The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their use in manufacturing control systems. It discusses the history and purpose of PLCs, the components that PLCs interact with including input/output devices, and basic PLC programming concepts such as ladder logic, instructions, and logic states. It also provides an example of how a PLC could be programmed and wired to control the filling of an oil tank based on input from two level sensors.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their use in manufacturing control systems. It discusses the history and purpose of PLCs, the types of devices a PLC interacts with like inputs, outputs, relays, timers and counters. It also covers PLC components, programming concepts like ladder logic, and provides examples of programming logic for applications like traffic light control.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their use in manufacturing control systems. It discusses the history and purpose of PLCs, the components that PLCs interact with including input/output devices, switches, relays, timers, and counters. The document also covers PLC architecture, components, ladder logic programming, and provides an example of a ladder logic program for controlling the filling of a tank.
The document provides information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs):
1. It introduces PLCs, describing their use in industrial processes to provide flexible, ruggedized control as an alternative to hard-wired relays. PLCs were first used in automobile manufacturing.
2. Details are given about PLC architecture, including the central processing unit, memory, input/output circuitry, system buses, and the continuous control loop of reading inputs, executing logic, and changing outputs.
3. Programming concepts like ladder logic are explained, along with basic functions of timers, counters, and their use in sequential and combinational logic problems.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) were introduced in the late 1960s/early 1970s to replace large expensive panels of relays and counters. PLCs have since become highly sophisticated and versatile control systems capable of complex math functions and high-speed operation. A PLC is a specialized digital computer used for automating electromechanical processes. It consists of a central processing unit, memory, input and output modules, a programmer, and racks/chassis. PLCs are programmed using ladder logic or other languages to control processes based on input and output status. Ladder logic uses contacts, coils, and rungs to represent relay-based logic diagrams graphically.
PLC stands for programmable logic controller, which is an electronic device used to automate industrial processes. It uses a programming memory to store instructions to control machines and processes. PLCs are commonly used in manufacturing, food processing, metals, power, mining, and petrochemical industries. A PLC has a processor, power supply, input and output modules, and a programming device. PLCs were developed in the 1960s to replace relay-based control systems and became popular in the 1980s due to lower costs. PLCs use ladder logic programming to control inputs like sensors and outputs like motors.
The document provides information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC according to the NEMA standard as a digitally operating, microprocessor-based electronic apparatus that uses a programming memory to implement logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic functions to control machines and processes. The document discusses the historical development of PLCs, their basic components including inputs, outputs, power supply and programming. It provides examples of PLC applications and programming techniques such as ladder logic. It also lists some leading PLC brands and provides basic information about relays and internal relays used in PLC systems.
Before PLCs, control systems used relay logic which lacked flexibility for process changes and expansion. The first commercial and successful PLC was designed and developed by Modicon in the late 1960s as a relay replacement for General Motors. A PLC is an industrial solid-state computer that performs logic functions to control machines and processes. It reads input signals from sensors, processes the data, and provides output signals to control devices like motors, valves, and relays. PLCs were developed to replace mechanical relay-based systems and offer more flexibility through reprogramming compared to hardwired relay panels.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their use in manufacturing control systems. It discusses the history and purpose of PLCs, the types of devices a PLC interacts with like inputs, outputs, relays, timers and counters. It also covers PLC components, programming concepts like ladder logic, and provides examples of programming logic for applications like traffic light control.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their use in manufacturing control systems. It discusses the history and purpose of PLCs, the components that PLCs interact with including input/output devices, switches, relays, timers, and counters. The document also covers PLC architecture, components, ladder logic programming, and provides an example of a ladder logic program for controlling the filling of a tank.
The document provides information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs):
1. It introduces PLCs, describing their use in industrial processes to provide flexible, ruggedized control as an alternative to hard-wired relays. PLCs were first used in automobile manufacturing.
