The study was conducted to identify some socioeconomic variables responsible for the prevalence of
hypertensive kidney disease among Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above. For this, 498 males and 497
females, totalling 995 adults of both urban and rural localities were investigated. In the sample there were
17.6% hypertensive adults and 18.9% of them were suffering from hypertension and kidney disease
simultaneously. Beside other percentages of respondents, there were 19.6% elderly people of ages 50 years
and above, 30.2% obese adults, 67.0% diabetic patients, 44.4% involved in sedentary activity and 33.1%
smokers. The overall percentage of hypertensive kidney patients was 3.3. These group of patients were
discriminated from the remaining 96.7% adults. During discrimination duration of diabetes was identified
as most responsible variable followed by age, body mass index, sedentary activity, smoking habit, etc. The
risk of prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease was 12.25 times in diabetic patients suffering for 15 years
and above compared to the risk of prevalence in other adults. The risk was 8.43 times in elderly people,
16.80 times in obese adults, 2.50 times in adults involved in sedentary activity, and 1.91 times in smoker
adults. Higher risk rate was also observed in adults of lower economic group of families.
The document summarizes a community health promotion project focused on older adults aged 65 and older living in South Charlotte, North Carolina. It describes the population demographics, health risks, common medical conditions, and leading causes of death. Chronic conditions like heart disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity are prevalent in the community and represent major health burdens for the older adult population. The project aims to address risk factors like BMI, blood sugar management, and smoking to improve health outcomes.
Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among rural women in...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
1) The study examined the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity among 450 rural women in Yemen aged 18-60.
2) The results found high rates of physical inactivity (94%), qat chewing (66.3%), and low consumption of fruits (19.5%) and vegetables (39%) daily. 31.3% were obese, 15% had high blood pressure, and 7.8% had diabetes.
3) Older age, being married, and lower education levels were significantly associated with higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obesity and high blood pressure were also significantly associated with each
Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among Dr. Gawad Alwab...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
1) The study examined the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity among 450 rural women in Yemen aged 18-60.
2) The results found high rates of physical inactivity (94%), qat chewing (66.3%), and low consumption of fruits (19.5%) and vegetables (39%) daily. 31.3% were obese, 15% had high blood pressure, and 7.8% had diabetes.
3) Older age, being married, and lower education levels were significantly associated with higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obesity and high blood pressure were also significantly associated with each
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
A study on awareness of diabetic complications among type 2 diabetes patientsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
nejm obesidad en adolescente. 2102062.pdfmedineumo
obesidad en adolescente: suscríbase a nuestro canal de YouTube _MediNeumo_
La obesidad durante la adolescencia (10 a 19 años de edad) está asociada con consecuencias para la salud que incluyen prediabetes y diabetes tipo 2, enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, dislipidemia, síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP), apnea obstructiva del sueño, y salud mental trastornos y estigma social. demás, la obesidad durante la adolescencia es un factor de riesgo de complicaciones y muerte por enfermedad coronaria , así como de muerte por cualquier causa en la edad adulta, incluida la edad adulta temprana.
The role of genetic factors in Hypertension among Iraqi citizensAI Publications
This document summarizes a study examining the role of genetic factors in hypertension among Iraqi citizens. The study included 140 patients divided into a case group of 120 hypertensive patients and a control group of 30 normotensive patients. Data on demographics, family history, blood pressure, and other medical variables were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis found a significant relationship between genetic factors and hypertension, with a p-value of 0.001. Patients with a positive family history of hypertension in a first-degree relative had 3.98 times higher odds of having hypertension themselves. The study concluded that genetics play an important role in hypertension risk among Iraqi citizens.
A Study of the Prevalence of Cardio-Vascular Diseases and Its Risk Factors (B...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes a community health promotion project focused on older adults aged 65 and older living in South Charlotte, North Carolina. It describes the population demographics, health risks, common medical conditions, and leading causes of death. Chronic conditions like heart disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity are prevalent in the community and represent major health burdens for the older adult population. The project aims to address risk factors like BMI, blood sugar management, and smoking to improve health outcomes.
Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among rural women in...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
1) The study examined the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity among 450 rural women in Yemen aged 18-60.
2) The results found high rates of physical inactivity (94%), qat chewing (66.3%), and low consumption of fruits (19.5%) and vegetables (39%) daily. 31.3% were obese, 15% had high blood pressure, and 7.8% had diabetes.
3) Older age, being married, and lower education levels were significantly associated with higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obesity and high blood pressure were also significantly associated with each
Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among Dr. Gawad Alwab...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
1) The study examined the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity among 450 rural women in Yemen aged 18-60.
2) The results found high rates of physical inactivity (94%), qat chewing (66.3%), and low consumption of fruits (19.5%) and vegetables (39%) daily. 31.3% were obese, 15% had high blood pressure, and 7.8% had diabetes.
3) Older age, being married, and lower education levels were significantly associated with higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obesity and high blood pressure were also significantly associated with each
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
A study on awareness of diabetic complications among type 2 diabetes patientsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
nejm obesidad en adolescente. 2102062.pdfmedineumo
obesidad en adolescente: suscríbase a nuestro canal de YouTube _MediNeumo_
La obesidad durante la adolescencia (10 a 19 años de edad) está asociada con consecuencias para la salud que incluyen prediabetes y diabetes tipo 2, enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, dislipidemia, síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP), apnea obstructiva del sueño, y salud mental trastornos y estigma social. demás, la obesidad durante la adolescencia es un factor de riesgo de complicaciones y muerte por enfermedad coronaria , así como de muerte por cualquier causa en la edad adulta, incluida la edad adulta temprana.
The role of genetic factors in Hypertension among Iraqi citizensAI Publications
This document summarizes a study examining the role of genetic factors in hypertension among Iraqi citizens. The study included 140 patients divided into a case group of 120 hypertensive patients and a control group of 30 normotensive patients. Data on demographics, family history, blood pressure, and other medical variables were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis found a significant relationship between genetic factors and hypertension, with a p-value of 0.001. Patients with a positive family history of hypertension in a first-degree relative had 3.98 times higher odds of having hypertension themselves. The study concluded that genetics play an important role in hypertension risk among Iraqi citizens.
A Study of the Prevalence of Cardio-Vascular Diseases and Its Risk Factors (B...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses hypertension in India. It provides statistics on the prevalence and burden of hypertension globally and within India. Some key points:
- Over a billion adults globally had hypertension in 2000, predicted to rise to 1.56 billion by 2025. Prevalence is increasing fastest in developing countries.
- In India, prevalence has risen from 2-15% in the 1990s to over 25% in urban areas and 10-15% in rural areas currently. By 2020, an estimated 159.46 per 1000 population will have hypertension.
- Hypertension awareness, treatment and control is low in India, with only around half of urban and a quarter of rural hypertensive individuals aware of their condition. Pro
Introduction: The objective of this work is to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of erectile dysfunction in a population of diabetic patients in the Thies region.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancers are the leading causes of death worldwide, responsible for 60% of all deaths globally. NCD prevalence is rapidly increasing in Sri Lanka and is linked to risk factors like unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and obesity. These risk factors are commonly seen in Sri Lanka and have contributed to higher NCD mortality rates than in many developed countries. While knowledge of NCDs and their risk factors is important, many Sri Lankans remain unaware of their NCD status due to a lack of screening and education. Widespread lifestyle changes are needed to address the growing NCD burden through healthy diets, regular exercise and the avoidance
Abstract—Diabetes Mellitus is a lifestyle disease it is increasing with increase of urbanization. It is a side effect of development. Nowadays with the development of community it is also on increase trend. So this study was conducted on 250 patients of diabetes attended at Diabetic Clinic of SMS Hospital Jaipur, with the aim to find out socio-demographic profile of these diabetes cases. General information about the these case was gathered in a pre-designed semi-structured performa. It was found in this study that majority of cases were in age group of 31 to 45 years with slight male dominance. Education wise majority were Graduate followed by secondary educated and others. Likewise occupation wise majority were either unemployed of professional. Majority of cases were from Socio economic Class II and III. So it can be concluded that diabetes is a disease of middle age slight male dominance and of educated middle class individuals. Further studies are required to establish this fact.
Microalbuminuria in Saudi Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus_Crimson Publis...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Background: Diabetes mellitus is among the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. The development of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes increases the risk for renal and cardiovascular disease.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at the Primary Health Care Clinics at King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 334 Saudi with type 1 diabetes were randomly selected.
