System Control Maintenance and Calibration
Information
– Written Narrative of Each System Operation
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: HVAC System Completion
503.2.9 Mandatory

• 503.2.11 – Systems installed outside buildings
shall be radiant systems, with occupancy
systems or timers.
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Outside Buildings

Unitary or packaged, single zone controlled by a single
thermostat in the zone served.
Simple Systems
 Unitary packaged heating and cooling systems
 Split system heating and cooling systems
 Packaged terminal A/C and HPs
 Fuel-fired furnace
 Electrical resistance heating
 Two-pipe heating systems w/o cooling
Commercial Building
Mech. Systems: Simple HVAC Systems &
Equipment
503.3

 Must include economizers dependent on climate zone
 Capable of providing 100-percent outdoor air even if
additional mechanical cooling is required (integrated
economizer)
 Must provide a means to relieve excess outdoor air
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Simple HVAC Systems &
Equipment
503.3

• Economizer, Air – A duct and damper arrangement and
automatic control system that allows a cooling system to
supply outside air to reduce or eliminate the need for
mechanical cooling during mild or cold weather.
• Economizer, Water – A system where the supply air of a
cooling system is cooled indirectly with water what is
itself cooled by heat of mass transfer to the environment
without the use of mechanical cooling.
Commercial
Definitions

CLIMATE ZONES ECONOMIZER
REQUIREMENT
1A, 1B, 2A, 7, 8 No requirement
2B, 3A, 3B, 3C, 4A,
4B, 4C, 5A, 5B, 5C,
6A, 6B
Economizers on
cooling systems
≥ 54,000 Btu/ha
a The total capacity of all systems without economizers shall not
exceed 480,000 Btu/h per building, or 20 percent of its air economizer
capacity, whichever is greater
Table 503.3.1(1)
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Economizers
503.3.1, Table 503.3.1(1)

CLIMATE ZONES COOLING EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE
IMPROVEMENT (EER OR IPLV)
2B 10% Efficiency Improvement
Trade-off high cooling efficiency for economizer
Table 503.3.1(2)
Two Exceptions
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Economizers
503.3.1, Table 503.3.1(2)

Individual dual duct or mixing reheating and cooling
systems with a single fan and with total capacities >
90,000 Btu/h (7.5 tons) should not have
economizers
Commercial Building Mechanical Systems:
Single Fan Dual Duct & Mixing VAV Systems, Economizers
503.4.5.3

 Maximum fan power requirements
 Applies to HVAC systems with total fan system power > 5 hp
 Each HVAC system at design conditions can not exceed allowable fan system
motor nameplate hp (Option 1) or fan system bhp (Options 2) in Table
503.2.10.1(1)
TABLE 503.2.10.1.1(1) FAN POWER LIMITATION
bhp = brake horsepower
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Air System Design & Control
503.2.10 Mandatory, Table 503.2.10.1(1)

• Fan System BHP – The sum of the fan brake
horsepower of all fans that are required to operate a fan
system design conditions to supply air from the heating
or cooling source to the conditioned space and return it
to the source or exhaust it to the outdoors.
Commercial
Definitions

BHP option includes
adjustment “adders”
certain devices
 Table 503.2.10.1(2)
DEVICE ADJUSTMENT
Credits
Fully ducted return and/or exhaust
air systems
0.5 in w.c.
Return and/or exhaust air flow
control devices
0.5 in w.c
Exhaust filters, scrubbers, or other
exhaust treatment.
The pressure drop of device
calculated at fan system design
condition.
Particulate Filtration Credit: MERV
9 thru 12
0.5 in w.c.
13 thru 15
0.9 in w.c.
16 and greater and electronically
enhanced filters
Pressure drop calculated at 2x
clean filter pressure drop at fan
system design condition.
Carbon and Other gas-phase air
cleaners
Clean filter pressure drop at fan
Heat Recovery Device
Pressure drop of device at fan
Evaporative Humidifier/Cooler in
series with another cooling coil
Pressure drop of device at fan
system design conditions
Sound Attenuation Section 0.15 in w.c.
Deductions
Fume hood exhaust exception -1.0 in w.c.
Fan Power Limitation Drop Adjustment
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Allowable Fan Motor
Horsepower
503.2.10 Mandatory