2. Details are given about PLC architecture, including the central processing unit, memory, input/output circuitry, system buses, and the continuous control loop of reading inputs, executing logic, and changing outputs.
3. Programming concepts like ladder logic are explained, along with basic functions of timers, counters, and their use in sequential and combinational logic problems.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) were introduced in the late 1960s/early 1970s to replace large expensive panels of relays and counters. PLCs have since become highly sophisticated and versatile control systems capable of complex math functions and high-speed operation. A PLC is a specialized digital computer used for automating electromechanical processes. It consists of a central processing unit, memory, input and output modules, a programmer, and racks/chassis. PLCs are programmed using ladder logic or other languages to control processes based on input and output status. Ladder logic uses contacts, coils, and rungs to represent relay-based logic diagrams graphically.
PLC stands for programmable logic controller, which is an electronic device used to automate industrial processes. It uses a programming memory to store instructions to control machines and processes. PLCs are commonly used in manufacturing, food processing, metals, power, mining, and petrochemical industries. A PLC has a processor, power supply, input and output modules, and a programming device. PLCs were developed in the 1960s to replace relay-based control systems and became popular in the 1980s due to lower costs. PLCs use ladder logic programming to control inputs like sensors and outputs like motors.
The document provides information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC according to the NEMA standard as a digitally operating, microprocessor-based electronic apparatus that uses a programming memory to implement logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic functions to control machines and processes. The document discusses the historical development of PLCs, their basic components including inputs, outputs, power supply and programming. It provides examples of PLC applications and programming techniques such as ladder logic. It also lists some leading PLC brands and provides basic information about relays and internal relays used in PLC systems.
Before PLCs, control systems used relay logic which lacked flexibility for process changes and expansion. The first commercial and successful PLC was designed and developed by Modicon in the late 1960s as a relay replacement for General Motors. A PLC is an industrial solid-state computer that performs logic functions to control machines and processes. It reads input signals from sensors, processes the data, and provides output signals to control devices like motors, valves, and relays. PLCs were developed to replace mechanical relay-based systems and offer more flexibility through reprogramming compared to hardwired relay panels.
Training Module for RMQC gggggg & RTG.pptxsukhendum
This document provides an overview of training for crane operation and maintenance. It covers crane parts and functions, safety devices, electrical hazards, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), variable frequency drives, AC motors, and programming procedures for spreader automation using AS-Interface modules. Programming ladder logic and configuring PLC and I/O modules is also addressed. Electrical hazards and the functions of switches, relays, counters, and timers used in automated control systems are briefly described.
A PLC is a digital operating electronic apparatus.
Which uses a programmable memory for internal storage of instruction for implementing specific function such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control through analog or digital input/output modules various types of machines or process.
The document discusses automation and its various components. Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to perform processes automatically with minimal human intervention. It discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs) as a key tool of automation. PLCs are special computers used to control industrial processes. The document then describes the basic components, programming, and applications of PLCs.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are special purpose computers used in industrial automation to monitor inputs and control outputs. A PLC replaces older relay-based automation and provides more flexibility than hardwired systems. PLCs have a CPU, memory, power supply, and input/output modules to interface with sensors and actuators. They are programmed using ladder logic or other programming languages to execute control programs. Common applications of PLCs include process automation, manufacturing equipment, and building systems.
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in production. Key automation tools include PLCs, SCADA systems, HMIs, and VFDs. PLCs are special computers that perform logic control functions through user-programmed logic. They are programmed using ladder logic and consist of inputs, outputs, a CPU, and memory. SCADA systems centrally monitor and control remote equipment, gathering information and alerting operators of issues. HMIs allow humans to interact with machines through input devices like touchscreens. VFDs control motor speed in industrial processes.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines PLCs as digital electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement logic functions like sequencing and timing to control machines and processes. The document discusses the basic structure of PLCs including the CPU, memory, input/output interfaces, and power supply. It also covers programming methods like ladder logic and instruction lists. Additional topics include input/output addressing, timers, counters, and techniques like latching, internal relays, and sequencing using timers.
