This document discusses several key issues related to the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), including carbon cycling and controls, atmospheric chemistry interactions, aerosol-cloud interactions, land use change effects, and the role of droughts. It provides background on topics like tropical deforestation drivers over time, the focus of the LBA experiment, carbon emissions from land use change, and forest cover changes in Amazonia from 2000-2005. Graphs and figures show data on deforestation rates in Brazil, greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil, precipitation and temperature trends, and aerosol distributions and impacts on clouds and radiation in Amazonia.
This document discusses inter-governmental consultation on climate protection and air quality in Latin America and the Caribbean from October 31 to November 2, 2012 in Bogota, Colombia. It focuses on the impacts of biomass burning from deforestation and agricultural fires, including impacts to air quality, weather, climate, and human and ecosystem health. Potential strategies to address biomass burning impacts are also explored.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis from the Decision and Policy Analysis Program of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Delivered at the COCOON meeting in CIAT, Colombia in September 2009.
Romania has 6.4 million hectares of forest area, which is 27% of its total land area. Between 1990 and 2000, Romania's total forest area increased by 2% and its natural forest area increased by an unknown percentage. 69% of Romania's land area is covered by cropland and crop/natural vegetation mosaic. Deforestation reduced Romania's original forest cover from 75% to 27% of its total land area.
The Natural Areas Program has grown from managing zero acres to over 16,000 acres in 20 years through two bond measures that provided $363 million. While land acquisition was relatively straightforward, ongoing ecological and land management challenges require expertise in areas like invasive species control, hydrology, forestry, monitoring, and more. Securing long-term funding for management has been difficult, with bond funds only covering acquisition and limited annual budgets restricting work. A permanent funding source, even at a modest level, is needed to better care for the natural areas portfolio.
Propagation of global stressors at the algae-consumer interface: From short- to long-term scales of observations (Session 6.3). Presented by Manuel Villar-Argaiz at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
1) Malaysia recognizes forestry as an important economic sector and is making efforts to manage its forest resources sustainably through various policies and practices.
2) Key aspects of sustainable forest management in Malaysia include establishing permanent forest reserves, determining annual allowable cuts, implementing reduced impact logging, and obtaining timber certification.
3) While some deforestation has occurred historically for development purposes, Malaysia's forest policies and practices have helped reduce deforestation rates and promote sustainable management of its production and protection forests.
The document discusses challenges in waste management in a globalized economy. It describes the EU Landfill Directive which aims to reduce methane generation from landfills by reducing biologically degradable waste disposed by certain percentages. It then discusses different pretreatment strategies for municipal solid waste like mechanical biological treatment (MBT) and incineration. MBT involves mechanically separating waste into fractions that can be incinerated, composted, or landfilled. The document argues that MBT allows storing some carbon in landfills long-term, unlike incineration which immediately releases all carbon as CO2. It also suggests optimizing waste streams, with wet waste sent to MBT rather than incineration.
This document discusses inter-governmental consultation on climate protection and air quality in Latin America and the Caribbean from October 31 to November 2, 2012 in Bogota, Colombia. It focuses on the impacts of biomass burning from deforestation and agricultural fires, including impacts to air quality, weather, climate, and human and ecosystem health. Potential strategies to address biomass burning impacts are also explored.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis from the Decision and Policy Analysis Program of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Delivered at the COCOON meeting in CIAT, Colombia in September 2009.
Romania has 6.4 million hectares of forest area, which is 27% of its total land area. Between 1990 and 2000, Romania's total forest area increased by 2% and its natural forest area increased by an unknown percentage. 69% of Romania's land area is covered by cropland and crop/natural vegetation mosaic. Deforestation reduced Romania's original forest cover from 75% to 27% of its total land area.
The Natural Areas Program has grown from managing zero acres to over 16,000 acres in 20 years through two bond measures that provided $363 million. While land acquisition was relatively straightforward, ongoing ecological and land management challenges require expertise in areas like invasive species control, hydrology, forestry, monitoring, and more. Securing long-term funding for management has been difficult, with bond funds only covering acquisition and limited annual budgets restricting work. A permanent funding source, even at a modest level, is needed to better care for the natural areas portfolio.
Propagation of global stressors at the algae-consumer interface: From short- to long-term scales of observations (Session 6.3). Presented by Manuel Villar-Argaiz at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
1) Malaysia recognizes forestry as an important economic sector and is making efforts to manage its forest resources sustainably through various policies and practices.
2) Key aspects of sustainable forest management in Malaysia include establishing permanent forest reserves, determining annual allowable cuts, implementing reduced impact logging, and obtaining timber certification.
3) While some deforestation has occurred historically for development purposes, Malaysia's forest policies and practices have helped reduce deforestation rates and promote sustainable management of its production and protection forests.
The document discusses challenges in waste management in a globalized economy. It describes the EU Landfill Directive which aims to reduce methane generation from landfills by reducing biologically degradable waste disposed by certain percentages. It then discusses different pretreatment strategies for municipal solid waste like mechanical biological treatment (MBT) and incineration. MBT involves mechanically separating waste into fractions that can be incinerated, composted, or landfilled. The document argues that MBT allows storing some carbon in landfills long-term, unlike incineration which immediately releases all carbon as CO2. It also suggests optimizing waste streams, with wet waste sent to MBT rather than incineration.
- Peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia store large amounts of carbon but have been degraded through logging, drainage for agriculture and plantations, and fires. They cover around 25 million hectares across 10 countries but only 34% remain intact.
- Main drivers of change have been commercial logging, transmigration programs, and more recently oil palm and pulp plantations, which have led to drainage and increased fires when not managed properly. Fires can spread haze across borders.
- Efforts are underway through ASEAN and national projects to promote sustainable management and restoration of peatlands through BMPs, rehabilitation of degraded areas, fire prevention, and alternative livelihoods. Further protection and restoration of peatlands is needed
- The document discusses the degradation of wetlands in the UK and Sussex. Over 40% of UK floodplains and over 90% of wetland SSSIs in Sussex are in unfavorable condition.