Exceptions
Hospital and laboratory systems using flow
control devices on exhaust and/or return for
health and safety or environmental control
permitted to use variable fan power limitation
Individual exhaust fans ≤ 1 hp
Fans exhausting air from fume hoods
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Allowable Fan Motor
Horsepower
503.2.10.1 Mandatory

Selected fan motor to be no larger than first available
motor size greater than bhp
Fan bhp on design documents
Exceptions
 Fans < 6 bhp, where first available motor larger than bhp
has nameplate rating within 50% of bhp, next larger
nameplate motor size may be selected
 Fans ≥ 6 bhp, where first available motor larger than bhp
has nameplate rating within 30% of bhp, next larger
nameplate motor size may be selected
bhp = brake horsepower
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Motor Nameplate Horsepower
503.2.10.2 Mandatory

• Energy Recovery Ventilation System – Systems that
employ air-to-air heat exchangers to recover energy form
exhaust air for the purposes of preheating, precooling,
humidifying, or dehumidifying outdoor ventilation air prior
to supplying the air to a space, either directly or as part
of an HVAC system.
• Variable Air Volume (VAV) – HVAC system that controls
the dry-bulb temperature within a space by varying the
volumetric flow of heated or cooled supply air to the
space. (ASHRAE)
Commercial
Definitions

Have to be radiant systems
Controlled by an occupancy sensing device or
timer switch
 System is automatically de-energized when no
occupants are present.
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Heating Outside a Building
503.2.11 Mandatory

System ≥ 300,000 Btu/h must include
 Temperature reset or variable flow
• Automatic resets for supply water temperature by at least
25% of design supply-to-return temperature differences or
• Reduce system pump flow by 50% of design flow using
– Multiple Staged Pumps
– Adjustable Speed Drives
– Control Valves that modulate as a function of load
503.4.3.4
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Hydronic Water Loop Heat Pump Systems

Cooling systems can’t use unless system designed with
 multiple steps of unloading OR
 Continuous capacity modulation
Capacity limited per Table 502.4.4
Exception
 Unitary packaged systems with cooling capacities < 90,000 Btu/h
Rated Capacity
Maximum Hot Gas Bypass
Capacity
(% of total capacity)
≤ 240,000 Btu/h 50%
> 240,000 Btu/h 25%
Commercial Building
Mechanical Systems: Hot Gas Bypass
503.4.7 Mandatory, Table 503.4.7

Table 504.2 Minimum Performance of
Water-Heating Equipment
 Water Heater Types Covered
• Electric Storage
• Gas and Oil Storage
• Instantaneous Water Heaters – Gas and
Oil
• Hot water boilers – gas and oil
• Pool heaters
• Unfired storage tanks
Temperature Controls (504.3)
Heat Traps (504.4)
Commercial Building
Service Water Heating
504 Mandatory, Table 504.2

Non-circulating system insulation requirements
 First eight feet of outlet piping on systems with no integral
heat traps
 1/2 inch of insulation required
Circulating systems
 1 inch of insulation
Commercial Building
Service Water Heating: Pipe Insulation
504.5

Ability to turn off circulating hot water pumps and heat trace
tape when the system is not in operation
 Automatically or manually
Commercial Building
Service Water Heating: System Controls
504.6

Pool heaters (504.7.1)
 Readily accessible on-off switch
 Natural gas or LPG fired pool heaters will not have continuously
burning pilot lights
Time switches (504.7.2)
 Automatic controls required to operate pool heaters and pumps
on a preset schedule
 Exceptions
• Where public health standards require 24 hour operation
• Where pumps are required to operate solar and waste heat
recovery pool heating systems
Commercial Building
Pool Requirements
504.7

Heated pools required to have a pool cover
 Pool cover must be vapor retardant
Pools heated to over 90oF
 Minimum R-12 insulation
Exception
 Pools deriving > 60% energy for heating from site-recovered
energy or solar source
Commercial Building
Pool Requirements: Pool Covers
504.7.3

Must the Project
Comply with the
IECC?
Comply with the
Envelope
Requirements
Comply with the
Mechanical/SWH
Requirements
Comply with the
Lighting
Requirements
Sections 503 and
504
Document
Compliance with
the IECC
Plan Review
Inspection
Section 501.2 Application requires 90.1 to be used in its entirety (Envelope, Lighting, Mechanical) if
used as an alternate compliance path
IECC
Section 506
Building Performance
Method
Commercial Building
Introduction to the Energy Compliance Process

