Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems.
Basics and applications of programmable logic controller (plc)Ali Altahir
PLC is a multipurpose clock-driven memory-based electronic device which is also known as a specialized industrial computer which deals with different level of complexity and control system.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Basics and applications of programmable logic controller (plc)Ali Altahir
PLC is a multipurpose clock-driven memory-based electronic device which is also known as a specialized industrial computer which deals with different level of complexity and control system.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Before the Programmable controller
• Control system implemented using relay controller.
• Lack of flexibilty for process changes or expansion
• Troubleshooting: Five hours to find and five minutes to fix,it.
3. History of PLC
• Before The days of the PLC The only way to control mahinery was
through the use of relays.
• PLC was Introduction in late 1960's
• First Commorercial and successful programmable logic controllers
was designed and devloped by modicon as a relay replacer for
general motors.
• Earlier it was a machine with thousands of electronic
parts.
5. Why PLC Use ?
PLC
OUTPUT
PUSH
BUTTON
INPUT
Motor
A PLC is a solid state/Computerized industrial computer that
performs discrete( 0 , 1 ) or sequential logic in a factory
environment its called PLC
PLC:- Programmable Logic control
6. What Is PLC..
What is Sequential:- it means when you press a switch
then start light one by one.
What is Discrete:- It means when you press a switch then
start all light.
It was originally developed to replace mechanical
relay,Timer,Counters.PLC are used successfully to
execute complicated control operations in a plant.
13. Advantages
Reliability
Flexibility in programming and reprogramming
Cost effective for controlling complex systems.
Small Physical size, shorter project time.
High Speed of operation.
Ability to communicate With computer systems in the plant.
Ease of maintenance / troubleshooting.
Reduced space.
Energy Saving
14. Disadvantages
PLC device are proprietor it means that part or software of one
manufacturer can't be used in combination with parts of
another manufacturer.
Limited design and cost option.
Fixed Circuit operations.
PLCs manufacturers offer only closed architectures.
16. Block Diagram of PLC
Programming
Communication
Device
Central
Processing
Unit (CPU)
Memory
Program
Power Supply
INPUT
Circuit
(Field Area)
OUTPUT
Circuit
(Field Area)
Optical
Isolation
Optical
Isolation
17. Components of PLC
CPU(Central Processing unit)
INPUT Module
OUTPUT Module
Power Supply
Programming Device
18. Components of PLC
CUP(Central Processing unit):-
• CPU module has a central processor, ROM & RAM memory.
• ROM memory includes operating system, driver and application
program. RAM memory is used to store programs and data.
• CPU is the brain of PLC with an octal or hexagonal
microprocessor. Being a microprocessor based CPU, it replaces
timers, relays, and counters.
• Two types of processors as a single bit or word processor can be
incorporated with a PLC.
• CPU reads the input data from sensors, process it and finally the
command to controlling devices.
19. Components of PLC
CPU consist of following blocks
• ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• Programming memory.
• Process image memory.
• Internal timer and counter.
• Flags or status bit filter.
• CPU required 5v.
20. Components of PLC
INPUT MODULE:-
• Input module act as an interface between the field control input and the CPU
voltage/current generated by the sensors,transducer,limit switch,push
button,etc.
• Input module converts the field signal into standard control signal for processing
by the PLC
• The input module of PLC does four main functions.
1. Input module interface receives the signal from process devices at 220 V AC
2. Converts the input signal to 5 V DC that can be used by PLC
3. Isolator block is used to isolate/prevent PLC from undergoing fluctuation
4. After which the signal is sent to the output end i.e the PLC
21. Components of PLC
OUTPUT Module:-
Output Module acts as link between the CPU and the output devices located in
the field devices could be relays,contaector,lamps,motorized actuators, solenoid
valves,etc.These device actually control the process.
22. Power Supply:-
This module is used to provide the required power to the whole
PLC system.