MECHATRONICS-UNIT 4-PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER .pptCHANDRA KUMAR S
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic structure of a PLC including input/output modules, a central processing unit, memory, and a programming unit. The document outlines how PLCs are used to automate industrial processes through input/output processing and programming using ladder logic and mnemonics. Additional features of PLCs like timers, counters, internal relays, and data handling are also summarized. The document concludes with factors to consider when selecting a PLC for an automation application.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including their definition, history, components, functions, programming, and applications. Key points covered include:
- PLCs are digital electronic devices that use a programmable memory to implement control functions like logic and sequencing to control machines and processes.
- They were developed in the 1960s to replace hardwired control panels and provide easier modification of control programs.
- The basic components of a PLC system are the central processing unit, input/output modules, power supply, and programming software.
- PLCs continuously cycle through scanning inputs, running the user-created program, and updating outputs. The program is stored in memory
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic components of a PLC including the central processing unit, input and output modules, power supply, and programming software. PLCs were developed to provide flexibility compared to traditional hardwired control systems. The document discusses PLC applications, advantages such as ease of programming and modification, as well as some disadvantages like proprietary aspects. It also covers PLC size, history, and leading manufacturers.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the basic architecture of PLCs, including their input and output modules. The document also covers the advantages of PLCs over traditional relay-based control systems. Additionally, it examines PLC programming standards like ladder logic and the evolution of PLC architecture over time. Examples are provided to demonstrate basic PLC programming concepts like timers, counters, and logic gates using ladder diagrams.
This document provides an overview of basic programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the typical hardware components of a PLC including the processor, power supply, input/output modules, and programming device. The document then covers PLC programming concepts and applications. The objectives are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC code, and program a PLC for applications.
- Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) were developed in the late 1960s to replace relay-based control systems used in manufacturing.
- The first PLC was created by General Motors in 1968 to meet their need for a programmable, reliable, and durable controller that could operate in industrial environments.
- PLCs became popular in the 1980s as their costs dropped. They are now commonly used in industrial automation to control machinery and processes.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines PLCs as digitally operating electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement logic functions to control machines and processes through digital and analog inputs and outputs. The document outlines the history and evolution of PLCs from relay-based to solid-state designs. It describes typical PLC architectures, components, programming languages like ladder logic, applications in machine control and other industrial processes, and advantages of PLCs over traditional electromechanical controls.
The document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for industrial automation. It discusses PLC hardware components including the CPU, power supply, memory, and I/O modules. It describes the logical rack configuration and addressing schemes for discrete and analog I/O points. The document also covers common I/O connection modes like sinking and sourcing. Programming methods like ladder logic, function block diagrams, and statement lists are introduced. Finally, the selection of PLCs for different industrial automation needs is briefly addressed.
Programmable Logic Controller by Pranoti R. DokePranoti Doke
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that a PLC is a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The major components of a PLC include a processor, input and output modules, power supply, and a programming device. It then explains the basic operational sequence of a PLC which involves input scanning, logic processing, and output scanning. Additional topics covered include ladder logic, examples of controlling motors, advantages and disadvantages of PLCs, and their applications in industry.
What Is a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)yogesh8418
The document provides information on programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including common brands of PLCs, the basic components and functions of a PLC, why PLCs are used, advantages over electromechanical relays, differences from PCs, digital and analog I/O devices, programming languages, applications, safety considerations, and key terms. It discusses inputs, logic processing, outputs, and the PLC scan cycle in detail.