- It outlines the ecosystem services provided by wetlands, including provisioning services like fresh water, food, and materials, as well as regulating services like water purification and flood control. Cultural services like recreation and tourism are also highlighted.
- While some ecosystem services of Ramsar sites in Sussex are explicitly recognized, many remain unrecognized. A better understanding of wetland value is needed to reverse degradation and improve human well-being.
1) Fertilizer use in India has increased overall consumption from around 11.5 million tons in 1990-91 to over 41 million tons in 1999-2000, with nitrogenous fertilizers making up around 65% of total consumption.
2) Five states - Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal - account for over 83% of NP/NPK fertilizer consumption in India, led by Andhra Pradesh.
3) The government's retention pricing scheme, introduced in the 1970s-80s, played a key role in facilitating growth of India's fertilizer industry and increasing consumption, through subsidies to maintain domestic production and consumption.
Juan-Carlos Rocha is a PhD student studying patterns of global regime shifts. He aims to map vulnerability to climate change-driven regime shifts and use network science and data mining to anticipate impacts on ecosystem services. His research analyzes over 20 regime shifts across marine, terrestrial and polar ecosystems to identify the main drivers. Food production, global warming, agriculture and human population are among the most important drivers. Marine regime shifts tend to share more drivers and feedbacks, indicating potential for synchronization. Avoiding regime shifts requires managing key international drivers. Rocha is collaborating on related projects applying text mining, experimental economics and resource networks to further understand regime shifts.
Current policy and status for forestry and plantations on Peatlands in IndonesiaGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document summarizes Indonesia's forestry policies and plans. It discusses the country's forest areas by function and coverage, the history of forestry laws, the national forestry plan, programs to reduce emissions, and deforestation rates. The national forestry plan provides directives for forest area management and utilization over different geographic and time scales. Key goals are to protect natural forests and peatlands while allowing sustainable use. Recent policies have focused on revising maps of areas with logging moratoriums and improving governance of permits in natural forests.
The prospects and limitations for wood fibre bioenergy development in IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Ahmad Dermawan discusses Indonesia’s plan for bioenergy development and the opportunities and challenges inherent in the recent interest in wood pellets from South Korea and China. In developing countries, he argues, the challenge is not (only) on technological issues or production of bioenergy, but also on social and governance issues.
Ahmad gave this presentation as part of the ‘Feedstock from wood and forestry and conversion technology’ session at the second Annual World Congress of Bioenergy: Renewable Energy for Sustainability, held in Xi’an, China on 25–28 April 2012.
a VCS Mosaic REDD Methodology and Participatory Biomass InventoriesCIFOR-ICRAF
This document discusses a VCS REDD methodology for mosaic deforestation areas that involves participatory biomass inventories and community-based monitoring. Key points include: the methodology's applicability criteria around drivers and project actions; how the baseline is established using historical remote sensing and land use modeling; accuracy discounting and inclusion of degradation; ex-ante credit estimation; and addressing leakage and implementing community-based monitoring with strict QA/QC.
Can we manage for timber and biodiversity in the Congo Basin?CIFOR-ICRAF
CIFOR scientist Robert Nasi gave this presentation on 8 September 2012 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Jeju, South Korea, during a session co-hosted by CIFOR titled ‘Managing wild species and systems for food security’.
11/06/2010 LIFE MEETING Presentació Informe Estat del projecte Life COR CEPojecte Life COR
@MovimentR
Hashtags: #MovimentR #3R #Reciclar #Reduir #Reutilitzar
Objective: to generate conversations and to spread the
message
1.2.2. Social Networks
Twitter evolution:
Followers
New followers: People who have started to follow the
assistant @MovimentR
Total followers: People who follow the assistant
@MovimentR until May 15th of 2011
Tweets: Number of tweets published by @MovimentR
Mentions: Number of times that other users have mentioned
@MovimentR in their tweets
1.2.2. Social Networks
Twitter evolution:
Este projeto é um protótipo do curso de Pedagogia, da disciplina Educação e Tecnologia.
Seminário: Meio Ambiente – A Natureza Precisa de Cuidados
Ensino Fundamental – 5º. Ano
O documento discute a adaptação da seleção brasileira de futebol à altitude de 3.700 metros em La Paz, Bolívia, para um torneio. A adaptação ao ar rarefeito, com menor pressão e concentração de oxigênio, leva cerca de 10 dias para evitar riscos de colapso circulatório.
O documento discute queimadas no Brasil, incluindo suas causas, impactos ambientais e medidas para reduzi-las. Resume que queimadas são usadas por agricultores para limpar áreas, mas prejudicam o solo e qualidade do ar, e grande parte é para expansão de pastagens. Monitoramento mostra que o Cerrado e Amazônia têm mais focos, sendo agosto e setembro os piores meses. Controle é necessário, especialmente em anos quentes e secos que podem degradar permanentemente a Amazônia.
A poluição do solo ocorre quando resíduos químicos degradam suas propriedades, tornando-o infértil ou causando problemas para plantas. As principais causas são lixo e produtos químicos como fertilizantes e pesticidas. Isso pode contaminar rios, lençóis freáticos e ecossistemas, além de prejudicar a drenagem e fertilidade do solo. Deve-se tratar lixo corretamente e usar práticas sustentáveis para proteger o solo.
O documento discute o solo, sua formação e importância para a agricultura. Apresenta práticas agrícolas positivas como calagem, adubação e rotação de culturas que melhoram a fertilidade do solo, em contraste com práticas prejudiciais como queimadas e desflorestamento que causam erosão e poluição. Também aborda os ciclos dos nutrientes como nitrogênio, fósforo e carbono e a destinação adequada dos resíduos sólidos para garantir a sustentabilidade ambiental.
O documento discute os principais problemas ambientais do século 21, incluindo a questão da água e o aquecimento global. Também aborda as conferências mundiais sobre meio ambiente, como a Rio-92, Rio+10 e a Conferência de Kyoto, que estabeleceu o Protocolo de Kyoto para reduzir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa.