Commercial Lighting Requirements
When do the Requirements Apply?
 Original Installed Lighting System in a New Building, Addition, or
Tenant Build-out
 Existing Lighting System that is Altered
 Change in Occupancy that Increases Energy
 Change in Occupancy that requires less LPD as shown in table
505.3.2
Exceptions:
– Historic buildings
• State or National listing
• Eligible to be listed
– Alterations where less than 50% of the luminaires in a space are
replaced and installed interior power lighting is not increased
– Lighting within dwelling units
• Where ≥ 50% of permanently installed fixtures include high-efficacy
lamps
101

Mandatory Interior Lighting requirements
 Required Controls
 Wattage/Efficiency Limits
Interior Lighting Power Allowances (watts/ft2)
Exterior Lighting Controls
 Required Controls
 Lamp Efficiency
Exterior Lighting Power Allowances (watts/ft2)
Electric Metering
What’s Covered?
505 Mandatory

Lamp Wattage Efficacy
> 40 watts 60 lumens/watt
15-40 watts 50 lumens/watt
< 15 watts 40 lumens/watt
Defined in the 2009 IECC as:
 Compact fluorescent lamps, T-8 or smaller diameter linear
fluorescent lamps, or lamps with a minimum efficacy based on lamp
wattage
Commercial Interior Lighting Control
High-Efficacy Lights
202

Independent Lighting Control
required for each space surrounded
by floor-to-ceiling partitions
 Must be located in the space
served, - OR -
 Switched from a remote location
• Must have indicator that identifies
the lights served and their status
(off or on)
 Exemptions
• Security or emergency areas that
must be continuously lighted
• Lighting in stairways or corridors
that are elements of the means of
egress
Basic Control
505.2

Light Reduction Controls
must allow the occupant to
reduce connected lighting
 By at least 50%
 In a reasonably uniform
illumination pattern
Light Reduction
505.2.2.1

 Controlling all lamps or luminaires
 Dual switching of alternate rows of luminaires, alternate
luminaires or lamps
 Switching middle lamp luminaires independently from the outer
lamps
 Each luminaire or each lamp
SS
Dimmer Switch
D
Alternating Luminaires Dimming
SS
Alternating Lamps
Light Reduction Control Options
505.2.2.1

Potential Savings

Light Reduction Control
Not required for the
following:
Areas with only one
luminaire
Areas controlled by
occupancy sensor
Corridors, storerooms,
restrooms or public lobbies
Sleeping units
Spaces with <0.6 w/ft2
Light Reduction Exemptions
505.2.2.1

Automatic lighting shutoff control device required in all
buildings larger than 5,000 ft2
Building Defined:
 “Any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or
occupancy”
 Building area surrounded by exterior walls and fire walls
Exempted spaces
 Sleeping units
 Lighting for patient care
 When an automatic shutoff would endanger occupant safety or security
Automatic Shutoff
505.2.2.2

1. Control lights on a scheduled
basis (automatic time switch)
• Time-of-day controller
• Controls ≤ 25,000 ft2 and not
more than one floor, or
2. Occupant sensor
• Turn lights off within 30
minutes of occupant leaving
the space
3. Signal from another control or
alarm that indicates the area is
unoccupied
Office
Occupancy Sensor
Conference
Room
Restrooms
Lobby
Connect to
Lighting in Lobby
Open Bay Office
Connect to
Lighting in Open
Bay Office
Automatic Lighting Control
110’
50’
Automatic Lighting Shutoff Compliance Options
Courtesy Britt-Makela Group
Automatic Shutoff Options
505.2.2.2

 Readily accessible
 Within view of the lights or area controlled
 Manually operated
 ≤ 2 hour override
– The override allows lighting to remain on no more than 2 hours when
override is initiated
 Controls an area ≤ 5,000 ft2
 Exemptions
– Can be over 2 hour override in malls and arcades, auditoriums,
single-tenant retail space, industrial facilities and arenas when using
captive key override
– Override in malls and arcades, auditoriums, single-tenant retail
space, industrial facilities and arenas can cover up to 20,000 ft2
Occupant Override
505.2.2.2.1

Feature that turns off all loads for 24 hours then
resumes the normally scheduled operation
Exceptions
 Retail stores and associated malls
 Restaurants
 Grocery stores
 Places of religious worship
 Theaters
Holiday Scheduling
505.2.2.2.2