Results: Total of 334 patients with T2DM included in this study; 102 (30.5%) male and 232 (69.5%) female with mean age 25.8±3.4. MA was present in 99 (29.6%). MA was not significantly more prevalent in female (69.4%) with female predominance (sex ratio male: female) 1:2.3. HTN with MA was significantly more prevalent in 51(51.5%) of MA group with odd ratio 1.7 (1.2-2.4), p=0.001 with no siginificant difference between both gender. Patients with MA have significant higher HbA1c than patients with normal buminuria and there was a significant difference between gender (p< 0.0001) and when compared to HbA1c groups (p=0.002).
Conclusion: The frequency of microalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes in this study is high. It is mandatory to have adequate diagnostic, therapeutic and educational resources in addition to competent physicians who can manage microalbuminuria in diabetic patients by using a continuing, comprehensive and coordinated approach.
Is cardiovascular screening the best option for reducing future cardiovascula...UKFacultyPublicHealth
Universal screening for cardiovascular disease through NHS Health Checks is less effective and equitable than population-wide policy interventions, according to a microsimulation study. The study found that universal screening would prevent around 19,000 cases and 3,000 deaths between 2016-2030, while population-wide policies could prevent 67,000 cases and 8,000 deaths. A combination of population-wide policies and targeted screening in deprived areas could prevent 82,000 cases and 9,000 deaths. The study used an individual-level modeling approach to estimate the potential impact and equity effects of different prevention strategies in England.
This document reviews traditional and non-traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. It discusses how hypertension, diabetes, high total cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol are traditional risk factors. It also examines non-traditional markers like homocysteine, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibrinogen, and various inflammatory markers that may help predict cardiovascular risk. While many non-traditional markers show promise, most are not routinely used in clinical practice and their predictive value requires further confirmation.
Association of Hypertension with Behavioural Risk Factors in Adults in a Rura...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This study analyzed epidemiological data on hypertension collected from 53 patients at a tertiary hospital in India. The results showed that hypertension was more prevalent in males than females, and most common in the 40-60 year old age group. Risk factors like urban living, lower education, higher BMI, smoking, drinking, sedentary lifestyle and comorbid conditions were associated with higher rates of hypertension. The most commonly prescribed medication for hypertension was a combination of atenolol and amlodipine.
A prevalence of common risk factors of hypertension among young generation li...SriramNagarajan16
Hypertension is one of the upward health related challenge in Bangladesh and hypertension in young generation is increasing
but there is a shortage of data about the risk factors in this age group. The aim was to evaluate and approximation the
frequency of some common risk factors of hypertension among young generation living in Dhaka city. It was a crosssectional study; conducted during March 2016 to June 2016 in Dhaka city. Data were collected by face-to-face interview after
verbal informed consent by a survey questionnaire and stress was measured by Perceived Stress Scale and analyzed by SPSS
version 16. The study was conducted on 150 (n=150) young adults where 76% were male and 24% were female and their
mean age was 22.13 and 23.33% of them were overweight and only 1(n=1) was obese and 44% of them took average amount
of junk food while 14% took huge amounts and 59.33% of them had family history of hypertension and 70.66% of them were
in high stress. The mentioned age range shows a good amount of predominance of hypertension probably indicating a hidden
epidemic. It is needed to improve the measures of key anticipation and early detection of hypertension among young
generation
This systematic review examined the effectiveness of disease management and case management for people with diabetes. The review found:
1) Disease management was effective in improving glycemic control, screening for diabetic complications, and monitoring of lipid levels.
2) Case management was effective in improving both glycemic control and provider monitoring of glycemic control, particularly in managed care settings in the U.S. for adults with type 2 diabetes.
3) Case management delivered with disease management or additional interventions was also effective.
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus in Prediction of Its Management in Kakamega Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: This descriptive study aimed at studying whether the effects of diabetes mellitus can predict its management in Kakamega County and Kenya. 327 respondents took part in the survey, with 135 (41.3%) being females and 192 (58.7%) being males. Most of the respondents, 190 (62.5%) had acquired primary education, 23 (7.6%) of the respondents had attained post-secondary education. 91(29.9%) of the respondents had attained secondary education. Most of the respondents did know the side effects of diabetes mellitus 204 (67.1%). Those who said loose of body weight 91 (29.9%) as side effects of diabetes were many as compared to those who identified non-healing wounds 9 (3%). Most of the respondents indicated that they did exercise as part of utilization of glucose in the blood stream. Although bicycling was done as an exercise but those who did were 13 (4.3%) as those who did not were 291 (95.7%). A balanced diet results in control of blood pressure and dyslipidemia which was a good riddance in the study area. Both the national government and the county government of Kenya and Kakamega respectively should strengthen health systems through innovative health care and promotion on effects of diabetes mellitus so that the burden of diabetes mellitus is reduced on both the health care services and the community in Kakamega and Kenya.
The document discusses a study on the association between modifiable risk factors of smoking and sedentary lifestyle with hypertension. Some key findings:
- The prevalence of hypertension was highest in males (58%) compared to females (42%), likely due to higher rates of smoking and sedentary lifestyle in males.
- Smoking prevalence was 30% among hypertensive patients, with the majority (51.72%) of hypertensive males reporting smoking. Heaviest smokers smoked >20 cigarettes/day for >10 years.
- Sedentary lifestyle prevalence was much higher at 88% compared to smoking. Just 2% of patients reported no risk factors.
- Recommendations focus on increasing physical
RunningHead: PICOT Question 1
RunningHead: PICOT Question 7
PICOT Question
Avery Bryan
NRS-433V
Professor Christine Vannelli
May 19, 2019
Clinical Problem
A report from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 revealed that (9.4%) 30.3 million Americans are diabetic and 84.1 million have prediabetes. This is a total population of over 100 million is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes which is a growing health problem being the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. An estimated 1.5 million new cases were among 18-year old bracket and the rates of diagnosed diabetes increased proportionally to age. Below 44 years accounted for 4%, below 64 years at 17 % and 25% for those above 65 years across both genders. One-third of adults in America has prediabetes but sadly, they are unaware despite reports released by The National Diabetes Statistics Report every year. These reports elaborate on prevalence and incidence, prediabetes, long-term complications, risk factors, mortality, and cost. Diabetes poses the risk of serious complications like death, blindness, stroke, kidney disorders, cardiac diseases and health problems that lead to amputation of legs. However, the risks can be mitigated through physical body activities, proper dieting and prescribed use of insulin and other related measures to control the blood sugar levels. Diabetes Prevention Program was funded by NIH to research a yearly evidence-based program to improve healthy weight loss through diet and physical activities. There also efforts to determine the effectiveness of public service campaigns in improving the real-life experience in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
PICOT Question.
The population affected by diabetes cuts across all ages, gender, race, and ethnicity. The prevalence is significantly high from 18 years and it increases with age to about 25% above 65 years. In terms of gender, men are at higher risk accounting for 37% while women are at 30% across races and educational levels. On races, the rates were higher among Indians/Alaska natives at 15%, non-Hispanic blacks at 12.7% and Hispanics at 12%. Among Asians, the rates were lower at 8% and 7.4% for non-Hispanic whites.
Intervention indicator for diabetes shows that individuals who do not observe a healthy diet are more exposed to the disease. Some risk behaviors include lack of exercise and excessive intake of junk foods that lead to obesity and increased blood sugar levels. Diabetes prevalence varied according to education levels were those with less than high school education at 12.6% and 7.2% for those higher than high school education.
Comparison and use of a control group from the popularity of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine showed distinct knowledge of diabetes, blood sugar control, and self-care. The experimental group received education through interactive multimedia for three months while the control group received.
Abstract— Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive condition with a hereditary predisposition which is further induced by unhealthy lifestyle. It is a silent killer with cardiovascular complications being most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM.
Objective: To find out association of socio demographic and clinical parameters of diabetes type 2 with hypertension and dyslipidemia among Diabetes Mellitus type 2 cases aged 18 to 70 years. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted on 272 type 2 DM patients attending Department of Medicine in a secondary care referral hospital after taking consent.
Results: Hypertension was present in 192 (70.59%) and dyslipidemia was present in 93 (34.19%) of type 2 diabetes patients. Age, family income, presence of family history, duration of illness, type of treatment, consumption of alcohol , BMI, Hba1c level were found to be associated significantly with both hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients.