The document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the history and advantages of PLCs, how they work by taking inputs, running programs, and producing outputs, and examples of input and output devices. PLCs were developed in the 1970s to provide cost-effective control of complex manufacturing systems and are now widely used for industrial automation.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC language, and operate and program a PLC. The document lists the course contents which include the history of PLCs, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides details on the basic hardware components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the training as teaching the major components of PLCs, programming techniques, and how to troubleshoot applications. The document lists the course contents which cover topics like the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides examples of PLC components, programming, and a sample control application using a liquid mixing tank.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Training Module for RMQC gggggg & RTG.pptxsukhendum
This document provides an overview of training for crane operation and maintenance. It covers crane parts and functions, safety devices, electrical hazards, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), variable frequency drives, AC motors, and programming procedures for spreader automation using AS-Interface modules. Programming ladder logic and configuring PLC and I/O modules is also addressed. Electrical hazards and the functions of switches, relays, counters, and timers used in automated control systems are briefly described.
A PLC is a digital operating electronic apparatus.
Which uses a programmable memory for internal storage of instruction for implementing specific function such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control through analog or digital input/output modules various types of machines or process.
The document discusses automation and its various components. Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to perform processes automatically with minimal human intervention. It discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs) as a key tool of automation. PLCs are special computers used to control industrial processes. The document then describes the basic components, programming, and applications of PLCs.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are special purpose computers used in industrial automation to monitor inputs and control outputs. A PLC replaces older relay-based automation and provides more flexibility than hardwired systems. PLCs have a CPU, memory, power supply, and input/output modules to interface with sensors and actuators. They are programmed using ladder logic or other programming languages to execute control programs. Common applications of PLCs include process automation, manufacturing equipment, and building systems.
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in production. Key automation tools include PLCs, SCADA systems, HMIs, and VFDs. PLCs are special computers that perform logic control functions through user-programmed logic. They are programmed using ladder logic and consist of inputs, outputs, a CPU, and memory. SCADA systems centrally monitor and control remote equipment, gathering information and alerting operators of issues. HMIs allow humans to interact with machines through input devices like touchscreens. VFDs control motor speed in industrial processes.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines PLCs as digital electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement logic functions like sequencing and timing to control machines and processes. The document discusses the basic structure of PLCs including the CPU, memory, input/output interfaces, and power supply. It also covers programming methods like ladder logic and instruction lists. Additional topics include input/output addressing, timers, counters, and techniques like latching, internal relays, and sequencing using timers.
MECHATRONICS-UNIT 4-PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER .pptCHANDRA KUMAR S
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic structure of a PLC including input/output modules, a central processing unit, memory, and a programming unit. The document outlines how PLCs are used to automate industrial processes through input/output processing and programming using ladder logic and mnemonics. Additional features of PLCs like timers, counters, internal relays, and data handling are also summarized. The document concludes with factors to consider when selecting a PLC for an automation application.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including their definition, history, components, functions, programming, and applications. Key points covered include:
- PLCs are digital electronic devices that use a programmable memory to implement control functions like logic and sequencing to control machines and processes.
- They were developed in the 1960s to replace hardwired control panels and provide easier modification of control programs.
- The basic components of a PLC system are the central processing unit, input/output modules, power supply, and programming software.
- PLCs continuously cycle through scanning inputs, running the user-created program, and updating outputs. The program is stored in memory
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic components of a PLC including the central processing unit, input and output modules, power supply, and programming software. PLCs were developed to provide flexibility compared to traditional hardwired control systems. The document discusses PLC applications, advantages such as ease of programming and modification, as well as some disadvantages like proprietary aspects. It also covers PLC size, history, and leading manufacturers.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the basic architecture of PLCs, including their input and output modules. The document also covers the advantages of PLCs over traditional relay-based control systems. Additionally, it examines PLC programming standards like ladder logic and the evolution of PLC architecture over time. Examples are provided to demonstrate basic PLC programming concepts like timers, counters, and logic gates using ladder diagrams.
This document provides an overview of basic programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the typical hardware components of a PLC including the processor, power supply, input/output modules, and programming device. The document then covers PLC programming concepts and applications. The objectives are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC code, and program a PLC for applications.
- Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) were developed in the late 1960s to replace relay-based control systems used in manufacturing.