It converts the available AC power to DC power which is required
by the CPU and I/O module. PLC generally works on 24V DC
supply and Rack type PLC work on 230/220Vac. Few PLC uses
an isolated power supply.
23. Components of PLC
Programming Device:-
A personal computer(PC) is the
most commonly used programming
device.The software allows users to
create,edit,store and troubleshoot
programs.
This is show pitchure id
programming cable Rs-232 and
Ethernet cabl for Programming
cable
RS-232 Cable
Ethernet Cable
27. Moduler Type PLC
• This type of PLC permits
multiple expansion through
“modules”, hence referred to
as Modular PLC.
• I/O components can be
increased.
• It is easier to use because
each component is
independent of each other.
A Moduler TypePLC
28. Compact Type PLC
Within a single case, there would be many modules.
It has a fixed number of I/O modules and external I/O cards.
So, it does not have the capability to expand the modules.
Every input and output would be decided by the manufacturer.
PLC are divided into three types based on output namely Relay
output, Transistor output, and Triac Output PLC.
The relay output type is best suited for both AC and DC output
devices. Transistor output type PLC uses switching operations
and used inside microprocessors.
30. Here Is Two Types Of Input / Output Module.
1. Analog Module:- Analog Input and out module work it's shoud
be 0v ~ 10v , 4ma ~ 20ma , -20ma ~ 20ma.
2. Digital Module:- Digital Input and output module work it's
should be '0' and '1'.
Digtal
Module
Analog
Module
31. Signal of Inputs ans Outputs module
Digital Type Analog Type
Input Output
• Push Buttons
• Switch
• Limit Switch
• Proximity sensor
• Photo Sensors
• Relay
• Contactors
• Lamps
• Alarm Hotters
• LED
• Solinoid Valved
• Coils
Input Output
• RTD
(Temp Sensor)
• Thermocouple
• Transducers
• Transmitter
• Drive
(Analog
Port)
• Actuator
• Valve Position
33. PLC Programming Languages
Ladder Diagram (LD)
Structured Text (ST)
Sequential Function
Chart (SFC)
Function Block
Diagram (FBD)
Instruction List (IL)
34. Ladder Diagram (LD)
Ladder Logic
Ladder logic is the simplest from of PLC programming It is also known as
“Relay logic”.
The Relay contacts used in relay controlled systems are represented using
ladder logic.we check example.
In the mentioned example, two
pushbuttons are used to control the same
lamp load. When any one of the switches
is closed, the lamp will glow.
The two horizontal lines are called rungs
and two vertical lines are called rails.
Every rung forms the electrical
connectivity between Positive rail (P) and
Negative rail (N). This allows the current
to flow between input and output devices.
35. Function Block Diagram
Functional Block Diagram (FBD) is a simple and
graphical method to program multiple functions in
PLC.
PLC Open has described using FBD in the
standard IEC 61131-3.
A function block is a program instruction unit that,
when executed, yields one or more output values.It
is represented by a block as shown fig.
It is represented as a rectangular block with inputs
entering on left and output lines leaving at the
right.
It gives a relation between the state of input and
output
37. PLC SCAN TIME BASICS CONCEPT
PLC SCAN CYCLE
INPUT SIGNAL LOGIC SOLVE OUTPUT SIGNAL
Input Read NO,NC,OUTPUT
COIL,TMR,CNT
Output Write
PLC Scan Time
LOOP
LOOP
INPUT Signal
Read +
LOGIC
SOLVE +
OUTPUT
Write =
PLC SCAN
TIME
38. PLC SCAN TIME
Read
Input
Logic Solve
Update
Output
PLC Scan Cycle
• What is a ScanTime:- It is
the time taken PLC to read
INPUT process the logic
Solve and update OUTPUT
in one cycle its called Scan
Time.
• PLC SCAN Time Depends on
No.of inputs,length of
logic,and No.of Outputs.
• This Process in LOOP
• PLC Scan time very between
0.1ms to 50ms.