The document summarizes cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence, costs, risk factors, and prevention programs in the United States. It notes that CVD is the leading cause of death, costs over $444 billion annually in healthcare expenditures, and that over 83 million Americans have at least one CVD. Risk factors discussed include hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and diabetes. Prevention programs highlighted are the Sodium Reduction Community Program and WISEWOMAN program, which provide screening, lifestyle programs, and referrals to underserved women.
There has been an increase in the predominance of diabetes mellitus over the past 40 years worldwide. The worldwide occurrence of diabetes in 2000 was approximately 2.8% and is estimated to grow to 4.4% by 2030. This data interprets a projected rise of diabetes from 171 million in 2000 to well over 350 million in 2030. The presence of hypertension in diabetic patients substantially increases the risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, nephropathy and retinopathy. Indeed, when hypertension coexists with diabetes, the risk of CVD is increased by 75%, which further contributes to the overall morbidity and mortality of an already high risk population. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a considerably higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease. Most of this excess risk is associated with high prevalence of well-established risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity in these patients. Hypertension plays a major role in the development and progression of microvascular and macrovascular disease in people with diabetes. Lifestyle Modifications and pharmacotherapy are the choice for the Management of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes.
The rise of non-communicable diseases and their impact in low- and middle-income countries has gained increased attention in recent years.A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 369 villagers to assess the prevalenceof risk factors for non-communicable diseases at Dhamrai, Dhaka. About 252(68.3%) respondents had knowledge regarding HTN, 247(66.9%) about DM, 193(52.3%) about cancer and among them more than fifty percent respondents gave opinion that smoking as the cause of non communicable disease.Regarding awareness of risk factors of HTN and DM more than sixty percent respondents gave opinion on age advancement,near fifty percent on familialand significant strongassociations were found between NCDs and the risk factors. About 258(39.3%) of the rural participants got information from television.Finally, the need for health system reform to strengthen primary care at rural setting is highlighted as a major policy to reduce the toll of this rising epidemic.
Current status of health and burden of diseaseManiDhingra1
The document provides an overview of the current health status and disease burden in India. It discusses that communicable diseases account for around half of India's disease burden, with HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and dengue posing significant problems. Non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer also contribute to 63% of all deaths in India. The document further summarizes methods for measuring disease burden, like disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and examines the impacts of disease burden on personal, social, and national levels.
This study assessed behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Chitwan District, Nepal. The researchers surveyed 1650 adolescents aged 15-19 years using questionnaires about substance use, dietary habits, and physical activity. They found high levels of behavioral risk factors. Specifically, about 50% of males and 30% of females reported using substances like tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Only 14% of respondents reported satisfactory levels of physical activity. Additionally, a high percentage of adolescents consumed too much salt and fat in their diets. The high prevalence of behavioral risk factors suggests the need for awareness programs to educate adolescents on healthy behaviors.
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PREDICTING DEPRESSION: VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL INSIGHTS...hiij
While global standards have been established for diagnosing depression, the reliance on expert judgement
and observation remains a challenge. This study delves into a potential approach of efficient data
collection to increase the practicability of machine learning models in accurately predicting depression
based on a comprehensive analysis of verbal and non-verbal cues exhibited by individuals.
Health Disparities: Differences in Veteran and Non-Veteran Populations using ...hiij
Introduction: This study investigated self-reported health status, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates among veteran and non-veteran groups to uncover health disparities that are critical for
informed health system planning for veteran populations.
Methods: Using public-use data from the National Health Interview Survey (2015-2018), this study adopts
an ecologic cross-sectional approach to conduct an in-depth analysis and visualization of the data assisted
by Generative AI, specifically ChatGPT-4. This integration of advanced AI tools with traditional
epidemiological principles enables systematic data management, analysis, and visualization, offering a
nuanced understanding of health dynamics across demographic segments and highlighting disparities
essential for veteran health system planning.
Findings: Disparities in self-reports of health outcomes, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates were identified, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and policy adjustments.
Conclusion: Insights from this study could inform health system planning, using epidemiological data
assessment to suggest enhancements for veteran healthcare delivery. These findings highlight the value of
integrating Generative AI with epidemiological analysis in shaping public health policy and health
planning.
More Related Content
Similar to IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES RESPONSIBLE FOR HYPERTENSIVE KIDNEY DISEASE AMONG BANGLADESHI ADULTS
This document discusses hypertension in India. It provides statistics on the prevalence and burden of hypertension globally and within India. Some key points:
- Over a billion adults globally had hypertension in 2000, predicted to rise to 1.56 billion by 2025. Prevalence is increasing fastest in developing countries.
- In India, prevalence has risen from 2-15% in the 1990s to over 25% in urban areas and 10-15% in rural areas currently. By 2020, an estimated 159.46 per 1000 population will have hypertension.
- Hypertension awareness, treatment and control is low in India, with only around half of urban and a quarter of rural hypertensive individuals aware of their condition. Pro
Introduction: The objective of this work is to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of erectile dysfunction in a population of diabetic patients in the Thies region.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancers are the leading causes of death worldwide, responsible for 60% of all deaths globally. NCD prevalence is rapidly increasing in Sri Lanka and is linked to risk factors like unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and obesity. These risk factors are commonly seen in Sri Lanka and have contributed to higher NCD mortality rates than in many developed countries. While knowledge of NCDs and their risk factors is important, many Sri Lankans remain unaware of their NCD status due to a lack of screening and education. Widespread lifestyle changes are needed to address the growing NCD burden through healthy diets, regular exercise and the avoidance
Abstract—Diabetes Mellitus is a lifestyle disease it is increasing with increase of urbanization. It is a side effect of development. Nowadays with the development of community it is also on increase trend. So this study was conducted on 250 patients of diabetes attended at Diabetic Clinic of SMS Hospital Jaipur, with the aim to find out socio-demographic profile of these diabetes cases. General information about the these case was gathered in a pre-designed semi-structured performa. It was found in this study that majority of cases were in age group of 31 to 45 years with slight male dominance. Education wise majority were Graduate followed by secondary educated and others. Likewise occupation wise majority were either unemployed of professional. Majority of cases were from Socio economic Class II and III. So it can be concluded that diabetes is a disease of middle age slight male dominance and of educated middle class individuals. Further studies are required to establish this fact.
Microalbuminuria in Saudi Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus_Crimson Publis...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Background: Diabetes mellitus is among the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. The development of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes increases the risk for renal and cardiovascular disease.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at the Primary Health Care Clinics at King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 334 Saudi with type 1 diabetes were randomly selected.
Results: Total of 334 patients with T2DM included in this study; 102 (30.5%) male and 232 (69.5%) female with mean age 25.8±3.4. MA was present in 99 (29.6%). MA was not significantly more prevalent in female (69.4%) with female predominance (sex ratio male: female) 1:2.3. HTN with MA was significantly more prevalent in 51(51.5%) of MA group with odd ratio 1.7 (1.2-2.4), p=0.001 with no siginificant difference between both gender. Patients with MA have significant higher HbA1c than patients with normal buminuria and there was a significant difference between gender (p< 0.0001) and when compared to HbA1c groups (p=0.002).
Conclusion: The frequency of microalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes in this study is high. It is mandatory to have adequate diagnostic, therapeutic and educational resources in addition to competent physicians who can manage microalbuminuria in diabetic patients by using a continuing, comprehensive and coordinated approach.
Is cardiovascular screening the best option for reducing future cardiovascula...UKFacultyPublicHealth
Universal screening for cardiovascular disease through NHS Health Checks is less effective and equitable than population-wide policy interventions, according to a microsimulation study. The study found that universal screening would prevent around 19,000 cases and 3,000 deaths between 2016-2030, while population-wide policies could prevent 67,000 cases and 8,000 deaths. A combination of population-wide policies and targeted screening in deprived areas could prevent 82,000 cases and 9,000 deaths. The study used an individual-level modeling approach to estimate the potential impact and equity effects of different prevention strategies in England.
This document reviews traditional and non-traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. It discusses how hypertension, diabetes, high total cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol are traditional risk factors. It also examines non-traditional markers like homocysteine, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibrinogen, and various inflammatory markers that may help predict cardiovascular risk. While many non-traditional markers show promise, most are not routinely used in clinical practice and their predictive value requires further confirmation.