- The first PLC was created by General Motors in 1968 to meet their need for a programmable, reliable, and durable controller that could operate in industrial environments.
- PLCs became popular in the 1980s as their costs dropped. They are now commonly used in industrial automation to control machinery and processes.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines PLCs as digitally operating electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement logic functions to control machines and processes through digital and analog inputs and outputs. The document outlines the history and evolution of PLCs from relay-based to solid-state designs. It describes typical PLC architectures, components, programming languages like ladder logic, applications in machine control and other industrial processes, and advantages of PLCs over traditional electromechanical controls.
The document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for industrial automation. It discusses PLC hardware components including the CPU, power supply, memory, and I/O modules. It describes the logical rack configuration and addressing schemes for discrete and analog I/O points. The document also covers common I/O connection modes like sinking and sourcing. Programming methods like ladder logic, function block diagrams, and statement lists are introduced. Finally, the selection of PLCs for different industrial automation needs is briefly addressed.
Programmable Logic Controller by Pranoti R. DokePranoti Doke
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that a PLC is a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The major components of a PLC include a processor, input and output modules, power supply, and a programming device. It then explains the basic operational sequence of a PLC which involves input scanning, logic processing, and output scanning. Additional topics covered include ladder logic, examples of controlling motors, advantages and disadvantages of PLCs, and their applications in industry.
What Is a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)yogesh8418
The document provides information on programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including common brands of PLCs, the basic components and functions of a PLC, why PLCs are used, advantages over electromechanical relays, differences from PCs, digital and analog I/O devices, programming languages, applications, safety considerations, and key terms. It discusses inputs, logic processing, outputs, and the PLC scan cycle in detail.
The document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses the history and advantages of PLCs, how they work by taking inputs, running programs, and producing outputs, and examples of input and output devices. PLCs were developed in the 1970s to provide cost-effective control of complex manufacturing systems and are now widely used for industrial automation.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the course objectives which are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC language, and operate and program a PLC. The document lists the course contents which include the history of PLCs, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides details on the basic hardware components of a PLC including the processor, memory, I/O modules, and programming device.
This document provides an overview of a basic training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the objectives of the training as teaching the major components of PLCs, programming techniques, and how to troubleshoot applications. The document lists the course contents which cover topics like the history of PLCs, relay logic, the central processing unit, programming concepts, and applications. It also provides examples of PLC components, programming, and a sample control application using a liquid mixing tank.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. Agenda
• Review brief history of PLCs and
manufacturing control systems
• Introduce the concepts of discrete control of
manufacturing
• Review the various kinds of instrumentation
used for control.
• Overview ladder logic programming
3. Readings
• Chapter 10 of Computer Aided Manufacturing, Chang,
Chang, T.C. and Wysk, R. A. and Wang, H.P., 3rd Edition,
2006.
4. Exercise
What are some common examples of
control?
Washing machine, sump pump, microwave,
….
Others?
5. Types of control
• Temporal -- control based in time
• State -- control based in state level
• Hybrid – both temporal and state
6. Objectives
• To define the basic components of a PLC
• To apply PLC based control to a
manufacturing system
• To be identify instrumentation required to
implement a PLC control system
• To program a PLC
• To implement a PLC control program and
hardware
7. PURPOSE OF Programmable
Logic Controllers (PLCs)
• Initially designed to replace relay logic
boards
– Sequence device actuation
– Coordinate activities
• Accepts input from a series of switches
• Sends output to devices or relays
9. CONTROL DEVICES
1) mechanical control - cam, governor, etc.,
2) pneumatic control - compressed air,
valves, etc.
3) electromechanical control - switches,
relays, a timer, counters, etc,
4) electronics control - similar to
electromechanical control, except uses
electronic switches.
5) computer control.
12. What devices does a PLC interact
with?
• INPUT RELAYS-(contacts)These are connected to the outside world. They
physically exist and receive signals from switches, sensors, etc. Typically they
are not relays but rather they are transistors.
