1) The study examined the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity among 450 rural women in Yemen aged 18-60.
2) The results found high rates of physical inactivity (94%), qat chewing (66.3%), and low consumption of fruits (19.5%) and vegetables (39%) daily. 31.3% were obese, 15% had high blood pressure, and 7.8% had diabetes.
3) Older age, being married, and lower education levels were significantly associated with higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obesity and high blood pressure were also significantly associated with each
This study examined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among 200 obese patients in Yemen. The overall prevalence of MS was 46%, with no significant difference between men and women. High blood pressure was the most common comorbidity, present in 68% of patients with MS. Other common comorbidities included high triglycerides (66%), low HDL cholesterol (64%), and high fasting blood glucose (41%). The results indicate a high prevalence of MS and its components among obese Yemeni patients, highlighting an urgent need for strategies to prevent and treat MS and related conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Pius Tih Muffih, PhD, MPH, Director, Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services discusses the organization's Know Your Numbers program, which is a partnership with the local government to screen adults for hypertension and obesity at the 2018 CCIH conference.
-
Post intervention assessment will be done after every three months to measure the
outcomes.
Arrange: -
Arrange follow up meeting and laboratory investigation after every three months.
Motivational support will be provided to participants.
Rewards will be given to participants as per their achievement.
Certificates will be provided to participants at the end of intervention.
Feedback will be taken from all stakeholders.
Sustainability plan will be prepared.
Report will be submitted to Ministry of Health/local government.
Publication of results.
This study assessed the prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Parsa District, Nepal. Nearly half of males and one-third of females were using substances like tobacco, alcohol or drugs. Overweight and obesity levels were high, with 66% of males and 15.5% of females overweight by BMI criteria. Blood pressure measurements found 12% pre-hypertensive and 5% hypertensive. Risk factors like overweight/obesity were associated with increased blood pressure. The study suggests urgent health programs are needed for primordial prevention of non-communicable diseases in this population.
RunningHead: PICOT Question 1
RunningHead: PICOT Question 7
PICOT Question
Avery Bryan
NRS-433V
Professor Christine Vannelli
May 19, 2019
Clinical Problem
A report from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 revealed that (9.4%) 30.3 million Americans are diabetic and 84.1 million have prediabetes. This is a total population of over 100 million is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes which is a growing health problem being the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. An estimated 1.5 million new cases were among 18-year old bracket and the rates of diagnosed diabetes increased proportionally to age. Below 44 years accounted for 4%, below 64 years at 17 % and 25% for those above 65 years across both genders. One-third of adults in America has prediabetes but sadly, they are unaware despite reports released by The National Diabetes Statistics Report every year. These reports elaborate on prevalence and incidence, prediabetes, long-term complications, risk factors, mortality, and cost. Diabetes poses the risk of serious complications like death, blindness, stroke, kidney disorders, cardiac diseases and health problems that lead to amputation of legs. However, the risks can be mitigated through physical body activities, proper dieting and prescribed use of insulin and other related measures to control the blood sugar levels. Diabetes Prevention Program was funded by NIH to research a yearly evidence-based program to improve healthy weight loss through diet and physical activities. There also efforts to determine the effectiveness of public service campaigns in improving the real-life experience in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
PICOT Question.
The population affected by diabetes cuts across all ages, gender, race, and ethnicity. The prevalence is significantly high from 18 years and it increases with age to about 25% above 65 years. In terms of gender, men are at higher risk accounting for 37% while women are at 30% across races and educational levels. On races, the rates were higher among Indians/Alaska natives at 15%, non-Hispanic blacks at 12.7% and Hispanics at 12%. Among Asians, the rates were lower at 8% and 7.4% for non-Hispanic whites.
Intervention indicator for diabetes shows that individuals who do not observe a healthy diet are more exposed to the disease. Some risk behaviors include lack of exercise and excessive intake of junk foods that lead to obesity and increased blood sugar levels. Diabetes prevalence varied according to education levels were those with less than high school education at 12.6% and 7.2% for those higher than high school education.
Comparison and use of a control group from the popularity of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine showed distinct knowledge of diabetes, blood sugar control, and self-care. The experimental group received education through interactive multimedia for three months while the control group received.