Daylight Zones
 Must have individual control of the lights independent of general area
lighting
Contiguous daylight zones adjacent to vertical fenestration
 Can be controlled by a single controlling device if the zone doesn’t include
areas facing more than two adjacent orientations (i.e., north, east, south,
west)
Daylight zones under skylights > 15 ft from the perimeter
 Must be controlled separately from daylight zones adjacent to vertical
fenestration
Exception
 Daylight spaces 1) enclosed by walls or ceiling height partitions and 2)
containing two or fewer light fixtures
• not required to have a separate switch for general area lighting
Note: required controls may be manual or automatic
Commercial Building
Daylight Zone Control Requirements
505.2.2.3

The daylight zone depth is assumed to
be 15 feet into the space or to the
nearest ceiling height opaque partition,
whichever is less
The daylight zone width is assumed to
be:
 the width of the window plus 2 feet
on each side, or
 the window width plus distance to
opaque partitions, or
 the window width plus one-half the
distance to adjacent skylight or
vertical fenestration, whichever is
least.
Commercial Daylight Zone Definition
Adjacent to Vertical Fenestration
505.2.2.3

The area under skylights whose horizontal dimension, in each direction, is equal to the
skylight dimension plus the smaller of:
 The floor-to-ceiling height, or
 The distance to a ceiling height opaque partition, or
 One-half the distance to adjacent skylights or vertical fenestration (whichever is
least)
Commercial Daylight Zone Definition
Under Skylights
505.2.2.3

Standard Room Suite
$$
$$
$$
$$
$$
$$
$$
$$
$$
$$
 Applies to hotels, motels, boarding houses, or similar
 Master switch required at each room or main room entry
 Must control all permanently wired luminaires or switched
receptacles
Exceptions: bathrooms
Sleeping Unit Lighting Control
505.2.3

 For dusk-to-dawn lighting: astronomical time switch or
photosensor
 For all other: astronomical time switch OR
photosensor + time switch
 All time switches must have at least 10 hour battery
backup
Commercial Exterior Lighting Control
Requirements
505.2.4

Tandem Wiring for all Odd
Numbered Lamp Configurations
Exceptions
 Where electronic high
frequency ballasts are used
 Luminaires on emergency
circuits
 Luminaires with no available
pair in the same area
Tandem Wiring
505.3 Mandatory

Exit Signs
 Internally illuminated exit signs shall not
exceed 5 watts per side
Exit Lights
505.4

Sum the wattage of all proposed connected lighting
power
This must include all lighting that is part of the design for
the space including:
 Overhead lighting
 Task lighting
 Decorative lighting
Connected Interior Lighting Power Calculation
505.5.1

Connected Interior Lighting
Power must not exceed Interior
Lighting Power Allowance
1. Calculate Interior Lighting
Power Allowance
• Building Area type allowance
• Additional allowances
2. Calculate proposed connected
lighting power
• Wattage calculation “rules”
• Exempted lighting
3. Compare values: proposed
wattage must be less than or
equal to allowed wattage
Interior Lighting Power Limits
505.5

Connected power for following not included in calculations:
 Professional sports arena playing field
 Sleeping unit lighting
 Emergency lighting automatically off during normal building
operation
 Lighting in spaces specifically designed for use by occupants
with special lighting needs including visual impairment and
other medical and age related issues
 Lighting in interior spaces specifically designated as a
registered interior historic landmark
 Casino gaming areas
 Lighting equipment used for the following exempt if in
addition to general lighting and controlled by an independent
control device
• Task lighting for medical and dental procedures
• Display lighting for exhibits in galleries, museums and
monuments
Commercial Exterior Lighting
Exemptions to Proposed Lighting Power Calculation
505.5.1

 Theatrical, stage, film, and video production
 Used for photographic processes
 Integral to equipment or instrumentation installed by
manufacturer
 Plant growth or maintenance
 Advertising or directional signage
 Food warming and food prep equipment (in restaurant bldgs &
areas)
 Lighting equipment that is for sale
 Lighting demonstration equipment in lighting education facilities
 Approved because of safety or emergency considerations,
exclusive of exit lights
 Integral to both open and glass-enclosed refrigerator and freezer
cases
 In retail display windows when the display is enclosed by ceiling-
height partitions
 Furniture-mounted supplemental task lighting controlled by
automatic shutoff
Exemptions to Proposed Lighting Power
Calculation
505.5.1