• INTERNAL UTILITY RELAYS-(contacts) These do not receive signals from
the outside world nor do they physically exist. They are simulated relays and
are what enables a PLC to eliminate external relays. There are also some
special relays that are dedicated to performing only one task. Some are always
on while some are always off. Some are on only once during power-on and are
typically used for initializing data that was stored.
• COUNTERS-These again do not physically exist. They are simulated counters
and they can be programmed to count pulses. Typically these counters can
count up, down or both up and down. Since they are simulated they are limited
in their counting speed. Some manufacturers also include high-speed counters
that are hardware based. We can think of these as physically existing. Most
times these counters can count up, down or up and down.
13. What devices does a PLC interact
with?
Continued
• TIMERS-These also do not physically exist. They come in many
varieties and increments. The most common type is an on-delay type.
Others include off-delay and both retentive and non-retentive types.
Increments vary from 1ms through 1s.
• OUTPUT RELAYS-(coils)These are connected to the outside world.
They physically exist and send on/off signals to solenoids, lights, etc.
They can be transistors, relays, or triacs depending upon the model
chosen.
• DATA STORAGE-Typically there are registers assigned to simply
store data. They are usually used as temporary storage for math or data
manipulation. They can also typically be used to store data when
power is removed from the PLC. Upon power-up they will still have
the same contents as before power was removed. Very convenient and
necessary!!
15. TERMS
Throw - number of states
Pole - number of connecting moving parts (number of individual circuits).
SPDT
DPST
A serial switch box (A-B box) has
two 25 pin serial ports to switch from.
Input
Output
A B
Knob
How is this switch classified?
16. TYPES OF SWITCHES
1. Basic switch, operated by a mechanical level,
2. Push-button switch,
3. Slide switch,
4. Thumbwheel switch,
5. Limit switch,
6. Proximity switch, and
7. Photoelectric switch.
RATING: voltage, current
17. RELAYS
A switch whose operation is activated by an electromagnet is called a "relay"
contact
coil
input
Relay coil Output contact
18. COUNTER
Digital counters output in the form of a relay contact when a
preassigned count value is reached.
Register
Accumulator
contact
input
reset
output
Input
Reset
Output
Count 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1
5
19. TIMER
A timer consists of an internal clock, a count value register, and
an accumulator. It is used for or some timing purpose.
Clock
Accumulator
contact
reset
output
Register
Contact
Time 5 seconds.
Clock
Reset
Output
Count 1 2 3 4
0 5
20. AN EXAMPLE OF RELAY LOGIC
L1
LS1 PB1 LS2 R1
R1
R1
TIMER R2
PR=5
For process control, it is desired to have the process start (by turning on a motor) five
seconds after a part touches a limit switch. The process is terminated automatically
when the finished part touches a second limit switch. An emergency switch will stop
the process any time when it is pushed.
LS1
PB1
LS2
R1
TIMER
5
Motor
R2
21. PLC ARCHITECTURE
Programmable controllers replace most of the relay panel wiring
by software programming.
Processor
I/O
Modules
Memory
Power
Supply
Program
Loader
Printer
Cassette
Loader
EPROM
Loader
Switches
Machines
Peripherals External Devices
PC
A typical PLC
22. PLC COMPONENTS
1. Processor Microprocessor based, may allow arithmetic
operations, logic operators, block memory moves,
computer interface, local area network, functions, etc.
2. Memory Measured in words.
ROM (Read Only Memory),
RAM (Random Access Memory),
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory),
EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable
ROM),
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory),
EAPROM (Electronically Alterable Programmable
Read Only Memory), and
Bubble Memory.