Association of Hypertension with Behavioural Risk Factors in Adults in a Rura...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This study analyzed epidemiological data on hypertension collected from 53 patients at a tertiary hospital in India. The results showed that hypertension was more prevalent in males than females, and most common in the 40-60 year old age group. Risk factors like urban living, lower education, higher BMI, smoking, drinking, sedentary lifestyle and comorbid conditions were associated with higher rates of hypertension. The most commonly prescribed medication for hypertension was a combination of atenolol and amlodipine.
A prevalence of common risk factors of hypertension among young generation li...SriramNagarajan16
Hypertension is one of the upward health related challenge in Bangladesh and hypertension in young generation is increasing
but there is a shortage of data about the risk factors in this age group. The aim was to evaluate and approximation the
frequency of some common risk factors of hypertension among young generation living in Dhaka city. It was a crosssectional study; conducted during March 2016 to June 2016 in Dhaka city. Data were collected by face-to-face interview after
verbal informed consent by a survey questionnaire and stress was measured by Perceived Stress Scale and analyzed by SPSS
version 16. The study was conducted on 150 (n=150) young adults where 76% were male and 24% were female and their
mean age was 22.13 and 23.33% of them were overweight and only 1(n=1) was obese and 44% of them took average amount
of junk food while 14% took huge amounts and 59.33% of them had family history of hypertension and 70.66% of them were
in high stress. The mentioned age range shows a good amount of predominance of hypertension probably indicating a hidden
epidemic. It is needed to improve the measures of key anticipation and early detection of hypertension among young
generation
This systematic review examined the effectiveness of disease management and case management for people with diabetes. The review found:
1) Disease management was effective in improving glycemic control, screening for diabetic complications, and monitoring of lipid levels.
2) Case management was effective in improving both glycemic control and provider monitoring of glycemic control, particularly in managed care settings in the U.S. for adults with type 2 diabetes.
3) Case management delivered with disease management or additional interventions was also effective.
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus in Prediction of Its Management in Kakamega Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: This descriptive study aimed at studying whether the effects of diabetes mellitus can predict its management in Kakamega County and Kenya. 327 respondents took part in the survey, with 135 (41.3%) being females and 192 (58.7%) being males. Most of the respondents, 190 (62.5%) had acquired primary education, 23 (7.6%) of the respondents had attained post-secondary education. 91(29.9%) of the respondents had attained secondary education. Most of the respondents did know the side effects of diabetes mellitus 204 (67.1%). Those who said loose of body weight 91 (29.9%) as side effects of diabetes were many as compared to those who identified non-healing wounds 9 (3%). Most of the respondents indicated that they did exercise as part of utilization of glucose in the blood stream. Although bicycling was done as an exercise but those who did were 13 (4.3%) as those who did not were 291 (95.7%). A balanced diet results in control of blood pressure and dyslipidemia which was a good riddance in the study area. Both the national government and the county government of Kenya and Kakamega respectively should strengthen health systems through innovative health care and promotion on effects of diabetes mellitus so that the burden of diabetes mellitus is reduced on both the health care services and the community in Kakamega and Kenya.
The document discusses a study on the association between modifiable risk factors of smoking and sedentary lifestyle with hypertension. Some key findings:
- The prevalence of hypertension was highest in males (58%) compared to females (42%), likely due to higher rates of smoking and sedentary lifestyle in males.
- Smoking prevalence was 30% among hypertensive patients, with the majority (51.72%) of hypertensive males reporting smoking. Heaviest smokers smoked >20 cigarettes/day for >10 years.
- Sedentary lifestyle prevalence was much higher at 88% compared to smoking. Just 2% of patients reported no risk factors.
- Recommendations focus on increasing physical
RunningHead: PICOT Question 1
RunningHead: PICOT Question 7
PICOT Question
Avery Bryan
NRS-433V
Professor Christine Vannelli
May 19, 2019
Clinical Problem
A report from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 revealed that (9.4%) 30.3 million Americans are diabetic and 84.1 million have prediabetes. This is a total population of over 100 million is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes which is a growing health problem being the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. An estimated 1.5 million new cases were among 18-year old bracket and the rates of diagnosed diabetes increased proportionally to age. Below 44 years accounted for 4%, below 64 years at 17 % and 25% for those above 65 years across both genders. One-third of adults in America has prediabetes but sadly, they are unaware despite reports released by The National Diabetes Statistics Report every year. These reports elaborate on prevalence and incidence, prediabetes, long-term complications, risk factors, mortality, and cost. Diabetes poses the risk of serious complications like death, blindness, stroke, kidney disorders, cardiac diseases and health problems that lead to amputation of legs. However, the risks can be mitigated through physical body activities, proper dieting and prescribed use of insulin and other related measures to control the blood sugar levels. Diabetes Prevention Program was funded by NIH to research a yearly evidence-based program to improve healthy weight loss through diet and physical activities. There also efforts to determine the effectiveness of public service campaigns in improving the real-life experience in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
PICOT Question.
The population affected by diabetes cuts across all ages, gender, race, and ethnicity. The prevalence is significantly high from 18 years and it increases with age to about 25% above 65 years. In terms of gender, men are at higher risk accounting for 37% while women are at 30% across races and educational levels. On races, the rates were higher among Indians/Alaska natives at 15%, non-Hispanic blacks at 12.7% and Hispanics at 12%. Among Asians, the rates were lower at 8% and 7.4% for non-Hispanic whites.
Intervention indicator for diabetes shows that individuals who do not observe a healthy diet are more exposed to the disease. Some risk behaviors include lack of exercise and excessive intake of junk foods that lead to obesity and increased blood sugar levels. Diabetes prevalence varied according to education levels were those with less than high school education at 12.6% and 7.2% for those higher than high school education.
Comparison and use of a control group from the popularity of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine showed distinct knowledge of diabetes, blood sugar control, and self-care. The experimental group received education through interactive multimedia for three months while the control group received.
Abstract— Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive condition with a hereditary predisposition which is further induced by unhealthy lifestyle. It is a silent killer with cardiovascular complications being most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM.
Objective: To find out association of socio demographic and clinical parameters of diabetes type 2 with hypertension and dyslipidemia among Diabetes Mellitus type 2 cases aged 18 to 70 years. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted on 272 type 2 DM patients attending Department of Medicine in a secondary care referral hospital after taking consent.
Results: Hypertension was present in 192 (70.59%) and dyslipidemia was present in 93 (34.19%) of type 2 diabetes patients. Age, family income, presence of family history, duration of illness, type of treatment, consumption of alcohol , BMI, Hba1c level were found to be associated significantly with both hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients.
The document summarizes cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence, costs, risk factors, and prevention programs in the United States. It notes that CVD is the leading cause of death, costs over $444 billion annually in healthcare expenditures, and that over 83 million Americans have at least one CVD. Risk factors discussed include hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and diabetes. Prevention programs highlighted are the Sodium Reduction Community Program and WISEWOMAN program, which provide screening, lifestyle programs, and referrals to underserved women.
There has been an increase in the predominance of diabetes mellitus over the past 40 years worldwide. The worldwide occurrence of diabetes in 2000 was approximately 2.8% and is estimated to grow to 4.4% by 2030. This data interprets a projected rise of diabetes from 171 million in 2000 to well over 350 million in 2030. The presence of hypertension in diabetic patients substantially increases the risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, nephropathy and retinopathy. Indeed, when hypertension coexists with diabetes, the risk of CVD is increased by 75%, which further contributes to the overall morbidity and mortality of an already high risk population. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a considerably higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease. Most of this excess risk is associated with high prevalence of well-established risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity in these patients. Hypertension plays a major role in the development and progression of microvascular and macrovascular disease in people with diabetes. Lifestyle Modifications and pharmacotherapy are the choice for the Management of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes.
The rise of non-communicable diseases and their impact in low- and middle-income countries has gained increased attention in recent years.A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 369 villagers to assess the prevalenceof risk factors for non-communicable diseases at Dhamrai, Dhaka. About 252(68.3%) respondents had knowledge regarding HTN, 247(66.9%) about DM, 193(52.3%) about cancer and among them more than fifty percent respondents gave opinion that smoking as the cause of non communicable disease.Regarding awareness of risk factors of HTN and DM more than sixty percent respondents gave opinion on age advancement,near fifty percent on familialand significant strongassociations were found between NCDs and the risk factors. About 258(39.3%) of the rural participants got information from television.Finally, the need for health system reform to strengthen primary care at rural setting is highlighted as a major policy to reduce the toll of this rising epidemic.