Building Area Type
 Note: Alternate standard
ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2007
provides whole building and
space-by-space options
Table 505.5.2
Commercial Interior Lighting
Power Allowance
505.5.2

First, choose an appropriate “Building Area Type” from the
allowance table (505.5.2)
 “Building Area” includes all spaces that are associated with that
business or function type.
 For example a space with:
• Corridors,
• Restrooms,
• A lobby, and
• Office space
…would be considered an Office Building Area Type
Then...multiply the lighting power density (W/ft2) by the total
building square footage to get allowed watts for compliance
Power Allowance Calculation
505.5.2

Office: 200,000 ft2
1.0 W/ft2 = 200,000 W
Table 505.5.2
Example: Office
Table 505.5.2
A 200,000 ft2 office building that
contains corridor, restrooms, break
rooms and a lobby is given 1.0
W/ft2 for the entire building

How is an allowance determined if the building has more than
one Building Area Type?
 Example – A building contains the following area types
• Museum: 40,000 ft2
• Retail 5,000 ft2
• Cafeteria: 10,000 ft2
Use the more specific building area type where more than one
area type exists in the building
Sum the individual (lighting power density x area square
footage) values for Total Power Allowance
Power Allowance for Multiple Occupancy Building
505.5.2

Cafeteria:10,000 ft2
at 1.4 W/ft2 = 14,000 W
Museum: 40,000 ft2
at 1.1 W/ft2 = 44,000 W
Retail: 5,000 ft2
at 1.5 W/ft2 = 7,500 W
Total watts allowed = 65,500 W
Table 505.5.2
Example: Multiple Occupancy Building
505.5.2

Lighting wattage must be calculated in accordance with Section
505.5.1
 Screw lamp holders: maximum labeled wattage of the luminaire
 Low voltage lighting: transformer wattage
 Line voltage track:
1. specified wattage with minimum of 30 W/linear ft OR
2. wattage limit of system’s circuit breaker OR
3. wattage limit of other permanent current limiting devices
 Other: manufacturer’s rated wattage of lamp and associated ballast
Connected Lighting Calculation
505.6 Mandatory

Additional Interior Lighting Power Allowance =
1000 watts +
(Retail Area 1 x 0.6 W/ft2) +
(Retail Area 4 x 2.5 W/ft2),
Where:
 Retail Area 1 = the floor area for all
products not listed in Retail Area 2, 3
or 4.
 Retail Area 2 = the floor area used for
the sale of vehicles, sporting goods
and small electronics.
the sale of furniture, clothing,
cosmetics and artwork.
the sale of jewelry, crystal, and china.
Additional Retail Lighting Power Allowance
Table 505.5.2 - Footnotes

Exception:
Other merchandise categories may
be included in Retail Areas 2
through 4 above, provided that
justification documenting the need
for additional lighting power based
on visual inspection, contrast, or
other critical display is approved by
the authority having jurisdiction.
Additional Retail Lighting Power Allowance
Table 505.5.2 - Footnotes

Building grounds lighting luminaires over 100 watts must
have source efficacy of at least 60 lumens per watt
Exceptions
 Controlled by motion sensor
 Any of the exterior lighting power allowance exceptions
 As approved for a historical, safety, signage, or emergency consideration
Light Source
Typical System Efficacy Range in LPW
(varies depending on wattage and lamp type)
Incandescent 10-18
Halogen incandescent 15-20
Compact fluorescent (CFL) 35-60
Linear fluorescent 50-100
Metal halide 50-90
Building Grounds Lighting
505.6.1

Connected Exterior Lighting Power must not
exceed Exterior Lighting Power Allowance
1. Calculate exterior lighting power allowance
• Lighting power densities by exterior function and by
applicable lighting zone
2. Calculate proposed connected lighting power
• Wattage calculation “rules”
• Exempted lighting
3. Compare values: proposed wattage must be less
than or equal to allowed wattage
Power Limits
505.6.2(2)