O documento discute a evolução da preocupação com o meio ambiente ao longo dos tempos. Explica que a palavra "preservação" só começou a ser usada no final do século XX, quando os índices de poluição aumentaram. Também descreve como o meio ambiente começou a ser comprometido na era industrial devido ao crescimento das cidades e da poluição gerada pelas novas máquinas e pelo petróleo. Por fim, discute como a globalização levou a humanidade a lidar com problemas como o efeito estufa.
O documento discute conceitos fundamentais de solo, incluindo a formação, perfis de solo, horizontes, compactação, lixiviação, assoreamento, importância da mata ciliar, queimadas, laterização e salinização. Também fornece links para materiais sobre a Carta da Terra, Agenda 21, Rio+20, questões ecológicas e vídeos sobre compactação do solo e a crise global de 1929.
causas e consequências da degradação ambientalRoney Gusmão
O documento discute as causas e consequências da degradação ambiental no Brasil. Ele aborda a perda da biodiversidade devido ao desmatamento, poluição e espécies extintas. Também menciona a Convenção da Diversidade Biológica de 1992 que busca a conservação da biodiversidade e uso sustentável dos recursos naturais.
O documento discute vários problemas ambientais, incluindo poluição atmosférica, efeito estufa, aquecimento global, desflorestação, degradação dos solos, produção de resíduos, perda de biodiversidade, poluição das águas e causas da poluição oceânica.
Impactos do homem sobre o meio ambientelaiszanatta
O documento discute os principais impactos das ações humanas no meio ambiente, incluindo a diminuição da biodiversidade através da destruição de habitats, a erosão do solo pela agricultura e desmatamento, e as mudanças climáticas causadas pelo efeito estufa.
This spatial analysis created six similarity domains for targeted research sites in Zimbabwe based on climate, soil type, population, market access, and agricultural potential. The domains showed relatively low average travel times to markets but noted constraints to input access could still limit yields. While current average yields are below 1.75 tons/ha, the analysis found a continued high potential yield gap across the regions. It identified spatial areas that would most benefit from extrapolating targeted farming technologies from the research locations.
- Peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia store large amounts of carbon but have been degraded through logging, drainage for agriculture and plantations, and fires. They cover around 25 million hectares across 10 countries but only 34% remain intact.
- Main drivers of change have been commercial logging, transmigration programs, and more recently oil palm and pulp plantations, which have led to drainage and increased fires when not managed properly. Fires can spread haze across borders.
- Efforts are underway through ASEAN and national projects to promote sustainable management and restoration of peatlands through BMPs, rehabilitation of degraded areas, fire prevention, and alternative livelihoods. Further protection and restoration of peatlands is needed
- The document discusses the degradation of wetlands in the UK and Sussex. Over 40% of UK floodplains and over 90% of wetland SSSIs in Sussex are in unfavorable condition.
- It outlines the ecosystem services provided by wetlands, including provisioning services like fresh water, food, and materials, as well as regulating services like water purification and flood control. Cultural services like recreation and tourism are also highlighted.
- While some ecosystem services of Ramsar sites in Sussex are explicitly recognized, many remain unrecognized. A better understanding of wetland value is needed to reverse degradation and improve human well-being.
1) Fertilizer use in India has increased overall consumption from around 11.5 million tons in 1990-91 to over 41 million tons in 1999-2000, with nitrogenous fertilizers making up around 65% of total consumption.
2) Five states - Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal - account for over 83% of NP/NPK fertilizer consumption in India, led by Andhra Pradesh.
3) The government's retention pricing scheme, introduced in the 1970s-80s, played a key role in facilitating growth of India's fertilizer industry and increasing consumption, through subsidies to maintain domestic production and consumption.
Juan-Carlos Rocha is a PhD student studying patterns of global regime shifts. He aims to map vulnerability to climate change-driven regime shifts and use network science and data mining to anticipate impacts on ecosystem services. His research analyzes over 20 regime shifts across marine, terrestrial and polar ecosystems to identify the main drivers. Food production, global warming, agriculture and human population are among the most important drivers. Marine regime shifts tend to share more drivers and feedbacks, indicating potential for synchronization. Avoiding regime shifts requires managing key international drivers. Rocha is collaborating on related projects applying text mining, experimental economics and resource networks to further understand regime shifts.
Current policy and status for forestry and plantations on Peatlands in IndonesiaGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document summarizes Indonesia's forestry policies and plans. It discusses the country's forest areas by function and coverage, the history of forestry laws, the national forestry plan, programs to reduce emissions, and deforestation rates. The national forestry plan provides directives for forest area management and utilization over different geographic and time scales. Key goals are to protect natural forests and peatlands while allowing sustainable use. Recent policies have focused on revising maps of areas with logging moratoriums and improving governance of permits in natural forests.
The prospects and limitations for wood fibre bioenergy development in IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Ahmad Dermawan discusses Indonesia’s plan for bioenergy development and the opportunities and challenges inherent in the recent interest in wood pellets from South Korea and China. In developing countries, he argues, the challenge is not (only) on technological issues or production of bioenergy, but also on social and governance issues.
Ahmad gave this presentation as part of the ‘Feedstock from wood and forestry and conversion technology’ session at the second Annual World Congress of Bioenergy: Renewable Energy for Sustainability, held in Xi’an, China on 25–28 April 2012.
a VCS Mosaic REDD Methodology and Participatory Biomass InventoriesCIFOR-ICRAF
This document discusses a VCS REDD methodology for mosaic deforestation areas that involves participatory biomass inventories and community-based monitoring. Key points include: the methodology's applicability criteria around drivers and project actions; how the baseline is established using historical remote sensing and land use modeling; accuracy discounting and inclusion of degradation; ex-ante credit estimation; and addressing leakage and implementing community-based monitoring with strict QA/QC.
Can we manage for timber and biodiversity in the Congo Basin?CIFOR-ICRAF
CIFOR scientist Robert Nasi gave this presentation on 8 September 2012 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Jeju, South Korea, during a session co-hosted by CIFOR titled ‘Managing wild species and systems for food security’.