Current status of health and burden of diseaseManiDhingra1
The document provides an overview of the current health status and disease burden in India. It discusses that communicable diseases account for around half of India's disease burden, with HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and dengue posing significant problems. Non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer also contribute to 63% of all deaths in India. The document further summarizes methods for measuring disease burden, like disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and examines the impacts of disease burden on personal, social, and national levels.
This study assessed behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Chitwan District, Nepal. The researchers surveyed 1650 adolescents aged 15-19 years using questionnaires about substance use, dietary habits, and physical activity. They found high levels of behavioral risk factors. Specifically, about 50% of males and 30% of females reported using substances like tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Only 14% of respondents reported satisfactory levels of physical activity. Additionally, a high percentage of adolescents consumed too much salt and fat in their diets. The high prevalence of behavioral risk factors suggests the need for awareness programs to educate adolescents on healthy behaviors.
Similar to IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES RESPONSIBLE FOR HYPERTENSIVE KIDNEY DISEASE AMONG BANGLADESHI ADULTS (20)
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PREDICTING DEPRESSION: VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL INSIGHTS...hiij
While global standards have been established for diagnosing depression, the reliance on expert judgement
and observation remains a challenge. This study delves into a potential approach of efficient data
collection to increase the practicability of machine learning models in accurately predicting depression
based on a comprehensive analysis of verbal and non-verbal cues exhibited by individuals.
Health Disparities: Differences in Veteran and Non-Veteran Populations using ...hiij
Introduction: This study investigated self-reported health status, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates among veteran and non-veteran groups to uncover health disparities that are critical for
informed health system planning for veteran populations.
Methods: Using public-use data from the National Health Interview Survey (2015-2018), this study adopts
an ecologic cross-sectional approach to conduct an in-depth analysis and visualization of the data assisted
by Generative AI, specifically ChatGPT-4. This integration of advanced AI tools with traditional
epidemiological principles enables systematic data management, analysis, and visualization, offering a
nuanced understanding of health dynamics across demographic segments and highlighting disparities
essential for veteran health system planning.
Findings: Disparities in self-reports of health outcomes, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates were identified, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and policy adjustments.
Conclusion: Insights from this study could inform health system planning, using epidemiological data
assessment to suggest enhancements for veteran healthcare delivery. These findings highlight the value of
integrating Generative AI with epidemiological analysis in shaping public health policy and health
planning.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
HEALTH DISPARITIES: DIFFERENCES IN VETERAN AND NON-VETERAN POPULATIONS USING ...hiij
Introduction: This study investigated self-reported health status, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates among veteran and non-veteran groups to uncover health disparities that are critical for
informed health system planning for veteran populations.
Methods: Using public-use data from the National Health Interview Survey (2015-2018), this study adopts
an ecologic cross-sectional approach to conduct an in-depth analysis and visualization of the data assisted
by Generative AI, specifically ChatGPT-4. This integration of advanced AI tools with traditional
epidemiological principles enables systematic data management, analysis, and visualization, offering a
nuanced understanding of health dynamics across demographic segments and highlighting disparities
essential for veteran health system planning.
Findings: Disparities in self-reports of health outcomes, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates were identified, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and policy adjustments.
Conclusion: Insights from this study could inform health system planning, using epidemiological data
assessment to suggest enhancements for veteran healthcare delivery. These findings highlight the value of
integrating Generative AI with epidemiological analysis in shaping public health policy and health
planning.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
BRIEF COMMENTARY: USING A LOGIC MODEL TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS ...hiij
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed moment in public health surveillance, highlighting the
crucial role of data-driven insights in informing health actions and policies. Revisiting key concepts—
public health, epidemiology in public health practice, public health surveillance, and public health
informatics—lays the foundation for understanding how these elements converge to create a robust public
health surveillance system framework. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this integration was
exemplified by the WHO efforts in data dissemination and the subsequent global response. The role of
public health informatics emerged as instrumental in this context, enhancing data collection, management,
analysis, interpretation, and dissemination processes. A logic model for public health surveillance systems
encapsulates the integration of these concepts. It outlines the inputs and outcomes and emphasizes the
crucial actions and resources for effective system operation, including the imperative of training and
capacity development.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
AUTOMATIC AND NON-INVASIVE CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTShiij
Glycated haemoglobin does not allow you to highlight the effects that food choices, physical activity and
medications have on your glycaemic control day by day. The best way to monitor and keep track of the
immediate effects that these have on your blood sugar levels is self-monitoring, therefore the use of a
glucometer. Thanks to this tool you have the possibility to promptly receive information that helps you to
intervene in the most appropriate way, bringing or keeping your blood sugar levels as close as possible to
the reference values indicated by your doctor. Currently, blood glucose meters are used to measure and
control blood glucose. Diabetes is a fairly complex disease and it is important for those who suffer from it
to check their blood sugar (blood sugar) periodically throughout the day to prevent dangerous
complications. Many children newly diagnosed with diabetes and their families may face unique challenges
when dealing with the everyday management of diabetes, including treatments, adapting to dietary
changes, and the routine monitoring of blood glucose. Many questions may also arise when selecting a
blood glucose meter for paediatric patients. With current blood glucose meters, even with multiple daily
self-tests, high and low blood glucose levels may not be detected. Key factors that may be considered when
selecting a meter include accuracy of the meter; size of the meter; small sample size required for testing;
ease of use and easy-to-follow testing procedure; ability for alternate testing sites; quick testing time and
availability of results; ease of portability to allow testing at school and during leisure time; easyto- read
numbers on display; memory options; cost of meter and supplies. In this study we will show a new
automatic portable, non-invasive device and painless for the daily continuous monitoring (24 hours a day)
of blood glucose in paediatric patients.
INTEGRATING MACHINE LEARNING IN CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMShiij
This review article examines the role of machine learning (ML) in enhancing Clinical Decision Support
Systems (CDSSs) within the modern healthcare landscape. Focusing on the integration of various ML
algorithms, such as regression, random forest, and neural networks, the review aims to showcase their
potential in advancing patient care. A rapid review methodology was utilized, involving a survey of recent
articles from PubMed and Google Scholar on ML applications in healthcare. Key findings include the
demonstration of ML's predictive power in patient outcomes, its ability to augment clinician knowledge,
and the effectiveness of ensemble algorithmic approaches. The review highlights specific applications of
diverse ML models, including moment kernel machines in predicting surgical outcomes, k-means clustering
in simplifying disease phenotypes, and extreme gradient boosting in estimating injury risk. Emphasizing
the potential of ML to tackle current healthcare challenges, the article highlights the critical role of ML in
evolving CDSSs for improved clinical decision-making and patient care. This comprehensive review also
addresses the challenges and limitations of integrating ML into healthcare systems, advocating for a
collaborative approach to refine these systems for safety, efficacy, and equity.
BRIEF COMMENTARY: USING A LOGIC MODEL TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS ...hiij
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed moment in public health surveillance, highlighting the
crucial role of data-driven insights in informing health actions and policies. Revisiting key concepts—
public health, epidemiology in public health practice, public health surveillance, and public health
informatics—lays the foundation for understanding how these elements converge to create a robust public
health surveillance system framework. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this integration was
exemplified by the WHO efforts in data dissemination and the subsequent global response. The role of
public health informatics emerged as instrumental in this context, enhancing data collection, management,
analysis, interpretation, and dissemination processes. A logic model for public health surveillance systems
encapsulates the integration of these concepts. It outlines the inputs and outcomes and emphasizes the
crucial actions and resources for effective system operation, including the imperative of training and
capacity development.