The following lighting does not need to be included in the
proposed lighting calculation:
• Specialized signal, directional, and marker lighting associated with transportation
• Advertising signage or directional signage
• Lighting integral to equipment or instrumentation and installed by its manufacturer
• Lighting for theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, film production, and
video production
• Lighting for athletic playing areas
• Temporary lighting
• Lighting for industrial production, material handling, transportation sites, and
associated storage areas
• Theme elements in theme/amusement parks
• Lighting used to highlight features of public monuments and registered historic
landmark structures or buildings
Exemption from Exterior Calculation
505.6.2(2)

What areas are covered under
exterior lighting allowances?
 Tradable surfaces
Common exterior lighted needs
that can be traded for other needs.
• For example, wattage allowed for
parking lot lighting can be “traded”
and used for canopy lighting.
 Nontradable surfaces
Less common exterior lighted
needs that cannot be traded for
other needs.
• These applications have more
specific security or task
illuminance needs.
Power Limits
505.6.2(2)

 Uncovered parking lots and areas
 Walkways (under and over 10 feet wide)
 Stairways
 Pedestrian tunnels
 Main building entrances and exits
 Other doors
 Entry canopies
 Free-standing and attached sales canopies
 Open sales areas
 Street frontage sales areas
Tradable Surfaces
Table 505.6.2(2)

 Building facades
 Automated teller machines and night depositories
 Entrances and gatehouse inspection stations at guarded facilities
 Loading areas for law enforcement, fire, ambulance and other
emergency vehicles
 Drive-up windows/doors
 Parking near 24-hour retail entrances
Nontradable Surfaces
Table 505.6.2(2)

Lighting
Zone
Description
1 Developed areas of national parks, state
parks, forest land, and rural areas
2 Areas predominantly consisting of
residential zoning, neighborhood
business districts, light industrial with
limited nighttime use and residential
mixed use areas
3 All other areas
4 High-activity commercial districts in major
metropolitan areas as designated by the
local land use planning authority
Exterior Lighting Zones
Table 505.6.2(1)

Applications Lighting Power
Densities
Tradable Surfaces
(Lighting Power Densities for open parking areas, building grounds, building entrances and exits,
canopies and overhangs, and outdoor sales areas may be traded)
Uncovered Parking Areas
Parking lots and drives 0.15 W/ft2
Building Grounds
Walkways less than 10 feet wide 1.0 W/linear foot
Walkways 10 feet wide or greater, Plaza areas
and Special feature areas
0.2 W/ft2
Stairways 1.0 W/ft2
Commercial Exterior Lighting Zones
Lighting Power Densities

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
Tradable Surfaces Building Entrances and Exits
Main entries
20 W/linear
foot of
door
width
20 W/linear
foot of
door
width
30 W/linear foot
of door
width
30 W/linear foot
of door
width
Other doors
20 W/linear
foot of
door
width
20 W/linear
foot of
door
width
20 W/linear foot
of door
width
20 W/linear foot
of door
width
Entry Canopies 0.25 W/ft2 0.25 W/ft2 0.4 W/ft2 0.4 W/ft2
Sales Canopies
Free-standing and
attached
0.6 W/ft2 0.6 W/ft2 0.8 W/ft2 1.0 W/ft2
Outdoor Sales
Open areas
(including
vehicle
sales lots)
0.25 W/ft2 0.25 W/ft2 0.5 W/ft2 0.7 W/ft2
Street frontage for
vehicle sales lots
in
addition to “open
area” allowance
No allowance
10 W/linear
foot
10 W/linear foot 30 W/linear foot
Commercial Building
Exterior Lighting Zones
Table 505.6.2(2)

Separate metering required for each dwelling unit
Commercial Electric Energy
Consumption Requirements
505.7 Mandatory

Exterior Lighting Power Density &
Application Examples
Bank
ATM
Walkway
5 ft wide
Canopy
Parking Lot
Parking: 10,000 ft2
Canopy: 100ft2
Walkway: 300 ft
ATM– One location
How many tradable
watts are allowed for this
project? How many
nontradablewatts?
Bank
ATM
Walkway
5 ft wide
Canopy
Parking Lot
Bank
ATM
Walkway
5 ft wide
Canopy
Parking Lot
Parking: 10,000 ft2
Canopy: 100
ATM– One location
How many tradable
watts are allowed for this
project? How many
nontradablewatts?