11/06/2010 LIFE MEETING Presentació Informe Estat del projecte Life COR CEPojecte Life COR
@MovimentR
Hashtags: #MovimentR #3R #Reciclar #Reduir #Reutilitzar
Objective: to generate conversations and to spread the
message
1.2.2. Social Networks
Twitter evolution:
Followers
New followers: People who have started to follow the
assistant @MovimentR
Total followers: People who follow the assistant
@MovimentR until May 15th of 2011
Tweets: Number of tweets published by @MovimentR
Mentions: Number of times that other users have mentioned
@MovimentR in their tweets
1.2.2. Social Networks
Twitter evolution:
Este projeto é um protótipo do curso de Pedagogia, da disciplina Educação e Tecnologia.
Seminário: Meio Ambiente – A Natureza Precisa de Cuidados
Ensino Fundamental – 5º. Ano
O documento discute a adaptação da seleção brasileira de futebol à altitude de 3.700 metros em La Paz, Bolívia, para um torneio. A adaptação ao ar rarefeito, com menor pressão e concentração de oxigênio, leva cerca de 10 dias para evitar riscos de colapso circulatório.
O documento discute queimadas no Brasil, incluindo suas causas, impactos ambientais e medidas para reduzi-las. Resume que queimadas são usadas por agricultores para limpar áreas, mas prejudicam o solo e qualidade do ar, e grande parte é para expansão de pastagens. Monitoramento mostra que o Cerrado e Amazônia têm mais focos, sendo agosto e setembro os piores meses. Controle é necessário, especialmente em anos quentes e secos que podem degradar permanentemente a Amazônia.
A poluição do solo ocorre quando resíduos químicos degradam suas propriedades, tornando-o infértil ou causando problemas para plantas. As principais causas são lixo e produtos químicos como fertilizantes e pesticidas. Isso pode contaminar rios, lençóis freáticos e ecossistemas, além de prejudicar a drenagem e fertilidade do solo. Deve-se tratar lixo corretamente e usar práticas sustentáveis para proteger o solo.
O documento discute o solo, sua formação e importância para a agricultura. Apresenta práticas agrícolas positivas como calagem, adubação e rotação de culturas que melhoram a fertilidade do solo, em contraste com práticas prejudiciais como queimadas e desflorestamento que causam erosão e poluição. Também aborda os ciclos dos nutrientes como nitrogênio, fósforo e carbono e a destinação adequada dos resíduos sólidos para garantir a sustentabilidade ambiental.
O documento discute os principais problemas ambientais do século 21, incluindo a questão da água e o aquecimento global. Também aborda as conferências mundiais sobre meio ambiente, como a Rio-92, Rio+10 e a Conferência de Kyoto, que estabeleceu o Protocolo de Kyoto para reduzir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa.
O documento discute a evolução da preocupação com o meio ambiente ao longo dos tempos. Explica que a palavra "preservação" só começou a ser usada no final do século XX, quando os índices de poluição aumentaram. Também descreve como o meio ambiente começou a ser comprometido na era industrial devido ao crescimento das cidades e da poluição gerada pelas novas máquinas e pelo petróleo. Por fim, discute como a globalização levou a humanidade a lidar com problemas como o efeito estufa.
O documento discute conceitos fundamentais de solo, incluindo a formação, perfis de solo, horizontes, compactação, lixiviação, assoreamento, importância da mata ciliar, queimadas, laterização e salinização. Também fornece links para materiais sobre a Carta da Terra, Agenda 21, Rio+20, questões ecológicas e vídeos sobre compactação do solo e a crise global de 1929.
causas e consequências da degradação ambientalRoney Gusmão
O documento discute as causas e consequências da degradação ambiental no Brasil. Ele aborda a perda da biodiversidade devido ao desmatamento, poluição e espécies extintas. Também menciona a Convenção da Diversidade Biológica de 1992 que busca a conservação da biodiversidade e uso sustentável dos recursos naturais.
O documento discute vários problemas ambientais, incluindo poluição atmosférica, efeito estufa, aquecimento global, desflorestação, degradação dos solos, produção de resíduos, perda de biodiversidade, poluição das águas e causas da poluição oceânica.
Impactos do homem sobre o meio ambientelaiszanatta
O documento discute os principais impactos das ações humanas no meio ambiente, incluindo a diminuição da biodiversidade através da destruição de habitats, a erosão do solo pela agricultura e desmatamento, e as mudanças climáticas causadas pelo efeito estufa.
This spatial analysis created six similarity domains for targeted research sites in Zimbabwe based on climate, soil type, population, market access, and agricultural potential. The domains showed relatively low average travel times to markets but noted constraints to input access could still limit yields. While current average yields are below 1.75 tons/ha, the analysis found a continued high potential yield gap across the regions. It identified spatial areas that would most benefit from extrapolating targeted farming technologies from the research locations.
A spatial analysis: creating similarity domains for targeted research sites i...Joanna Hicks
This spatial analysis was commissioned by ACIAR to develop similarity domains for targeted research sites in Zimbabwe based on climate, production, market access, and population data. The objectives were to enhance adoption of farming technologies and assist funding bodies to target high-impact regions. Climate, soil, population, and other data layers were overlaid to create six similarity domains centered around existing research sites. Agricultural potential analysis showed a large yield gap between current low-input yields and simulated high-input yields across all domains, indicating room for improvement through investments and interventions.
This document summarizes the development of agriculture in Brazil and discusses potential impacts of climate change and policy alternatives. Key points:
1) Brazilian agriculture transformed from low production to highly productive through increased yields, new technologies, and expansion into new areas.
2) Climate change may impact crop yields and suitable land for agriculture in Brazil according to models, though effects are uncertain.
3) Brazil has implemented policies like its Agricultural and Livestock Plan to promote no-till farming, integrated systems, and degraded pasture recovery to mitigate emissions.
This document discusses emerging carbon economies and savanna fire abatement projects in northern Australia. It describes the landscape and cultural heritage of northern Australia and significant development pressures. It highlights several existing projects that aim to shift fire regimes at large scales, reintroduce traditional burning practices, and accurately measure greenhouse gas emissions from savanna fires. These projects establish partnerships between Indigenous groups, government organizations, and private funders. They have helped reduce emissions and shift the timing of fires compared to baseline periods. The document advocates for policies and an industry structure that promotes Indigenous involvement and benefits from carbon projects on their lands.
