The document discusses using artificial intelligence techniques like neural networks and fuzzy logic for intrusion detection systems. It proposes a neural network-based IDS to detect denial of service and port scan attacks. Measures from physics are used to quantify network traffic patterns. Fuzzy logic is also discussed as a way to implement intrusion detection using approximate human-like reasoning. The goal is to create flexible and adaptive IDS that can recognize new attack patterns.

1. Intrusion Detection System
with Artificial Intelligence
Mario Castro Ponce
Universidad Pontificia Comillas de Madrid
FIST Conference - June 2004 edition
Sponsored by: MLP Private Finance
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 1/28

2. Aim of the talk
1. Showing you a different approach to Intrussion
Detection based on Artificial Intelligence
2. Contact experts in the field to exchange ideas and
maybe creating a (pioneer!!!!) working group
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 2/28

3. Sketch of the talk
What is an IDS?
Architecture of a Vulnerability Detector
Why using A.I.?
Neurons and other animals
Neural-IDS
Fuzzy-Correlator
Conclusions
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 3/28

4. What is an IDS?
Any hardware, software, or combination of thereof that
monitors a system or network of systems for malicious activity
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 4/28

5. What is an IDS?
Any hardware, software, or combination of thereof that
monitors a system or network of systems for malicious activity
Main functions
Dissuade
Prevent
Documentate
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 4/28

6. What is an IDS?
Any hardware, software, or combination of thereof that
monitors a system or network of systems for malicious activity
Main functions
Dissuade
Prevent
Documentate
Two kinds of IDS
Host based
Network based
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 4/28

7. Architecture of a Vulnerability Detector
Example: OSSIM
n
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 5/28

8. Why using AI?
The system manager nightmare: The false positives.
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 6/28

9. Why using AI?
The system manager nightmare: The false positives.
Then? A.I. for three main reasons
Flexibility (vs threshold definition)
Adaptability (vs specific rules)
Pattern recognition (and detection of new patterns)
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 6/28

10. Why using AI?
The system manager nightmare: The false positives.
Then? A.I. for three main reasons
Flexibility (vs threshold definition)
Adaptability (vs specific rules)
Pattern recognition (and detection of new patterns)
Moreover
Fast computing (faster than humans, actually)
Learning abilities.
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 6/28

11. Neurons and other animals
AI TOOLS
Neural Networks Fuzzy Logic Other...
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 7/28

12. Artificial Neural networks
Change of paradigm in computing science:
Many dummy processors with a simple task to do against one
(or few) powerful versatile processors
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 8/28

13. Neurons and artificial neurons
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 9/28

14. Main types of ANN
Multilayer perceptrons
OUTPUT
LAYER
INPUT
LAYER HIDDEN
LAYER
Self-organized maps
Radial basis neural networks
Other
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 10/28

15. Neural IDS
Designed for DoS and port scan attacks
IDS based on a multilayer perceptron
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 11/28

16. Neural IDS
Designed for DoS and port scan attacks
IDS based on a multilayer perceptron
Designing the tool
Analysis
Quantification
Topology feed−back
Learning & validation
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 11/28

17. First scenario: Port scan
Pouring rain analogy
Packets from the same source @IP
21 22 23 25 80
PORT NUMBERS
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 12/28

18. Second scenario: Denial of Service
Pouring rain analogy
Packets from the same source @IP
21 22 23 25 80
PORT NUMBERS
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 13/28

19. Measures
Visually the difference between them is clear. . . but
quantitatively?
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 14/28

20. Measures
Visually the difference between them is clear. . . but
quantitatively?
Measures borrowed from Physics
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 14/28

21. Measures
Visually the difference between them is clear. . . but
quantitatively?
Measures borrowed from Physics
Statistical Mechanics
Order = Low Entropy Disorder = High Entropy
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 14/28

22. Measures
Visually the difference between them is clear. . . but
quantitatively?
Measures borrowed from Physics
Solid State Physics (electronics)
ATOMS
INSULATOR
ATOMS
CONDUCTOR
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 14/28

23. Measures
Visually the difference between them is clear. . . but
quantitatively?
Measures borrowed from Physics
Packets from the same source @IP
Disorder = High Entropy
21 22 23 25 80
PORT NUMBERS
CONDUCTOR
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 14/28

24. Measures
Visually the difference between them is clear. . . but
quantitatively?
Measures borrowed from Physics
Packets from the same source @IP
Order = Low Entropy
21 22 23 25 80
PORT NUMBERS
INSULATOR
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 14/28

25. Measures
Visually the difference between them is clear. . . but
quantitatively?
Measures borrowed from Physics
Traffic parameters
Packets per second
Fraction of total packets to a port
Inverse of the total number of packets
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 14/28

26. Measures
Visually the difference between them is clear. . . but
quantitatively?
Measures borrowed from Physics
Traffic parameters
Packets per second
Fraction of total packets to a port
Inverse of the total number of packets
All measures are evaluated within a time window.
Parallel time windows: e.g., 15 sec, 30 sec, 5
minutes, 30 minutes
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 14/28

27. Topology
ENTROPY
PORT SCAN
IPR
DENIAL OF SERVICE
PACKETS/SEC
FRACTION OF PACKETS
NONE
1/PACKETS
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 15/28

28. Learning and testing
TYPE OF ATTACK LEARNING PATTERNS RATE OF SUCCESS
SEQUENCIAL SCAN 20 100 %
SEQUENCIAL SCAN 50 100 %
RANDOM SCAN 20 100 %
RANDOM SCAN 50 100 %
DoS 20 70 %
DoS 50 80 %
ALL 20 60 %
ALL 50 65 %
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 16/28