INTEGRATING MACHINE LEARNING IN CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMShiij
This review article examines the role of machine learning (ML) in enhancing Clinical Decision Support
Systems (CDSSs) within the modern healthcare landscape. Focusing on the integration of various ML
algorithms, such as regression, random forest, and neural networks, the review aims to showcase their
potential in advancing patient care. A rapid review methodology was utilized, involving a survey of recent
articles from PubMed and Google Scholar on ML applications in healthcare. Key findings include the
demonstration of ML's predictive power in patient outcomes, its ability to augment clinician knowledge,
and the effectiveness of ensemble algorithmic approaches. The review highlights specific applications of
diverse ML models, including moment kernel machines in predicting surgical outcomes, k-means clustering
in simplifying disease phenotypes, and extreme gradient boosting in estimating injury risk. Emphasizing
the potential of ML to tackle current healthcare challenges, the article highlights the critical role of ML in
evolving CDSSs for improved clinical decision-making and patient care. This comprehensive review also
addresses the challenges and limitations of integrating ML into healthcare systems, advocating for a
collaborative approach to refine these systems for safety, efficacy, and equity.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
The Proposed Guidelines for Cloud Computing Migration for South African Rural...hiij
It is now overdue for the hospitals in South African rural areas to implement cloud computing technologies in order to access patient data quickly in an emergency. Sometimes medical practitioners take time to attend patients due to the unavailability of kept records, leading to either a loss of time or the reassembling of processes to recapture lost patient files. However, there are few studies that highlight challenges faced by rural hospitals but they do not recommend strategies on how they can migrate to cloud computing. The purpose of this paper was to review recent papers about the critical factors that influence South African hospitals in adopting cloud computing. The contribution of the study is to lay out the importance of cloud computing in the health sectors and to suggest guidelines that South African rural hospitals can follow in order to successfully relocate into cloud computing.The existing literature revealed that Hospitals may enhance their record-keeping procedures and conduct business more effectively with the help of the cloud computing. In conclusion, if hospitals in South African rural areas is to fully benefit from cloud-based records management systems, challenges relating to data storage, privacy, security, and the digital divide must be overcome.
SUPPORTING LARGE-SCALE NUTRITION ANALYSIS BASED ON DIETARY SURVEY DATAhiij
While online survey systems facilitate the collection on copious records on diet, exercise and other healthrelated data, scientists and other public health experts typically must download data from those systems
into external tools for conducting statistical analyses. A more convenient approach would enable
researchers to perform analyses online, without the need to coordinate additional analysis tools. This
paper presents a system illustrating such an approach, using as a testbed the WAVE project, which is a 5-
year childhood obesity prevention initiative being conducted at Oregon State University by health scientists
utilizing a web application called WavePipe. This web application has enabled health scientists to create
studies, enrol subjects, collect physical activity data, and collect nutritional data through online surveys.
This paper presents a new sub-system that enables health scientists to analyse and visualize nutritional
profiles based on large quantities of 24-hour dietary recall records for sub-groups of study subjects over
any desired period of time. In addition, the sub-system enables scientists to enter new food information
from food composition databases to build a comprehensive food profile. Interview feedback from novice
health science researchers using the new functionality indicated that it provided a usable interface and
generated high receptiveness to using the system in practice.
AN EHEALTH ADOPTION FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEWhiij
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- Widely used frameworks for eHealth adoption in developing countries were TAM, UTAUT, and TOE, but these did not fully capture all relevant factors.
- Additional factors identified included socio-demographic, technological, information, socio-cultural, organizational, governance, ethical/legal, and financial dimensions.
- The review proposed a novel, context-specific eHealth adoption framework for developing countries with eight dimensions addressing the above factors.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
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Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES RESPONSIBLE FOR HYPERTENSIVE KIDNEY DISEASE AMONG BANGLADESHI ADULTS
1. Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ) Vol.12, No.1, February 2023
DOI : 10.5121/hiij.2023.12101 1
IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES
RESPONSIBLE FOR HYPERTENSIVE KIDNEY
DISEASE AMONG BANGLADESHI ADULTS
K.C.Bhuyan
Professor ( Retired) of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to identify some socioeconomic variables responsible for the prevalence of
hypertensive kidney disease among Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above. For this, 498 males and 497
females, totalling 995 adults of both urban and rural localities were investigated. In the sample there were
17.6% hypertensive adults and 18.9% of them were suffering from hypertension and kidney disease
simultaneously. Beside other percentages of respondents, there were 19.6% elderly people of ages 50 years
and above, 30.2% obese adults, 67.0% diabetic patients, 44.4% involved in sedentary activity and 33.1%
smokers. The overall percentage of hypertensive kidney patients was 3.3. These group of patients were
discriminated from the remaining 96.7% adults. During discrimination duration of diabetes was identified
as most responsible variable followed by age, body mass index, sedentary activity, smoking habit, etc. The
risk of prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease was 12.25 times in diabetic patients suffering for 15 years
and above compared to the risk of prevalence in other adults. The risk was 8.43 times in elderly people,
16.80 times in obese adults, 2.50 times in adults involved in sedentary activity, and 1.91 times in smoker
adults. Higher risk rate was also observed in adults of lower economic group of families.
KEYWORDS
Hypertension, kidney disease, Obesity, Diabetes, Discriminant analysis, Risk ratio.
1. INTRODUCTION
Obesity, diabetes and hypertension are three inter related health problems and are the risk factors
of many non-communicable diseases including kidney diseases [ 1 – 12 ]. Kidney failure and
chronic kidney disease are associated with obesity, pre-diabetes, diabetes and hypertension [ 13
– 18 ]. Hypertensive kidney disease is a medical condition referring to damage of kidney due to
chronic high blood pressure [19]. Hypertension creates severe health complications worldwide [
20, 21]. It increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes the risk of death [ 22 - 27].
The problem is recognized as modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and at an end
stage renal disease [ 23 ]. But, it is the major cause of premature death worldwide [ 24 ]. Number
of adults with hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015. The
increase was noted largely in low-and middle-income countries. Around 7.5 million deaths or
12.8% of the total of all deaths worldwide occur due to high blood pressure [ 28 ]. It is predicted
to be increased to 1.56 billion adults with hypertension in 2025[ 29 ]. The risk factor of
hypertension is cardiovascular and its related diseases. Again, heart failure is highly prevalent in
patients of chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease and this problem leads to mortality
[30 – 32].
The risk factors for hypertensive kidney disease is poor health management including lower
control of high blood pressure and other kidney disorders [19]. The problem is also associated
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2
with some socioeconomic characteristics including older age, gender variation [ 33]. In this
paper, an attempt was made to identify some socioeconomic variables responsible for the
prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease among Bangladeshi adults.
2. METHODOLOGY
The present analysis was done using the data collected from 995 urban and rural adults of 18
years and above. The data were recorded on investigation during the session 2018 – 19 by some
nurses and medical assistants working in some objectively selected diagnostic centres located in
both urban and semi-urban areas of Bangladesh. Some of the respondents were male and some
were females; the number males and females were 498 and 497, respectively. The ratio of males
and females were50.1:49.9 which is the national sex ratio of Bangladesh [34]. The investigate
adults were from both urban and rural areas and among them 67% were suffering from
diabetes.
The data on different socioeconomic variables were recorded from each investigated adult
through a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire containing different questions related to
residence, religion, gender, marital status, age, education, occupation, family income, family
expenditure. Beside these demographic data, the information on life-style, viz. involvement in
physical work, smoking habit, consumption of restaurant food, and utilization of time by the
respondents were recorded. The information of prevalence of any of the non-communicable
diseases, duration of diabetes, and the stages of treatment of the disease and the cost of
treatment of the disease were also recorded. The collected data were recorded in both interval
and nominal scales, but for ease of analysis all data were expressed in nominal scale. The data of
weight ( in kg ) divided by height ( in metre2
) was used to measure the value of body mass index
(BMI) to identify obese adults( if BMI ≥ 27.5; underweight ,if BMI< 18.5; normal, if 18.5
≤BMI< 23.0; overweight, if 23.0 ≤ BMI< 27.5 ) [35,36]. The hypertensive adult was identified if
blood pressure( B.P) level ( mmHg) of any one was ≥ 140/90 [ 37, 38 ].
According to the objective of the study, the association of each of the socioeconomic variable
with the prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease was investigated, where significant
association was decided if p-value of any Chi-square statistic ≤ 0.05 [ P( 2
) ≤0.05 ].
Irrespective of significant or insignificant association, the risk ratio and its confidence interval
was calculated for adults for whom prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease was noted in
higher rate for a particular level of a socioeconomic variable. Finally, discriminant analysis was
done to select the most responsible variable for the simultaneous prevalence of hypertensive-
kidney disease. The most responsible variable was identified depending on the highest absolute
value of correlation coefficient of socioeconomic variable with discriminant function score [ 39,
40, 41 ]. As a mode of statistical analysis SPSS Version 25 was used. .
