1) The document discusses the transition from an information society to a knowledge society and network society, driven by advances in information and communication technologies. It explores the economic, technological, and ideological assumptions underlying these concepts. 2) A key point is that knowledge production now makes up a large share of national economies. The network society is characterized by new forms of social organization enabled by digital networks, in contrast to previous industrial modes of production. 3) The rise of the Internet has disrupted old models by lowering barriers to participation and allowing new forms of peer production outside the market. This points to opportunities for more inclusive development models.

1. From Information Society to Knowledge Society Framing the conceptual links between ICT, Knowledge and Development

3. Network Society, how is it different from previous forms of social organizations?

4. Economic, technological, and ideological assumptions underlying the various terms

5. Implications for development discourse Overview 2 IDSB10H3

6. The aggregate knowledge production made up29% of the adjusted gross national product (GNP); The rate of growth was projected at 2.5 times the average growth rate of other components of the total GNP, and knowledge production would soon reach 50%of the GNP. 3. The total civilian labor force engaged in knowledge-producing activities was equal to 31.6% in 1969, and if full-time students of working age were added the total labor force would be equal to 42.8% of the population.

7. Machlup listed a number of reasons for studying the economics of knowledge, among them: Knowledge’s increasing share of the nation’s budget. Knowledge’s social benefits, which exceed private benefits. Knowledge as strongly associated with increases in productivity and economic growth. Knowledge’s linkages to new information and communication technologies. Shifts of demand from physical labour to brain workers. Improving and adjusting the national-income accounting in the US.

8. “producing knowledge will mean, in this book, not only discovering, inventing, designing and planning, but also disseminating and communicating”.

9. Knowledge as rational product of intellectual inquiry, using specific kinds of methods There are substantial costs associated with the production and distribution of knowledge but the return on investment is substantial Machlup IDSB10H3 6

10. Print paradigm and industrial mode of knowledge production High production cost High distribution cost High barriers to entry Strict enforcement of copyrights to protect profit The primary of firms and multinationals IDSB10H3 7

11. "A post-industrial society is based on services. (…) What counts is not raw muscle power, or energy, but information. (…) A post industrial society is one in which the majority of those employed are not involved in the production of tangible goods”. IDSB10H3 8 (1973)

12. From tangible goods to knowledge products and services IDSB10H3 9

13. But digital technology and the Internet completely disrupted the “industrial” mode of production IDSB10H3 10

14. New form of social organizations and activities enabled by digital network and communication technologies

15. "As a historical trend, dominant functions and processes in the information age are increasingly organized around networks. Networks constitute the new social morphology of our societies, and the diffusion of networking logic substantially modifies the operations and outcomes in processes of production, experience of power and culture". Castells, M. (1996) The Rise of the Network Society. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.: 469. IDSB10H3 12

16. What is NEW about the Network Society? Technology But “… new technology is not a sufficient but a necessary condition for the kind of society we live in, the network society” (Castells, 2000, 152) Manuel Castells 13 IDSB10H3

17. “Prevalence of Networks” But Networks are not new to human society Manuel Castells IDSB10H3 14

18. Emergence of “global informational capitalism” Still follow the logic of the “market” and “rational self-interest” Manuel Castells IDSB10H3 15

19. In the past, social networks were more limited in different spheres. Networks were more exclusive. The Internet changed the nature of networks by making them more inclusive and easy to participate. Manuel Castells IDSB10H3 16

20. Government NGO Firms Firms Government Network cross-cutting organizations

21. Castells – emphasize access to ICT to close the digital divide Developing countries to participate in digital capitalism Network Society and Development IDSB10H3 18

22. How the Internet enable social innovation Global reach Common and Open Standards not own by anyone Participation is simple “Narrowcasting” New forms of non-market, commons based peer production

23. “The Wealth of Network” (2006) -YochaiBenkler IDSB10H3 20 1776

24. Industrial Information Economy Networked InformationEconomy High entry cost Turing raw materials into goods Firms and Corporation Vertical organization Centralized decision making Standardization Relatively low entry cost Knowledge as raw material Distributed production Horizontal organization Flexible decision making Customization

25. View a video of Benkler’s lecture on “Open Source Economics” IDSB10H3 22 http://youtu.be/NgYE75gkzkM

26. This week’s readings highlight the broader shift away from rigid vertical modes of organization towards ones more fluid horizontal. How do we see this shift manifest in our political, social or economic systems? Reflecting upon your own surroundings or experiences, how are we implicated by these shifts as citizens and consumers? Question 1: IDSB10H3 23

27. How should we interpret this transition towards the “knowledge” or “network” society vis-à-vis our understandings international development? Does this transition suggest new opportunities for the global south to “leapfrog” onto a new path of development, or could it serve to exacerbate asymmetries between the core and the periphery? Question 2: IDSB10H3 24