29. Learning and testing
TYPE OF ATTACK LEARNING PATTERNS RATE OF SUCCESS
SEQUENCIAL SCAN 20 100 %
SEQUENCIAL SCAN 50 100 %
RANDOM SCAN 20 100 %
RANDOM SCAN 50 100 %
DoS 20 70 %
DoS 50 80 %
ALL 20 60 %
ALL 50 65 %
Best choice: Specialized neural detectors
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 16/28

30. Fuzzy Logic
Imitates human perception: Approximate reasoning
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 17/28

31. Fuzzy Logic
Imitates human perception: Approximate reasoning
Example: Air cooler
Classical rules:
IF Temperature > 25 THEN Switch-on
IF Temperature < 21 THEN Switch-off
...
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 17/28

32. Fuzzy Logic
Imitates human perception: Approximate reasoning
Example: Air cooler
Classical rules:
IF Temperature > 25 THEN Switch-on
IF Temperature < 21 THEN Switch-off
...
Fuzzy rules:
IF Temperature is high THEN Switch-on
IF Temperature is too low THEN
Switch-off
...
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 17/28

33. Fuzzy Logic
Imitates human perception: Approximate reasoning
Example: Air cooler
Classical rules:
IF Temperature > 25 THEN Switch-on
IF Temperature < 21 THEN Switch-off
...
Fuzzy rules:
IF Temperature is high THEN Switch-on
IF Temperature is too low THEN
Switch-off
...
More sofisticated fuzzy rules:
IF Temperature is moderate AND my wife
is very pregnant THEN Switch-on
...
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 17/28

34. Term sets and grade of membership
Thresholds
More than 3000 packets/sec ⇒ Possible DoS
More than 5000 packets/sec ⇒ DoS!
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 18/28

35. Term sets:
Thresholds
0
1
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es
0
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
1000
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
low
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
2000
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
VOLUME OF TRAFFIC
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
More than 5000 packets/sec ⇒ DoS!
More than 3000 packets/sec ⇒ Possible DoS
Term sets and grade of membership
FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 18/28

36. Fuzzy correlator: Preliminary work
Aim of the research:
Use the flexibility and human language features of Fuzzy
Logic and include them in the OSSIM Correlation Engine
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 19/28

37. Fuzzy correlator: Preliminary work
Aim of the research:
Use the flexibility and human language features of Fuzzy
Logic and include them in the OSSIM Correlation Engine
Status: Preliminary definitions and precedures.
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 19/28

38. More on term sets
Input variable: Volume of traffic
very low low normal high very high
1
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 20/28

39. More on term sets (II)
Input variable: Number of visited ports
very low low normal high very high
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 21/28

40. More on term sets (III)
Output variable: DoS Attack?
improbable maybe almost sure
1
0
0 0.5 1
Rules (example):
IF traffic is high AND number of
destination ports is low THEN DoS
Evaluating rules gives the required answer
’DoS Attack?’: almost sure
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 22/28

41. OSSIM Correlation Engine
Characteristics
Depends strongly on timers
All the variants of an attack must be coded
Cannot detect new attacks
Complex sintax
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 23/28

42. Sample scenario: NETBIOS DCERPC ISystemActivator
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 24/28

43. Sample scenario: NETBIOS DCERPC ISystemActivator
TIME_OUT
IF destination_ports = 135,445 THEN Generate Alarm with Reliability 1 and wait 60 seconds for next rule
TIME_OUT
AND IF DEST_IP and SRC_IP talk again THEN Alarm, Reliability 3 and wait 60 seconds for next rule
AND IF DEST_PORT and SRC_PORT talk again AND plugin_sid=2123 (CMD.EXE) THEN Alarm TIME_OUT
Reliability 6 and wait 60 seconds for next rule
TIME_OUT
AND FINALLY IF plugin_id=2002 and conection lasts more than 10 THEN Alarm with Reliability 10
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 25/28

44. Fuzzy Correlator revisited: Objectives
Going beyond the sequential arrival of packets
Integrating different sensors:
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 26/28

45. Fuzzy Correlator revisited: Objectives
Going beyond the sequential arrival of packets
Integrating different sensors:
SNORT
Anomaly detection:
Abnormal connection to an open port (firewall)
Thresholds
High traffic at nights or weekends, . . .
Neural-IDS
Other
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 26/28

46. Fuzzy Correlator revisited: Objectives
Going beyond the sequential arrival of packets
Integrating different sensors:
SNORT
Anomaly detection:
Abnormal connection to an open port (firewall)
Thresholds
High traffic at nights or weekends, . . .
Neural-IDS
Other
Defining rules according to Security Manager’s
experience
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 26/28

47. Conclusions and open questions
AI techniques are
Flexible
Suitable for pattern recognition
Powerful (Neural-IDS)
Easy to design (human language)
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 27/28

48. Conclusions and open questions
AI techniques are
Flexible
Suitable for pattern recognition
Powerful (Neural-IDS)
Easy to design (human language)
But there is still a lot of work to do. . .
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 27/28

49. Conclusions and open questions
AI techniques are
Flexible
Suitable for pattern recognition
Powerful (Neural-IDS)
Easy to design (human language)
But there is still a lot of work to do. . .
We need more time.
We need more people
Students
Security experts (working group?)
And of course. . .
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 27/28

50. Conclusions and open questions
AI techniques are
Flexible
Suitable for pattern recognition
Powerful (Neural-IDS)
Easy to design (human language)
But there is still a lot of work to do. . .
We need more time
We need more people
Students
Security experts (working group?)
And of course. . . some money to pay it
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 27/28

51. And that’s all folks. . .
IDS with AI marioc@dsi.icai.upco.es FIST Conference - june 2004 edition– 28/28