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus in Prediction of Its Management in Kakamega Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: This descriptive study aimed at studying whether the effects of diabetes mellitus can predict its management in Kakamega County and Kenya. 327 respondents took part in the survey, with 135 (41.3%) being females and 192 (58.7%) being males. Most of the respondents, 190 (62.5%) had acquired primary education, 23 (7.6%) of the respondents had attained post-secondary education. 91(29.9%) of the respondents had attained secondary education. Most of the respondents did know the side effects of diabetes mellitus 204 (67.1%). Those who said loose of body weight 91 (29.9%) as side effects of diabetes were many as compared to those who identified non-healing wounds 9 (3%). Most of the respondents indicated that they did exercise as part of utilization of glucose in the blood stream. Although bicycling was done as an exercise but those who did were 13 (4.3%) as those who did not were 291 (95.7%). A balanced diet results in control of blood pressure and dyslipidemia which was a good riddance in the study area. Both the national government and the county government of Kenya and Kakamega respectively should strengthen health systems through innovative health care and promotion on effects of diabetes mellitus so that the burden of diabetes mellitus is reduced on both the health care services and the community in Kakamega and Kenya.
This study examined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among 200 obese patients in Yemen. The overall prevalence of MS was 46%, with no significant difference between men and women. High blood pressure was the most common comorbidity, present in 68% of patients with MS. Other common comorbidities included high triglycerides (66%), low HDL cholesterol (64%), and high fasting blood glucose (41%). The results indicate a high prevalence of MS and its components among obese Yemeni patients, highlighting an urgent need for strategies to prevent and treat MS and related conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Pius Tih Muffih, PhD, MPH, Director, Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services discusses the organization's Know Your Numbers program, which is a partnership with the local government to screen adults for hypertension and obesity at the 2018 CCIH conference.
-
Post intervention assessment will be done after every three months to measure the
outcomes.
Arrange: -
Arrange follow up meeting and laboratory investigation after every three months.
Motivational support will be provided to participants.
Rewards will be given to participants as per their achievement.
Certificates will be provided to participants at the end of intervention.
Feedback will be taken from all stakeholders.
Sustainability plan will be prepared.
Report will be submitted to Ministry of Health/local government.
Publication of results.
This study assessed the prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Parsa District, Nepal. Nearly half of males and one-third of females were using substances like tobacco, alcohol or drugs. Overweight and obesity levels were high, with 66% of males and 15.5% of females overweight by BMI criteria. Blood pressure measurements found 12% pre-hypertensive and 5% hypertensive. Risk factors like overweight/obesity were associated with increased blood pressure. The study suggests urgent health programs are needed for primordial prevention of non-communicable diseases in this population.
RunningHead: PICOT Question 1
RunningHead: PICOT Question 7
PICOT Question
Avery Bryan
NRS-433V
Professor Christine Vannelli
May 19, 2019
Clinical Problem
A report from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 revealed that (9.4%) 30.3 million Americans are diabetic and 84.1 million have prediabetes. This is a total population of over 100 million is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes which is a growing health problem being the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. An estimated 1.5 million new cases were among 18-year old bracket and the rates of diagnosed diabetes increased proportionally to age. Below 44 years accounted for 4%, below 64 years at 17 % and 25% for those above 65 years across both genders. One-third of adults in America has prediabetes but sadly, they are unaware despite reports released by The National Diabetes Statistics Report every year. These reports elaborate on prevalence and incidence, prediabetes, long-term complications, risk factors, mortality, and cost. Diabetes poses the risk of serious complications like death, blindness, stroke, kidney disorders, cardiac diseases and health problems that lead to amputation of legs. However, the risks can be mitigated through physical body activities, proper dieting and prescribed use of insulin and other related measures to control the blood sugar levels. Diabetes Prevention Program was funded by NIH to research a yearly evidence-based program to improve healthy weight loss through diet and physical activities. There also efforts to determine the effectiveness of public service campaigns in improving the real-life experience in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
PICOT Question.
The population affected by diabetes cuts across all ages, gender, race, and ethnicity. The prevalence is significantly high from 18 years and it increases with age to about 25% above 65 years. In terms of gender, men are at higher risk accounting for 37% while women are at 30% across races and educational levels. On races, the rates were higher among Indians/Alaska natives at 15%, non-Hispanic blacks at 12.7% and Hispanics at 12%. Among Asians, the rates were lower at 8% and 7.4% for non-Hispanic whites.