Energy as Motor of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination DevelopmentDegrémont
This document summarizes information about reverse osmosis desalination and trends in energy consumption. It discusses how reverse osmosis works to treat brackish water and seawater, showing typical operating pressures and recovery rates. Energy consumption in desalination depends on factors like total dissolved solids, recovery rate, temperature, and membranes used. The document then charts historical energy consumption for desalination plants from the 1970s to present, showing a gradual decline. Future reductions may come from improved energy recovery devices, membranes, and pretreatment techniques. Emerging technologies like forward osmosis also have potential to significantly reduce energy use.
Presentation of Antonio D. Santiago for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Antonio D. Santiago realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
This document summarizes a study that developed and applied a spatially-explicit model to analyze tradeoffs between expanding oil palm agriculture and environmental/development targets in Colombia. The model considers scenarios like business-as-usual expansion, prioritizing agroindustry, ecosystem protection, and carbon conservation. Key outcomes like land use change, biodiversity impacts, and effects on food production are measured and compared across scenarios. While impacts on livelihoods are also important, social data is limited for modeling those effects. Results of applying this modeling approach in Colombia will be published later in 2011.
This document discusses ways to increase efficiency in the food production water supply chain. It outlines how irrigation districts in Alberta have collaborated with government to invest over $1 billion in improving irrigation systems. This has resulted in irrigating 46% more land while diverting 10% less water. Key strategies discussed are lining canals to reduce seepage, using pipelines to eliminate evaporation, and improving on-farm irrigation systems. The changes have saved an estimated 110 million cubic meters of water annually. The document also notes commitments to prioritize communities over irrigation in drought and to support economic development with water supplies.
Cristina Branquinho "Improving ecosystem services in drylands: microclimate m...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study on how microclimate affects the natural regeneration of forests in dryland areas of Portugal after agricultural abandonment. The study found that the rate of regeneration of holm oak trees depends on local microclimate conditions, with regeneration being faster in areas with higher potential solar radiation and slower in areas with lower potential solar radiation. The researchers developed a predictive model for holm oak regeneration based on microclimate variables that can help improve reforestation planning efforts. Validating the model over time showed it has potential for predicting natural regeneration patterns under different climate scenarios.
Indonesian Peat Fires and Emission Reduction through Prevention ActivitiesGlobalEnvironmentCentre
This document discusses Indonesian peat fires and emission reduction through prevention activities. It provides background on historical Indonesian forest fires dating back to 15,510 BC. Tables show burnt area statistics from 2000-2009, with the highest levels occurring in 1997-1998 at 10-11 million hectares. Emissions from peat fires are estimated at 3.9-5.6 million tons of CO2 from 2000-2009. The document outlines Indonesia's targets to reduce hotspots, burnt areas, and increase local government capacity for fire control. It describes fire prevention activities undertaken, including training programs, development of a fire danger rating system in 2002, and commitments by the Ministry of Forestry to reduce fire occurrences.
This document discusses the connections between wasting and climate change. Some of the key points made include:
1. 54% of waste is sent to landfills, which are a top source of methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas.
2. Incinerators produce more carbon dioxide emissions per megawatt-hour than coal, oil, or natural gas power plants. They also require waste to operate.
3. Unchecked consumption and single-use items contribute greatly to waste. Composting and recycling programs are better alternatives that prevent emissions.
A presentation about how the Covenant of Mayors is implemented in Sweden. Some exemples are given from the sustainable energy action plans, and especially Växjö the first Swedidh SEAP approved by Covenant of Mayors office.
The document summarizes Tony Simons' speech on trees and forests for a healthy world by 2030. It discusses the challenges of population growth, inequality, and food insecurity. It presents paradigms for balancing ecological functioning, productivity, and income stability. It looks ahead to opportunities for knowledge transfer regarding agroforestry, forest definitions, and an integrated view of trees within and outside forests.
The potato seed system in Uganda - An end-user perspectiveILRI
Presented by J. Bonabana-Wabbi, S.B. Mukasa, J. Kirinya and S. Kyamanywa at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
Mosnier - Impacts of improved transportation infrastructure on agricultural s...CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Water resources and biofuels water quality april 2012Sharon Lezberg
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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IEA - Queimadas na Amazônia e seus efeitos no ecossistema e na saúde da população
1.
2. Instituto de Estudos Avançados,
USP Ribeirão Preto 26/Agosto/2011
Prof. Paulo Artaxo
Institute of Physics,
University of São Paulo, Brazil
artaxo@if.usp,br
3. Focus of the Large Scale Biosphere
Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia
Some key issues that are important from the scientific, public
policies and conservation in Amazonia:
• Carbon cycling and the physiological and climatic controls
• Atmospheric chemistry in terms of oxidants and
biosphere-atmosphere interactions (O3, VOCs, NOx, etc)
• Aerosol-clouds interactions and aerosol radiative forcing
• Land Use Change and its effects, including carbon cycling,
biomass burning emissions, modeling and social drivers.
• Role of disturbances (droughts of 2005 and 2010)
• Effects of climate change in Amazonia
6. Net CO2 Emissions from LUC in Tropical Countries
600
2000-2005 RA Houghton 2009,
CO2 emissions (TgC y-1)
500 Brazil 60%
400
Indonesia
300
Cameroon Colombia
Venezuela
200 Nicaragua
Peru
Rep.Dem.Congo
India
100 Nigeria Philippines Nepal
0
4-2% 2-1% <1%
Land use change was responsible for estimated net emissions of 1.5 PgC per year over the
last 15 years.
This is 12% of total emissions in 2008, down from 20% in the 1990´s
7. Forest clearing and forest cover in the humid tropical
forest biome, 2000–2005
Forest loss in Brazil accounts for 48% of total biome clearing, nearly four times that
of the next highest country, Indonesia, which accounts for 13%.
Hansen M. C. et.al. PNAS 2008
8. Deforestation was reduced from
27,000 Km² in 2004 to 7,000 Km² in
2010.