Commercial
Performance Compliance

For Performance-Based Compliance
Need to model a standard reference design to the mandatory and
prescriptive requirements.
Convert annual energy consumption to annual energy cost.
Need to model your proposed design.
Convert annual energy consumption to annual energy cost.
Compliance is based on annual energy cost for proposed design <
annual cost for standard reference design.
For both cases unite energy cost has to be the same.
For both cases, simulation rules may apply.
506.3
Commercial
Performance-Based Compliance

506.1
Compliance based on total
building performance requires
that a proposed building
(proposed design) be shown to
have an annual energy cost that
is less than or equal to the
annual energy cost of the
standard reference design.
Energy prices shall be taken
from a source approved by the
code official, such as the
Department of Energy, Energy
Information Administration's
State Energy Price and
Expenditure Report.
Commercial
Total Building Performance

There are a number of Energy Simulations Tools

Case Study
Commercial Existing Building

A 10,640 square foot tenant improvement program at Scottsdale
Waterfront.
The office space goes beyond code compliance to result in 27.8% energy
savings of the proposed building over the baseline building.
Commercial Case Study
Tenant Improvement

FLOOR LAYOUT
The building was built in 2006 and is two stories with
retail/restaurant on the first floor and office on the second.
The design challenges will be to work with an existing
building envelope and achieve high levels of energy
efficiency.
Tenant Improvement

A tenant improvement
program, if complies to
the scope and
requirements of
additions and alterations
to existing buildings.
Main points of Focus :
1. Building Envelope :
Ceiling and Skylights
2. Internal Loads
3. High efficiency HVAC
Systems
• Simulation Software Used: eQUEST V3.64
• Code Compliance to: ASHRAE 90.1 2007
Tenant Improvement

BUILDING ENVELOPE
Tenant Improvement
• Ceiling insulation has been added to improve
the efficiency of the building envelope
• External walls and Windows have not been
altered
• Internal Walls
• Skylight U Value, SHGC
Triple pane high performance glazing, for
daylighting as well as building relief air.
Before Retrofit
After Retrofit
Description IECC ESD
Ceiling U Value (Btu/h sq.ft F) 0.048 0.028
Skylight U Value (0-2%) 0.75 0.29
Skylight SHGC 0.35 0.38
CEILING AND SKYLIGHTS: BEYOND CODE

INTERNAL LOADS
LIGHTING CONTROLS
• 62% energy savings over baseline building
in lighting end use
Daylight Controls for Daylit Areas:
• The project has installed daylight responsive
controls in all regularly occupied spaces
within 15 feet of windows and under
skylights.
Daylight Controls for Lighting Load :
• The project has installed daylight responsive
controls for 50% of the connected lighting
load in daylit areas.
Occupancy Sensors:
• The project has installed occupancy sensors
for
• 75% of the connected lighting load
LIGHTING CONTROLS : BEYOND CODE
Tenant Improvement

Tenant Improvement
Old Systems :
• 11- 3 Ton Heat Pump units. SEER 12 and R22
Refrigerant.
• Removed and Donated to Phoenix Elementary
Schools
New Systems:
• High efficiency Carrier HCQ 15 SEER heat pump
units with R410a refrigerant.
• Air side Economizer, capable of bringing in 100%
outside air and demand control ventilation with
CO2 monitoring.
• MERV 13 filters.
Old Systems Removed
Donated to School
Description IECC ESD
Cooling System Efficiency SEER13 SEER15
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS: BEYOND CODE

HIGH EFFICIENCY HVAC SYSTEMS
CLASSROOMS AND CONFERENCE ROOMS
• Ultra high efficiency 5-ton single zone VAV unit
that has a VFD controlling the fan speed.
• It is rated by ARI at 15 SEER, Carrier calculates the
SEER of the unit to be closer to 20.
• Displacement Ventilation: The classroom is served
by 6 perforated displacement air panels mounted low
on the wall.
• Air discharge velocity- less than 50fpm.
• Low Noise
• Outside Air is provided for the first 6’-0” above finish
floor (AFF) in the occupant breathing zone, as
opposed to cooling the entire room volume.
IECC 2009
Tenant Improvement

INTERNAL LOADS
SKYLIGHTS
• Reduced number of RTUs from 11 to 7.
• Designed unique skylight/building relief system over the
existing roof curbs.
• 4 skylights provide natural light to the occupants below;
reduce the lighting levels within the space and also
provide the building relief air.
• Roof curb also houses motorized damper with a
weather hood, which operates to maintain building
pressurization.
• Relief of OA provided during normal operation or
economizer operation. Also removes the heat trapped
in the skylights
• Triple pane ultra high efficiency insulated glass, frosted-
to provide diffuse light.
Tenant Improvement

ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Performance Rating Report
DESCRIPTION BASELINE
ENERGY
PROPOSED
ENERGY
PROPOSED OVER
BASELINE
106 Btu/yr 106 Btu/yr % Energy Savings
Lighting Energy 108.9 40.7 62%
Space Cooling 187.929 172.172 8.3%
Space Heating 0.272 2.009 -558.013%
Fans-Indoor Ventilation 296.171 96.928 67.272%
Office Equipment 1022.672 738.261 27.810%
Tenant Improvement

UTILITY REBATES
POWER USE REDUCTION :
 40% Reduced HVAC Loads
 37% Reduced Lighting
Loads
 47% Reduced Plumbing
Requirements
SRP PROGRAMS USED TO
ACHIEVE REBATES
• Prescriptive Mechanical
Measures
• Custom Lighting Measures
• Prescriptive Lighting
Measures
Total Rebate - $7,148.91
Tenant Improvement

UTILITY REBATES
Prescriptive Mechanical Measures :
• Highest Available SEER Heat Pumps:
$2,484.38
Custom Mechanical Measures
• Integrated Economizer on Heat Pumps: $922.68
• Demand Control Ventilation : $453.75
• Daylighting : $1,108.80
• Heat Pump Water Heater : $$88.00
Prescriptive Lighting Measures
• LED Exit Lights
• Occupancy Sensors
• Photo/Daylight Sensors
• Energy Efficient Lighting
• Total Lighting Rebate: $2091.30
Estimated Annual Energy Savings
• 55,000 KWh saved in the First Year
• $6,050 Saved Annually*
* At $0.11/Kwh (SRP Design Rate for Custom
Rebates)
Tenant Improvement

Software Tools for Compliance
COMcheck™

www.energycodes.gov
No-cost, easy-to-use software
that will demonstrate compliance.
www.energycodes.gov/software.stm

Overview of Tool
–Various Screen and Options
–Compliance Methods
–AreaCalc Spreadsheet
–Reports
COMcheck™

COMcheck™
DOE’s commercial compliance software
(Windows or Mac version)
Desktop Software Tools Web-Based Tools

• For commercial buildings-
can show compliance through
the prescriptive approach,
trade-off approach or the
performance approach.
• COMcheck utilizes only the
trade-off approach.
COMcheck™

• Trade-off approach allows you to trade enhanced energy efficiency in one
component against decreased energy efficiency in another component. These
trade-offs typically occur within major building systems-envelope, lighting, or
mechanical.
• Envelope
Example- trade decreased wall efficiency (lower R-value) for increased window
efficiency (lower U-factor), or increase the roof insulation and reduce or eliminate
slab-edge insulation.
• Lighting Systems-
Trade-off between proposed lighting fixture wattages in various spaces within a
building.
• Trade-off in Mechanical Systems- Mentioned in Chapter 5.
Example- trade off higher cooling equipment efficiency against a requirement for an
economizer.
COMcheck™

1. Select the appropriate code from the Code Menu.
2. Project Screen: location, project type, building use, and project details (optional).
3. If building envelope compliance : Envelope Screen
4. If lighting compliance is to be shown, enter all of the building's lighting fixtures on
the Lighting Screen.
5. If mechanical compliance is to be shown, enter all of the HVAC system, plant, and
water-heating equipment on the Mechanical Screen.
Note: Mechanical compliance isn't shown as a numerical index like Envelope and
Lighting compliance. Rather, COMcheck reports a list of applicable code
requirements based upon the equipment details entered by the user.
6. Save- File → Save or Save As to save the data file
7. Print- Use File → View/Print Report to review and/or print the applicable
compliance reports.
8. Submit either a printed and signed compliance report (or emailed
report, File → Email Report) to the building department.
COMcheck™

COMcheck Compliance
Verification

Adopt, Implement, Enforce
Resources

Resources
• http://www.iccsafe.org
• http://www.energycodes.gov
• http://bcap-energy.org
• http://www.naseo.org
• http://www.eere.energy.gov
• https://energycode.pnl.gov/REScheckWeb/
• https://energycode.pnl.gov/COMcheckWeb/
• http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/Reso
urceCenter

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