3. RESULTS
The percentage of hypertensive adults in the sample was 17.6 and that of kidney patients was 9.2.
Among the hypertensive adults 18.9% were kidney patients also [ Table 1 ]. The different health
problem was significantly associated with prevalence of hypertension [ 2
= 105.383, p –
value=0.000 ]. The sample hypertensive kidney patients were 3.3%. They were classified into
different classes according to different levels of socioeconomic variables. The classified results
were presented in Table 2.
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Table 1: Distribution of adults according to prevalence of hypertension and health other health hazard
Prevalence of health
other health hazard
Prevalence of hypertension Total
Number %
Yes
Number %
No
Number %
None 60 34.3 546 66.6 606 60.9
Heart 55 31.4 71 8.7 126 12.7
Eye 19 10.9 104 12.7 123 12.4
Kidney 33 18.9 59 7.2 92 9.2
Disability 8 4.6 40 4.9 48 4.8
Total 175 17.6 820 82.4 995 100.0
Table 2: Distribution of adults according to prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease and
socioeconomic variables
Socioeconomic
variables
Prevalence of hypertensive kidney
disease Total
Yes No
Number % Number % Number %
Residence
Rural 18 3.4 513 96.6 531 53.4
Urban 15 3.2 449 96.8 464 46.6
Total 33 3.3 962 96.7 995 100.0
Gender
Male 19 3.8 479 96.2 498 50.1
Female 14 2.8 483 97.2 497 49.9
Religion
Muslim 27 3.2 821 96.8 848 85.2
Non-Muslim 6 4.1 141 95.9 147 14.8
Marital status
Currently married 30 3.2 896 96.8 926 93.1
Currently single 3 4.3 66 95.7 69 6.9
Age ( in years)
< 25 1 0.5 195 99.5 196 19.7
25 – 40 2 0.5 399 99.5 401 40.3
40 – 50 3 1.5 200 98.5 203 20.4
50 – 60 13 11.3 102 88.7 115 11.6
60+
14 17.5 66 82.5 80 8.0
Education
Illiterate 2 3.1 63 96.9 65 6.5
Primary 9 7.4 112 92.6 121 12.2
Secondary 5 2.1 232 97.9 237 23.8
Higher 17 3.0 555 97.0 572 57.5
Occupation
Agriculture and
unskilled labor
5 4.8 99 95.2 104 10.5
Business 10 4.3 224 95.7 234 23.5
Service and skilled
labor
6 2.0 299 98.0 305 30.7
Retire 5 4.1 117 95.9 122 12.3
Housewife 7 3.0 223 97.0 230 23.1
Income ( 000 taka )
< 50 18 4.8 371 95.2 389 39.1
50 – 100 12 2.9 408 97.1 420 42.2
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4
The rural adults were 53.4% in the sample and 3.4% of them were patients of hypertensive
kidney disease as against the overall 3.3% patients of these diseases. Rural and urban people were
suffering in similar rates from these to health problems [ 2
=0.019, p –value=0.890 ; R.R.=
1.05, C.I.( 0.40, 2.78) ]. The investigated male adults were 50.1% and 3.8% of them were
affected by this health problem. There was insignificant association between gender variation and
prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease but male adults were at more risk by 35% [ 2
= 0.773,
p –value=0.379 ; R.R.=1.35, C.I.( 0.69,2.66)]. The percentage of non-Muslim respondents was
14.8, but higher proportion ( 0.041) of them , though not significantly different from the
corresponding proportion ( 0.032) of Muslim adults, were suffering from hypertensive kidney
disease [ 2
= 0.315, p –value=0.575 ]. But non-Muslim adults had higher risk of facing this
problem by 28% more [ R.R.=1.28, C.I.( 0.54, 3.04)]. Single adults were only 6.9% in the
sample, but 4.1% of them were patients of hypertensive kidney disease. For them the chance of
facing this health problem was 34% more as it was for married adults [ R.R.=1.34, C.I.( 0.42,
3.88)]. However, prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease was independent of marital status [
100 – 150 1 1.6 60 98.4 61 6.1
150+
2 1.6 123 98.4 125 12.6
Family expenditure ( in
000 taka)
< 40 17 4.1 399 95.9 416 41.4
40 – 60 9 3.0 293 97.0 302 30.4
60 – 80 5 3.5 138 96.5 143 14.4
80+
2 1.5 132 98.5 134 13.5
Smoking habit
Yes 16 4.9 313 95.1 329 33.1
No 17 2.6 649 97.4 666 66.9
Habit of taking process
food
Yes 13 3.6 350 96.4 363 36.5
No 20 3.2 612 96.8 632 63.5
Physical work
Yes 19 4.0 462 96.0 481 48.3
No 14 2.7 500 97.3 514 51.7
Utilization of time
Sedentary activity 22 5.0 420 95.0 442 44.4
No 11 2.0 542 98.0 553 55.6
Obesity
Underweight 0 0.0 38 100.0 38 3.8
Normal 2 0.9 231 99.1 233 23.4
Overweight 2 0.5 422 99.5 424 42.6
Hypertensive 29 9.7 271 90.3 300 30.2
Prevalence of diabetes
Yes 28 4.2 639 95.8 667 67.0
No 5 1.5 323 98.5 328 33.0
Duration of diabetes (
in years)
Does not arise 5 1.5 323 98.5 328 33.0
< 5 2 0.7 289 99.3 291 29.2
5 – 10 4 1.9 202 98.1 206 20.7
10 – 15 6 6.1 93 93.9 99 9.9
15+
16 22.5 45 77.5 71 7.1
Total 33 3.3 962 96.7 995 100.0
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5
2
=0.246, p –value=0.620 ]. The sample elderly people of ages 60 years and above were 8.0%
and of ages 50 years and above were 19,6%. The prevalence rate among the above mentioned
first group of adults was 17.5% and among the second group it was 13.8%. There was significant
increasing trend of prevalence rate with the increase in ages [ 2
= 89.956, p –value=0.000]. The
eldest group of adults had risk of 8.43 times as it was for others and the risk of elderly group of
adults was 18.46 times compared to others [ R.R.=8.43, C.I.( 4.40, 16.16); R.R.= 18.46, C.I.(
7.73,44.07)}. The primary educated adults in the sample were 12.2% and 7.4% of them were
patients of this health hazard as against the overall percentage 3.3 of affected adults under study.
For these adults the risk of prevalence of the problem was 94% more compared to the risk of
others [ R.R.=1.94,C.I.( 0.86, 4.38)]. The prevalence rate ( 3.0%) was lower among higher
educated persons(57.5%). But there was no significant increasing or decreasing trend in the
prevalence rate with the increase in level of education [ 2
=7.710, p –value=0.052]. Similar
insignificant rates of prevalence was noted for people of different levels of occupation [ 2
=
3.407, p-value=0.492]. But highest rate ( 4.8%) was observed among agriculturists and unskilled
labours ( 10.5%). This group was 93% more exposed to this health hazard [ R.R.=1.93, C.I.( 0.76,
4.89)]. Physically active persons were 48.3% ,but higher proportion ( 4.0%) of them were
affected by this health hazard. For them the risk of the disease was 45% more as it was in others [
R.R.=1.45, C.I.( 0.74, 2.86)], though the prevalence was independent of physical activity [ 2
=
1.165, p –value=0.280]. The percentage of respondents involved in sedentary activity was 44.4
and 5.0% of them were facing the problem of hypertensive kidney disease. They were at higher
risk of this health hazard by 2.50 times compared to the risk of others [ R.R.=2.50,C.I.( 1.22,
5.10)]. The prevalence was significantly associated with utilization of time [ 2
= 6.841, p –
value=0.009 ].