A very dynamical system, and we
need to know what effects on the
ecosystem these changes have
produced
Deforestation in Amazonia 1977-2009 in km² per year
35000
30000 27.000 Km² in 2004
Desflorestation (km² per year)
25000
20000
15000 7.000 Km²
in 2010
10000
5000
0
88/89
89/90
90/91
91/92
92/94
94/95
95/96
96/97
97/98
98/99
99/00
00/01
01/02
02/03
03/04
04/05
05/06
06/07
07/08
08/09
77/88*
* annual average per decade Data from INPE, 2009
What public policies are needed to sustain this reduction?
9. Brazilian Greenhouse Gases Emission Inventory 2005
24
56 12
5
3
Deforestation Agrobusines Energy+Transport
Industry Landfills
MCT Feb 2010
Copenhagen Commitment: Reduction in 80% emissions from deforestation
in 2015 from 2004. Same target in the Brazilian law passed in Congress.
10. Current pyrogeography
on Earth, illustrated by
(A) net primary
productivity (NPP, g C NPP
m-2 year-1) from 2001 to
2006, and (B) annual
average number of
fires observed by
satellite
Fires
Bowman et al., Science, 2009
11. Global Deforestation Fires:
Responsible for 19% of
global radiative forcing
Estimated contribution of fire
associated with deforestation
to changes in radiative forcing
compared to 1750, assuming a
steady state for other fire
emissions.
Bowman et al., Science, 2009
13. (mm) (b) Santarem k67 (oC)
(mm) (a) Manaus k34 (oC) 28
28 300 27
300
26
27 200
25
200
26 24
100
100 23
25
0 22
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
0 24
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
(mm) (c) Santarem k83 (oC)
28
300 27
26
200
25
(d) Jarú (JRU)
(mm) (oC) 24
100
28 23
300 27 0 22
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
26
200
25
24
100
23
0 22 (mm) (e) Javaés (JAV) (oC)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
29
300
28
200 27
(mm) (f) Sinop (SIN) (oC)
400 27
26
LBA Flux Towers 100
26
25
300
0 24
25 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
200
24
100
23 Climatological
0 22 (mm) (g) Pé deGigante (oC) precipitation (mm mo-1)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
(PEG) 26 Top tower
300
24
precipitation (mm mo-1)
200 22 Climatological
temperature (oC)
20
100 Top tower
18 temperature (oC)
0 16
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Rocha et al. 2010
14. 8
7.5
7
6.5
LBA/RAINFOR - Aboveground 6
Soil pH
5.5
5
wood production for 97 sites
4.5
4
3.5
3
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Malhi et al, 2010 Distance from Andes (km)
Above-Ground Wood Production (t C ha-1 year-1)
6
Ecuador
5
S Peru
4 N Peru
Growth
Bolivia
Venezuela
3 Guyanas
Brazil
2
1
0
PAK-03
PAK-02
BNT-07
BNT-04
BDF-01
BDF-10
BDF-14
BDF-09
BDF-13
BDF-12
BNT-05
HCC-21
RIO-01
LSL-02
LSL-01
TAP-02
TAP-01
TAP-03
TIP-03
CEL-15
ELD-03
TAM-04
SUC-02
TAM-05
TAM-07
LIN-01
CRP-01
TAM-02
SCR-02
SCR-01
SCR-03
MNU-04
MNU-03
MNU-06
MNU-01
JEN-06
JEN-09
ALP-22
JEN-10
CYB-01
YAN-01
CAX-02
CUZ-04
CUZ-03
BCI-50
NOR-01
BCI-01
JAS-03
JAS-02
Site
Forest in Amazonia are accumulating carbon at a rate of about 0.7 tC/ha/year from 1998-2010
15. WP4 EOS project
Amazonica
WP3 Biomass
WP2 Ecosystem
WP1 Atmospheric
approach touse
fluxesmeasure
inventories
land
concentrations
regional carbon balance
16. CO2 flux – tropical forest Santarem (k83)
CO2 fluxes: annual sum is prone to Reco ~ Respiration
uncertainties (nighttime flux)
Miller 2004, Ecol Appl; Goulden 2004 Ecol Appl, 2006 JGR
Saleska 2003, Science; Hutyra 2007 JGR
GPP ~ daytime flux – Reco
High numbers are observed in the
tropics (Miller 2004, Ecol Appl)
Reco u*filtered
Reco
Dry season Wet season GPP
sink loss
... but leads to a reasonable (Humberto Rocha, USP, 2011)
interpretation of seasonality
17. 320 meters tall tower in Amazonia for long term monitoring of trace gases and aerosols
18. Two plots with rain exclusion
(drought experiments) in Amazonia
Intact forests seem resilient to substantial
seasonal drought, but begin to die back after
several successive years of drought
Nepstad et al (2007), Ecology, Fisher et al. (2007), Global Change Biology, Brando et al
(2008), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Sotta et al. (2008), Global
Change Biology
19. Two strong droughts in 2005 and 2010: Variability of Rio Negro during drought years
Rio Negro mean water levels (m) at Manaus-AM during drought years
1963 2005
2010
Lowest levels at Manaus
20. Response to interannual drought
Model-Predicted Response Empirical Test: the 2005 drought
Hadley modeled GPP & precip in central Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
Amazonia in years relative to El Nino drought satellite precip anomalies in 3rd quarter 2005
Forest Photosynthesis
30
(Mg C ha-1 yr-1)
20 El Nino Drought
10 Precip (mm mo-1)
(Jones et al.,
2001) 200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Years: -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 (Saleska et al., Science, 2007)
21. Drought sensitivity of
the Amazon Rainforest
Annual aboveground biomass change
during the 2005 interval.
Effect of the 2005
drought in the
carbon balance
in Amazonia
Phillips et al. 2009 Science
22. Drought of 2010 in Amazonia
Manaus river level for 2005 and 2010
Spatial patterns of standardized anomalies of
normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
and enhanced vegetation index (EVI).
Xu et al., GRL 2011
23. Aerosol-clouds interactions and aerosol radiative forcing
• Optical, physical properties and chemical
composition of biomass burning aerosols
• Properties of natural biogenic aerosols
• Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) properties
• Long term measurements of ground, vertical
distribution and column integrated optical
properties
• Clouds physical properties and distribution
coupled with cloud droplets microphysical
properties.