23. PLC COMPONENTS
3. I/O Modular plug-in periphery
AC voltage input and output,
DC voltage input and output,
Low level analog input,
High level analog input and output,
Special purpose modules, e.g.., high speed timers,
Stepping motor controllers, etc. PID, Motion
4. Power supply AC power
5. Peripheral Hand held programmer (loader),
CRT programmer,
Operator console,
Printer,
Simulator,
EPROM loader,
Cassette loader,
Graphics processor, and
Network communication interface. MAP, LAN
24. LADDER DIAGRAM
A ladder diagram (also called contact symbology) is a means of
graphically representing the logic required in a relay logic
system.
A
R1
PB1 PB2
R1
R1
start emergencystop
Rail
Rung
27. SCAN
begin
Input
Output
Resolve
logic
Idle
A PLC resolves the logic of a ladder diagram (program) rung by rung, from the top to
the bottom. Usually, all the outputs are updated based on the status of the internal
registers. Then the input states are checked and the corresponding input registers are
updated. Only after the I/Os have been resolved, is the program then executed. This
process is run in a endless cycle. The time it takes to finish one cycle is called the
scan time.
Scan cycle
28. PLC INSTRUCTIONS
1) Relay,
2) Timer and counter,
3) Program control,
4) Arithmetic,
5) Data manipulation,
6) Data transfer, and
7) Others, such as sequencers.
29. LOGIC STATES
ON : TRUE, contact closure, energize, etc.
OFF: FALSE, contact open , de-energize,
etc.
(In the notes we use the symbol "~" to represent
negation. AND and OR are logic operators. )
Do not confuse the internal relay and program with the external
switch and relay. Internal symbols are used for programming.
External devices provide actual interface.
30. AND and OR LOGIC
PB1 R1
PB2
R2
R1 = PB1.AND.PB2
R2 = PB2.AND.~PB4
PB3 PB4
PB1 R1
PB2
R1 = PB1 .OR. PB2
AND
OR
31. COMBINED AND & OR
R1 = PB1 .OR. (PB2 .AND. PB3)
PB1 R1
PB2 pb3
32. RELAY
A Relay consists of two parts, the coil and the contact(s).
Contacts:
a. Normally open -| |-
b. Normally closed -|/|-
c. Off-on transitional -||-
d. On-off transitional -| |-
Coil:
a. Energize Coil -( )-
b. De-energize -(/)-
c. Latch -(L)-
d. Unlatch -(U)-
( )
33. TIMERS AND COUNTERS
Timers:
a. Retentive on delay -(RTO)-
b. Retentive off delay -(RTF)-
c. Reset -(RST)-
Counter:
a. Counter up -(CTU)-
b. Counter down -(CTD)-
c. Counter reset -(CTR)-
RTO counting stop counting
resume
RTF stop counting stop
True False True
Input
RTO reach PR value, output ON
RTF reach PR value, output OFF
PR value in 0.1 second
34. SEQUENCER
Sequencers are used with machines or processes involving
repeating operating cycles which can be segmented into
steps.
Output
Step A B C Dwell time
1 ON OFF OFF 5 sec.
2 ON ON OFF 10 sec.
3 OFF OFF ON 3 sec.
4 OFF ON OFF 9 sec.
35. Rockwell/ Allen Bradley PLC
I/O points are numbered, they correspond to the I/O slot on
the PLC.
For A-B controller used in our lab
I/O uses 1-32
Internal relays use 033 - 098
Internal timers/counters/sequencers use 901-932
Status 951-982
36. Programming a PLC
Oil is consumed
randomly. The
tank needs to be
refilled by turning
on a pump. Two
hydrostatic
switches are used
to detect a high
and low level.
40. PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE 1
Part
microswitch
Bar code reader
Stopper
Conveyor
Machine
Robot
id description state explanation
MSI microswitch 1 part arrive
R1 output to bar code reader 1 scan the part
C1 input from bar code reader 1 right part
R2 output robot 1 loading cycle
R3 output robot 1 unloading cycle
C2 input from robot 1 robot busy
R4 output to stopper 1 stopper up
C3 input from machine 1 machine busy
C4 input from machine 1 task complete