The respondents from lowest income group of families was 39.1% and 4.8% of them were
suffering from hypertension and kidney disease simultaneously. Their chance of facing the
problem was 87% more as it was for others [ R.R.=1.87, C.I.( 0.96, 3.71)]. However, the
prevalence rates in adults belonged to families of different levels of income were in declining
trend with the increase in level of family income [ 2
= 4.044, p –value=0.257]. Almost similar
was the case in respect of family expenditure [ 2
= 2.281, p –value= 0.516]. The adults from
families spending lowest amount of money as family expenditure was 41.4% and prevalence rate
among them was 4.1%. For them the chance of prevalence was 48% more as it was for others [
R.R.=1.48,C.I.( 0.76, 2.89)]. The sample process food consumers was 36.5% and prevalence rate
of hypertensive kidney disease was noted among 3.6% of them. They were almost similarly
exposed to this health problem compared to the same problem of non-consumers[ R.R.=1.13,
C.I.(0.57, 2.24)]. It indicated that prevalence was independent of consumption of process food [
2
=1.25, p –value= 0.724]. The smoker adults were 33.1% and 4.9% of them were suffering
from both hypertension and kidney problem simultaneously. For them the risk of prevalence was
91% more as it was for non-smokers [ R.R.=1.91, C.I.( 0.98, 3.73)]. However , smoking habit
was not significantly associated with the prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease [ 2
= 3.667,
p –value=0.056 ].
The percentage of obese adults was 30.2 and 9.7% of them were patients of hypertensive kidney
disease. Their chance to be affected by this health problem was 16.80 times as it was for non-
obese adults [ R.R.=16.80, C.I.( 3.88, 72.78)]. Level of obesity was significantly associated with
prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease [ 2
= 54.122, p –value=0.000]. Prevalence of
diabetes was also significantly associated with prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease [ 2
=
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6
4.901, p –value= 0.027]. In the sample there were 67.0% diabetic patients and 4.2% of them were
facing this health problem. For them the chance of prevalence was 2.75 times as it was for non-
diabetic adults [ R.R.=2.75,C.I.(1.07, 7.06)]. Prevalence of hypertensive kidney was significantly
associated with duration of diabetes and prevalence rate was in increasing trend with the increase
in duration [ 2
=94.881, p –value=0.000]. The percentage of diabetic patients suffering for 15
years and above was 7.1. Among this group the prevalence rate was observed 22.5% . For them
the chance of prevalence was 12.25 times compared to the chance of others [ R.R.= 12.25,
C.I.(6.47, 23.21)].
4. RESULTS OF DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS
The sample adults were classified into two groups. In one group there were 3.3% hypertensive
kidney patients. This group was significantly different from the remaining 96.7% adults of other
group in respect of some socioeconomic characters. But all socioeconomic characters were not
similarly responsible in discriminating two groups. The most responsible variable was identified
by performing discriminant analysis. For the analysis the variables included were residence
religion, gender, marital status, age, education, occupation, family income, family expenditure,
utilization of time, physical work. Habit of taking process food, smoking habit, body mass index ,
prevalence of diabetes and duration of diabetes. Out of these variables, the impacts of age,
utilization of time, body mass index, prevalence of diabetes and duration of diabetes were
significantly different for two group of adults. It was observed by F-test. The results of the tests
and of discriminant analysis were presented in Table 3. The discriminant analysis was
satisfactory as was observed by Chi-square test, where 2
=117.114,p –value=0.000 [ =
0.888].
The analysis showed that the most responsible variable for discrimination of two groups of adults
was duration of diabetes followed by age, body mass index, utilization of time, prevalence of
diabetes, smoking habit, family expenditure, education, family income, etc.
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Table 3 : Results related to discriminant analysis
Socioeconomic
variable
Wilk’
s
F - value P - value Discrimin
ant
function
coefficien
t
Correlation
coefficient of
socioeconomic
variable and
discriminant
function score
Residence 0.999 0.879 0.349 0.063 0.058
Religion 0.994 5.670 0.017 0.172 0.148
Gender 1.000 0.439 0.508 0.145 -0.041
Marital status 0.999 1.016 0.314 -0.013 0.063
Age 0.840 188.795 0.000 0.708 0.852
Education 0.998 2.125 0.145 -0.115 -0.090
Occupation 1.000 0.348 0.556 -0.035 0.037
Family Income 0.999 0.573 0.449 0.289 0.047
Family expenditure 1.000 0.209 0.648 -0.348 -0.028
Body mass index 0.991 9.290 0.002 0.059 0.189
Smoking habit 0.993 7.374 0.007 -0.121 -0.168
Utilization of time 0.982 18.449 0.000 0.168 0.267
Habit of taking
process food
0.981 18.938 0.000 0.278 0.270
Physical labor 1.000 0.442 0.506 0.007 0.041
Prevalence of
diabetes
0.993 7.319 0.007 0.312 -0.168
Duration of diabetes 0.915 91.861 0.000 0.409 0.594
5. DISCUSSION
The damage of kidney due to chronic elevated blood pressure is termed as hypertensive kidney
disease. The relationship between blood pressure and incident of kidney problem is evident in
different studies in both home and abroad [ 17 - 19, 42 – 46 ]. The risk factors for this health
problem are old age, obesity, prevalence of diabetes, physical inactivity, intake of fatty and high
salted food, poorly controlled medium and high blood pressure and poor health management [
18- 19, 31, 45 - 47]. Beside these variables, there may be some other factors enhancing the
prevalence rate of hypertensive kidney disease. The present paper was an attempt to identify
some socioeconomic variables responsible for the simultaneous prevalence of hypertension and
kidney disease in adults of Bangladesh. For this, 995 urban and rural adults of 18 years and above
were investigated and related data were collected and analysed.
The study of association between prevalence of hypertensive-kidney disease with any one of the
socioeconomic variables indicated that the prevalence of the diseases was independent of
residence, religion, gender, marital status, education, occupation, family income, and family
expenditure. But the value of calculated risk ratio provided the information that non-Muslims,
males, single adults, primary educated adults, agriculturists, and adults belonged to lowest
economic condition had higher risk of prevalence. An inverse insignificant association between
physical labour and prevalence was noted. Adults habituated in physical work had 45% more
chance of prevalence of this health hazard. Age, utilization of time, obesity, prevalence of
diabetes and duration of diabetes were significantly associated with prevalence of hypertensive
kidney disease. Discriminant analysis identified duration of diabetes as the most responsible
variable for the prevalence. In order of weight of responsibility the other variables were age, body
mass index, utilization of time, prevalence of diabetes, smoking habit, etc. Elderly people of ages
50 years and above, persons involved in sedentary activity, obese adults, diabetic adults, adults
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suffering from diabetes for 15 years and above had 18.46 times, 2.50 times, 16.80 times, 2.75
times, and 12.25 times, respectively risks of prevalence of the problem .
6. CONCLUSION
The present paper provided analytical results to identify some socioeconomic variables
responsible for prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease in Bangladeshi adults. For the analysis,
data were collected from 995 adults of 18 years and above residing in both urban and rural areas.
Out of 995 adults 3.3% were hypertensive kidney patients. Higher prevalence rate, significant or
insignificant, corresponding to this rate was observed in rural people ( 3.4), males (3.8%), non-
Muslims ( 4.1), single persons (4.3%), elderly people( 13.8%), primary educated adults ( 7.4%),
farmers (4.8%), poorest people(4.8%), smokers ( 4.9%), process food consumers ( 3.6%),
physically active adults (4.0%), adults involved in sedentary activity (5.0%), obese people (
9.7%), diabetic patients suffering for 15 years and above( 22.5%). However, except rural people
and process food consumers, all other adults suffering from the disease in higher rate were more
exposed to this health hazard. The chance of prevalence of the disease was at least 50% more
among elderly people, primary educated people, farmers, adults of lower economic conditions,
smokers, adults involved in sedentary activity, obese adults ,and diabetic patients suffering for
longer duration. The prevalence rate was in significantly increasing trend with the increase in
both age and duration of diabetes. Finally, the hypertensive kidney patients was significantly
discriminated from the remaining adults . The most responsible variable for the discrimination
was duration of diabetes followed by age, body mass index, utilization of time, prevalence of
diabetes, smoking habit, etc.
All the responsible variables except age were lifestyle factors. Some of these cannot be avoided
due to socioeconomic upward mobility in the country. But the extent of risk of prevalence due to
these variables can be reduced if people can regulate their lifestyle towards healthy life. For this,
they should be careful in
(i) taking process and can food instead of home made healthy food,
(ii) taking drinks and drugs,
(iii)utilizing time towards health life outside the office hours/ normal working hours,
(iv) adhering medical check up and treatment after consulting a medical practitioner,
(v) maintaining blood sugar level and blood pressure level.
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