Intervention indicator for diabetes shows that individuals who do not observe a healthy diet are more exposed to the disease. Some risk behaviors include lack of exercise and excessive intake of junk foods that lead to obesity and increased blood sugar levels. Diabetes prevalence varied according to education levels were those with less than high school education at 12.6% and 7.2% for those higher than high school education.
Comparison and use of a control group from the popularity of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine showed distinct knowledge of diabetes, blood sugar control, and self-care. The experimental group received education through interactive multimedia for three months while the control group received.
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus in Prediction of Its Management in Kakamega Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: This descriptive study aimed at studying whether the effects of diabetes mellitus can predict its management in Kakamega County and Kenya. 327 respondents took part in the survey, with 135 (41.3%) being females and 192 (58.7%) being males. Most of the respondents, 190 (62.5%) had acquired primary education, 23 (7.6%) of the respondents had attained post-secondary education. 91(29.9%) of the respondents had attained secondary education. Most of the respondents did know the side effects of diabetes mellitus 204 (67.1%). Those who said loose of body weight 91 (29.9%) as side effects of diabetes were many as compared to those who identified non-healing wounds 9 (3%). Most of the respondents indicated that they did exercise as part of utilization of glucose in the blood stream. Although bicycling was done as an exercise but those who did were 13 (4.3%) as those who did not were 291 (95.7%). A balanced diet results in control of blood pressure and dyslipidemia which was a good riddance in the study area. Both the national government and the county government of Kenya and Kakamega respectively should strengthen health systems through innovative health care and promotion on effects of diabetes mellitus so that the burden of diabetes mellitus is reduced on both the health care services and the community in Kakamega and Kenya.
The document discusses several global health issues, concerns, and trends including tuberculosis, drug use and abuse, HIV/AIDS, non-communicable diseases, communicable diseases, climate change, mental health, immunization and vaccines, alcohol and tobacco abuse/addiction, and malaria and other vector-borne diseases. It also describes the World Health Organization's role in global health leadership and several global health initiatives to address issues like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and non-communicable diseases.
The document discusses several global health issues, concerns, and trends including tuberculosis, drug use and abuse, HIV/AIDS, non-communicable diseases, communicable diseases, climate change, mental health, immunization and vaccines, alcohol and tobacco abuse/addiction, and malaria and other vector-borne diseases. It also describes the World Health Organization's role in global health leadership and several global health initiatives to address issues like malaria, HIV/AIDS, tobacco control, and non-communicable diseases.
Prospective Cohort Study for Cardiovascular Intervention Medical research- Pu...Pubrica
Cohort studies are the analytical design of observational studies that are epidemiologically used to identify and quantify the relationship between exposure and outcome
This article will provide knowledge about Designing A Prospective Cohort Study For Cardiovascular Intervention
Learn More: https://bit.ly/2NOP5ZX
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom : +44-1143520021
This systematic review examined the effectiveness of disease management and case management for people with diabetes. The review found:
1) Disease management was effective in improving glycemic control, screening for diabetic complications, and monitoring of lipid levels.
2) Case management was effective in improving both glycemic control and provider monitoring of glycemic control, particularly in managed care settings in the U.S. for adults with type 2 diabetes.
3) Case management delivered with disease management or additional interventions was also effective.
The STEPS framework was developed by the WHO to standardize surveillance of chronic disease risk factors. It uses a hierarchical approach with 3 levels - questionnaires, physical measurements, and biochemical testing - to assess behaviors like tobacco use and diet as well as biomarkers like blood pressure and glucose. This allows for comparisons over time and between countries. The framework aims to help prevent chronic disease epidemics by informing health planning and evaluation of interventions. It emphasizes flexibility to meet local needs and capacity building in low-resource settings.
This document summarizes the results of a study examining the characteristics and risk profiles of 622 patients with type 2 diabetes in Western India. The main findings were:
1) The average age was 47.7 years, most were male, obese, sedentary, and had a family history of diabetes. Glycemic control was poor with only 7.4% having an HbA1C below 7%.
2) Common presenting symptoms were nocturia, polyuria, and polydipsia. Microvascular complications like renal dysfunction and vision impairment were present in 10% and 9% respectively.