24. Aerosol Particles: Coupling of Terrestrial Ecosystems
and the Hydrologic Cycle
Energy and Water Exchange and Processing
25. Large scale aerosol distribution in
Amazonia
• Severe health effects on the Amazonian
population (about 20 million people)
• Climatic effects, with strong effects on
cloud physics and radiation balance.
• Changes in carbon uptake and
ecosystem functioning
26. Amazonia - Average aerosol forcing clear sky
Top: - 10 w/m²
Atmosphere: + 28 w/m²
Surface: - 38 w/m²
Conditions: surface: forest vegetation AOT (=0.95 at 500nm); 24 hour average
7 years (93-95, 99-02 dry season Aug-Oct)
27. Hydrological cycle critical for Amazonia.
Variety of cloud structure caused
by different CCN amounts and
other cloud dynamic issues
Pyrocumulus Clouds
“Green Ocean Clouds“
28. Aerosol-cloud-precipitation feedbacks
CCN = cloud condensation nuclei and IN = ice nuclei.
AEROSOLS
CCN Activation Ice Nuclei Activation
Cloud/Aerosol Cloud Microphysics
Radiative
Transfer
Cloud Dynamics PRECIPITATION Aerosol Wet
Removal
30. Suppression of low cloud formation by aerosols in Amazonia
Cloud fraction as function of aerosol optical depth (OD)..
On average, the cloud fraction decreases to less than 1/8 of the cloud fraction in clean conditions when
OD = 1. (Koren and Kaufman, 2003)
31. Relationships between cloud properties and aerosol loading in Amazonia
Microphysics absorption effects
Aerosol Optical Thickness
Koren et al., Science 2008
32. Ice nuclei from biogenic
emissions and Sahara dust in
Central Amazonia
Dust relation to ice-nucleus measurements. Dust
concentrations during AMAZE-08. a, GEOS-Chem
simulated dust from 2–6 March at 18 UTC. The field
site, shown as a black diamond, typically fell near the
edge of the plumes. Fine-dust concentrations from
PIXE measurements (black rectangles; µg/m³,
dp<2µm.
34. Rainfall trends in the Brazilian Amazon 1925-2008:
Decreasing at Pará and Amazon states?
Annual
Wet
Dry
Satyamurty et al., 2010
35. Rainfall trends in the Brazilian Amazon 1925-2008:
increasing?
Satyamurty et al., 2010
36. Rainfall trends in the Brazilian Amazon 1925-2008: whole region
No biomass burning smoke Heavy biomass burning smoke
Annual
Wet
Dry
Satyamurty et al., 2010
37. Aerosol effects on
the Net Plant Productivity
CO2 Concentration Aerosol Concentration
+ -
+ Temperature +
+ +
Photosynthesis
+? BVOC emissions
Kulmala et al., 2004
38. Strong aerosol effect on forest photosynthesis diffuse radiation
have a large effect on CO2 fluxes
Amazonia Rondonia Forest site 2000-2001
Dry Season - NEE increase: 46 %
0
Wet Season - NEE increase: 24 %
NEE (µmolm s )
-2 -1
-10
-20
-30
Increase in aerosol loading
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Relative Irradiance
39. Amazon shortwave aerosol radiative forcing (SWARF) at the top of
the atmosphere (TOA) from 2000 to 2009 using shortwave (SW)
flux at the TOA from the CERES sensor and AOD from MODIS.
Table 1 – Shortwave aerosol radiative
forcing for Amazon region during the
biomass burning season of the years
2000 to 2009.
Year Valid Cells SWARF (W/m2)
2000 1163 -12.3 + 12.5
2001 1492 -8.1 + 13.3
2002 1447 -12.8 + 11.8
2003 1392 -12.0 + 12.5
2004 185 -13.4 + 17.6
2005 1799 -15.0 + 13.4
2006 1654 -9.5 + 12.9
2007 1731 -13.9 + 17.1
AERONET time series of the aerosol optical depth at
2008 1665 -8.2 + 15.9
500 nm from 2000 to 2009 over two Amazon sites:
2009 1405 -4.7 + 11.0 Alta Floresta and Rio Branco.
Average -10.6 + 4.2
40. Large scale radiative forcing in Amazonia from 2000 to 2007
CERES (Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System) and MODIS
41. Effects of climate change in Amazonia
Complex Earth System Models are needed to study
all these interacting and simultaneous drivers
LUCC
Climate
Fire Change
Climate Nobre et al., 2011
Extremes
Ecosystems of Amazonia - environmental drivers of change
42. Warming of 0.8°C in Amazonia (Victoria et al., Total deforested area (clear-cutting) is 730,000 km2
2004. J Climate); IPCC AR4: 3°C to > 5°C in 2100! in Brazilian Amazonia (18%) (INPE, 2008)
GLOBAL WARMING DEFORESTATION
Anthropogenic and Natural Drivers of Environmental
Change in Amazonia
DROUGHTS FOREST FIRES
Droughts (e.g., 2005) can become frequent
(Cox et al., 2008 Nature) Forest fire frequency ↑ (Nepstad et al., 2006)
43. What direction the Brazilian agriculture will take?
The socio-economic drivers matters a lot!!!
44. Impacto das Queimadas na saúde da população amazônica
Os primeiros estudos tiveram início em 1992 com medidas
de material particulado e Hg gasoso com o objetivo de
identificar a composição físico química, concentrações,
tamanho da partícula e as propriedades toxicológicas
da fumaça.
45. Quais os riscos da exposição humana à fumaça?
Quais poluentes ?
Qual a magnitude da exposição?
O risco é o mesmo para todos ?
Qual o custo-benefício do controle?