39. PLC SCAN TIME
NO.of Inputs
Length of Logic
Analog module each channel taken 3ms.
PLC Scan Time Depands in below three parts
No.of Outputs
Scan time depands
on this three parts
41. PLC Fundamantel
• What Is PLC ?????
Programmable Logic Controller
Hardware
- Ladder Logic
- FBD
- SFC
Reprogramming
• Let's come next page how to use thsi systemparcticaly
42. PLC Fundamantel
• Example:- Water Level Control
INPUT OUTPUT
Processor
PLC
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
NO/OFF
Valve
Automatic
Manualy
Valve
Tank
• This System INPUT is User level
requirment like 50% ,80% ,20%.
• And Output is solenoid valve
• This All system runing in
processor means this work on
PLC.so this is functioning of PLC.
• This Fundamantel of PLC...
43. PLC INPUT Wiring
What is Sink and Source:-Sink and source refer to the direction
of current flow between an I/O point on an I/O module and the connected
device. It is only relevant for DC circuits with positive and negative
polarities since current flows both directions in an AC circuit.more
explain..
S/S
X0
X1
X2
X3
INPUT
S/S
X0
0V
24V
24V
0V
_
+
_
+
This Circuit Call Opto
couplor
• If input 24v
then we gives
S/S 0V so it will
be depand on
INPUT
49. PLC OUTPUT Wiring
Hear Is Two Types Of PLC output.
Transistor Type
Output
Relay Type
Output
Transistor type PLC output capcity 0.1A as per PLC
configuration so we can not use havy load out put.
If you want to use havy load output in transistor type
plc you can use external rely then we use havy load
output.
Transistor type PLC mostly use in high speed
application.e.g Servo motor,steppar motor etc.
Relay Type PLC have 1A to 10A capacity so wecan
directly use havy load output.
its was used in genral purpos
motor,contector,solenoid valve application
50. PLC OUTPUT Wiring
0V
LAMP 24V
0v
This Lap taks 0.1amp
Transister Type PLC OUTPUT.
C0
Y0
C1
Y1
0V
This load 4Amp
This relay 10Amp
24V
51. PLC OUTPUT Wiring
0V
LAMP 24V
0v
This Lap taks 0.1amp
Relay Type PLC OUTPUT.
C0
Y0
C1
Y1
0V
24V
This load 4Amp
53. PLC Wirning and Programming
From PLC Wiring to pogramming !!
54. From PLC Wiring to pogramming
S/S
X0
X1
X2
C
Y0
Y1
Y2
INPUT OUTPUT
24V
0V
0V
24V
This is Software Part
This Is a Hardware Part
X0
X1
Y0
Y1
This Is Normally
Open Contact
Output
Coil
56. PLC Relay Lathing and Unlatching
Relay
Relay Configuration.
IEC255
5A 250VAC~
5A 240VAC
5A 28Vdc
This Relay Have a 10Amps
capacity.
57. PLC Relay Lathing and Unlatching
24V 0V
Relay
NO Switch
NO Contact
This is Latching
13 14
5 6
Relay Common
Relay NO
58. 24V 0V
Relay
NO Switch
NO Contact
PLC Relay Lathing and Unlatching
This is UnLatching
NC Switch
5 6
13 14
59. `
PLC Relay Lathing and Unlatching
Relay Important.
1. Check Coil rating:- 5 Vdc
12 Vdc
24 Vdc
110 Vac
240 Vac
2. Contact rating:-10Amp
Let's We can chacke example why we alwasy chacke contact
rating.
60. PLC Relay Lathing and Unlatching
• Example:-
L
N
MOTOR
220v
Motor
5Amp
singal
pahse
motor
10Amps
relay
NO
C
61. PLC Relay Lathing and Unlatching
Motor
Object
• Example:-Latch motor using switch Unlatch its using
sensor.
Sensor
ON OFF
ON / OFF
Switch
Conveyor
Let's See we chcek on circuit