46. Efeitos significativos
Período chuvoso sobre a saúde humana
8 a 10 µg.m³ Exposição de elevada
100 a 300 partículas cm³ magnitude
Periodo seco
100 a 300 µg.m-³
15.000 a 30.000
partículas cm-³
Combustão de partículas,
Brônquio
s
Cabelo humano compostos orgânicos, etc Bronquíolos
Bronquíolos
respiratóri
Poeira, pólen, etc os
Alvéolos
Areia fina de praia
47. Mass concentration (μg/m³)
23
-A
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
08 ug
-S -9
25 ep 2
-S -9
31 ep 2
-O -9
12 ct- 2
-J 9
urbana
20 a n 2
-A -9
p 3
13 r-9
n=735
31 -Ju 3
-A l-9
08 ug 3
-S -9
26 ep 3
-N -9
23 ov 3
-M -9
21 ar 3
- -9
19 Ju n 4
-A -9
15 ug - 4
-O 9
07 ct 4
-F -9
25 eb 4
-M -9
05 ay 5
-A -9
24 ug 5
-A -9
05 ug 5
-N -9
12 ov 5
-M -9
24 ar 5
-A -9
01 ug 6
-S -9
09 ep 6
-S -9
04 ep 6
-O -9
30 ct 6
-M -96
28 ar-
9
16 -Ju 7
-A l-9
29 ug 7
-S -97
07 ep
-N -9
03 ov 7
-J -9
19 a n 7
-A -9
p 8
20 r-9
24 -Ju 8
-A l-9
03 ug 8
-S -98
09 ep
- -9
12 Oct 8
-N -9
28 ov 8
-J -9
29 a n 8
-M -9
Amazônia Subequatorial
07 ar 9
-J -99
u
14 n-9
19 -Ju 9
-A l-9
16 ug 9
Alta Floresta Aerosol Mass Concentration 1992-2001
-S -99
25 ep
-O -9
Exposição humana não necessariamente
ocorre no local da queima. Efeito na área
02 ct 9
-F -9
24 eb 9
-A -00
p
11 r-0
- 0
Fine Mode
21 Ju l
-O -00
22 ct
-A -0
Coarse Mode
15 pr- 0
-S 01
ep
-0
1
Queimadas e Doenças na Amazonia
AF
2000 - 2005
apresentou os piores
mortalidade por doenças
Amazônia Subequatorial
respiratórias no período de
indicadores de morbidade e
48. Poluição do Ar – Efeitos na Saúde
Mortalidade
Hospitalização
Visitas de emergência (PS)
gravidade do
Visitas médicas
efeito
Redução da atividade física
Uso de medicação
Sintomas respiratórios
Alteração na função pulmonar
Efeitos sub-clínicos
Proporção da população afetada
49. Efeitos das Queimadas na Saúde
Média das taxas de internação por asma em menores de
cinco anos (por 10.000) dos municípios maiores de 25
mil habitantes do estado de Mato Grosso: 2000 - 2005
média asma 2000-2005
Alta Floresta 349,7
Colíder 265,3
Juína 173,0
Sorriso 120,4
Sinop 82,1
Cuiabá 21,2
Tangará da Serra 11,2
0,0 50,0 100,0 150,0 200,0 250,0 300,0 350,0 400,0
50. Média das taxas de internação por pneumonia em menores
de cinco anos (por 10.000) dos municípios < de 25 mil
habitantes em MT 2000 - 2005
média_pneumonia
Tangará da Serra 1578,0
Tangará da Serra
Alta Floresta 757,0
Colíder 736,7
Sinop 363,0
Juína 261,5
Sorriso 189,7
Cuiabá 189,1
0,0 500,0 1000,0 1500,0 2000,0
51. RESULTADOS DOS ESTUDOS
Estudo de Asma and Alergias em escolares
(ISAAC – fase I) na região de Alta Floresta
e Tangara da Serra
6370 estudantes
Maior prevalência de asma na região foi em meninos
(6-7 anos) > 20%
52. Estimativas da redução do fluxo expiratorio - peak flow
( l/min) para cada aumento de 10 μg/m3 PM2.5 para todos
os estudantes
Redução do fluxo de 0.31 and 0.34 l/min para a exposição ao PM2.5 no mesmo dia e de
0.18 - 0.21 l/min para efeitos acumulados de dois dias.
53. São Paulo State sugar cane
biomass burning:
Also large atmospheric impacts
Significant health impacts
Change in nutrient deposition
Change in the hydrological cycle.
55. Examples of the spatial distribution of the SWARF at TOA
2005 2005
SWARF (W/m2) AOD
2008 2008
SWARF (W/m2) AOD
The higher the AOD the higher is the correlation between SWARF
and AOD. For lower AOD values the influence of other parameters
such as the surface reflectance also become important.
56. Impact of Manaus City on the Amazon Green Ocean atmosphere: aerosol and
ozone production, precursor sensitivity and transport
Kuhn et al., ACPD 2010
57. Potential Vegetation Simulated by the PVM2.0Reg (50 km)
Figure 1. Natural vegetation reference map [Salazar, 2009] and actual potential vegetation simulated by
CPTEC•PVM2.0Reg model under the 1961–1990 mean climate. The division of the Amazon domain is
-
indicated by the continuous box in the natural vegetation map. Region 1: Southeast (5.25°S–13.75°S;
50.75°W–63.75°W); Region 2: Northeast (4.75°N–5.25°S; 50.75°W–63.75°W); Region 3: Northwest
(4.75°N–5.25°S; 63.75°W; 75.25°W); Region 4: Southwest (5.25°S–13.75°S; 63.75°W–75.25°W).
Salazar and Nobre, 2010 GRL
58. Potential Dominant Biome in Response to ∆T, ∆P and CO2 “fertilization” effect
Figure 2. Potential dominant
biome simulated by CPTEC• -
PVM2.0Reg for different
temperature anomalies,
precipitation changes, and
fertilization effects (0%, 25%
and 100%) for SRES A2 climate
scenario for the period 2070–
2099, and for the regions of
Amazonia (indicated in Figure
1): (a–c) southeast, (d–f)
northeast, (g–i) northwest and
(j–l) southwest Amazonia.
The climate anomalies
projected by regional (ETA CCS,
RegCM3 and HadRM3P) and
selected global (GISS• ]ER,
ECHAM5, HadCM3 and M:
average of fifteen global models
from IPCC) models plotted for
each region.
Salazar and Nobre, 2010 GRL