3) Risk factors like obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and uncontrolled blood sugar were highly
This study assessed behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Chitwan District, Nepal. The researchers surveyed 1650 adolescents aged 15-19 years using questionnaires about substance use, dietary habits, and physical activity. They found high levels of behavioral risk factors. Specifically, about 50% of males and 30% of females reported using substances like tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Only 14% of respondents reported satisfactory levels of physical activity. Additionally, a high percentage of adolescents consumed too much salt and fat in their diets. The high prevalence of behavioral risk factors suggests the need for awareness programs to educate adolescents on healthy behaviors.
This study analyzed epidemiological data on hypertension collected from 53 patients at a tertiary hospital in India. The results showed that hypertension was more prevalent in males than females, and most common in the 40-60 year old age group. Risk factors like urban living, lower education, higher BMI, smoking, drinking, sedentary lifestyle and comorbid conditions were associated with higher rates of hypertension. The most commonly prescribed medication for hypertension was a combination of atenolol and amlodipine.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs), focusing on hypertension. It defines NCDs and lists common types, like cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases, and diabetes. Globally, NCDs cause 41 million deaths annually. In India, 5.8 million people die from NCDs each year. Risk factors for NCDs are often modifiable, like tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. The document outlines approaches for primary and secondary prevention of hypertension, including population-wide lifestyle changes and early detection/treatment of high-risk individuals. It also describes India's National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stroke.
Epidemiology of Hypertension among Adults in Al-Azhary Area in Khartoum-State...inventionjournals
Hypertension (HT) is one of the most important risk factors in cardiovascular disease which causes early death in adults. Hypertension is a common disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. Hypertension a silent killer as it is symptomless and remains undiagnosed, and not controlled if diagnosed. This is a descriptive cross - sectional community based study was conducted in Al-Azhary area in Khartoum StateSudan, with aim to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and to identify the possible risk factors associated with hypertension among adults. Data were collected from 303 participants (53.5% females and 46.5% males) using structured pretested questionnaire and blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension was 19.1% (95% CI 0.61-1.93).There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence rate OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.61-1.93, P = 0.767). The results showed there was strong association between age group and hypertension (P = 0.0001), also there was statistical association between marital status, family history and hypertension positivity P.values =(0.0001 and 0.027) respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension among participants with diabetes, Vascular diseases and kidneys problems OR= (5.44(95% CI 1.89- 15.69, P = 0.017), 4.4(95% CI 0.86 - 2.39, P = 0.074) and 3.56 (95% CI 0.92-13.68, P = 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: one out of every five respondents of the study had hypertensive (19.1%). Age group, marital status, family history, history of (diabetes, vascular diseases and kidneys problems)were statistically significant predictors of hypertension positivity.
The role of genetic factors in Hypertension among Iraqi citizensAI Publications
This document summarizes a study examining the role of genetic factors in hypertension among Iraqi citizens. The study included 140 patients divided into a case group of 120 hypertensive patients and a control group of 30 normotensive patients. Data on demographics, family history, blood pressure, and other medical variables were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis found a significant relationship between genetic factors and hypertension, with a p-value of 0.001. Patients with a positive family history of hypertension in a first-degree relative had 3.98 times higher odds of having hypertension themselves. The study concluded that genetics play an important role in hypertension risk among Iraqi citizens.
IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES RESPONSIBLE FOR HYPERTENSIVE KIDNEY...hiij
The study was conducted to identify some socioeconomic variables responsible for the prevalence of
hypertensive kidney disease among Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above. For this, 498 males and 497
females, totalling 995 adults of both urban and rural localities were investigated. In the sample there were
17.6% hypertensive adults and 18.9% of them were suffering from hypertension and kidney disease
simultaneously. Beside other percentages of respondents, there were 19.6% elderly people of ages 50 years
and above, 30.2% obese adults, 67.0% diabetic patients, 44.4% involved in sedentary activity and 33.1%
smokers. The overall percentage of hypertensive kidney patients was 3.3. These group of patients were
discriminated from the remaining 96.7% adults. During discrimination duration of diabetes was identified
as most responsible variable followed by age, body mass index, sedentary activity, smoking habit, etc. The
risk of prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease was 12.25 times in diabetic patients suffering for 15 years
and above compared to the risk of prevalence in other adults. The risk was 8.43 times in elderly people,
16.80 times in obese adults, 2.50 times in adults involved in sedentary activity, and 1.91 times in smoker
adults. Higher risk rate was also observed in adults of lower economic group of families.
IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES RESPONSIBLE FOR HYPERTENSIVE KIDNEY...hiij
The study was conducted to identify some socioeconomic variables responsible for the prevalence of
hypertensive kidney disease among Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above. For this, 498 males and 497
females, totalling 995 adults of both urban and rural localities were investigated. In the sample there were
17.6% hypertensive adults and 18.9% of them were suffering from hypertension and kidney disease
simultaneously. Beside other percentages of respondents, there were 19.6% elderly people of ages 50 years
and above, 30.2% obese adults, 67.0% diabetic patients, 44.4% involved in sedentary activity and 33.1%
smokers. The overall percentage of hypertensive kidney patients was 3.3. These group of patients were
discriminated from the remaining 96.7% adults. During discrimination duration of diabetes was identified
as most responsible variable followed by age, body mass index, sedentary activity, smoking habit, etc. The
risk of prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease was 12.25 times in diabetic patients suffering for 15 years
and above compared to the risk of prevalence in other adults. The risk was 8.43 times in elderly people,
16.80 times in obese adults, 2.50 times in adults involved in sedentary activity, and 1.91 times in smoker
adults. Higher risk rate was also observed in adults of lower economic group of families.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Cardiovascular Disease
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease posits a major cause of premature deaths and disability throughout the world and contributes to a significant increase in healthcare costs, particularly in medication, healthcare services, and production loss. Specifically, heart diseases and stroke accommodate the highest prevalence rate in the USA; accommodate an average of 610,000 and 365,000 annual deaths from CVD (CDC, 2015). Similarly, every year, CVD causes the USA approximately, $207 billion for medication, healthcare services, and productivity loss. Noteworthy, heart diseases and stroke incidences vary with factors such as ethnicity, gender, age, and individuals with certain disorders. Similarly, the project accommodates notable articulations on intervention, comparison, outcome, and time as a fundamental consideration in heart diseases and stroke in the USA. Thus, an enriched articulation on heart diseases and stroke are underscoring for the project presentation.
Definition
According to (Mayo Clinic, 2018), Heart disease describes a condition that affects the heart; including blood vessels diseases arrhythmias, and other heart defects. Significantly, the heart disease is interchangeable for the CVD, articulating on the infections involving narrowed or blocked blood vessels, causing a heart attack, chest pain, and stroke, among other clinical presentations. Similarly, (Mayo Clinic, 2018) acknowledges that many CVD is preventable and treatable with healthy lifestyle choices.
Epidemiology
Cardiovascular diseases posits an undying cause of death in the USA, projected at 840, 678 deaths in 2016, averagely one in three deaths (Salim et al. 2020). Similarly, between 2013 and 2016 121.5 million adults Americans presented notable for of the CVD. Notably, between 2013 and 2015 direct and indirect costs of managing the CVD in the USA, recorded $213.8 billion and $137.4 billion respectively. Statistically, between 2013 and 2016, 57.1% of non-HN black females and 60.1% of non-HN black males presenting CVD manifestations (Salim et al. 2020). According to the researcher causes of the CVD Include atherosclerosis resulting from an unhealthy diet, lacking exercise, overweight, and smoking. In the epistemology studies, risk factors such as age, sex, family history, smoking, chemotherapy and radiation drugs, high blood pressure, poor diet, obesity, physical inactivity, stress, and poor hygiene are underscoring risk factors in the CVD (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Thus, heart disease epistemological indicates the patterns, causes, risk factors, and specific populations in the USA.
Clinical Presentations
Cardiovascular disease acclaims clinical presentations that may differ between men and women. According to (Mayo Clinic, 2018), men present significant chest pain that women and women clinical presentations such as shortness in breathing, nausea, and fatigue are more evident than in men. Admi ...
Is cardiovascular screening the best option for reducing future cardiovascula...UKFacultyPublicHealth
Universal screening for cardiovascular disease through NHS Health Checks is less effective and equitable than population-wide policy interventions, according to a microsimulation study. The study found that universal screening would prevent around 19,000 cases and 3,000 deaths between 2016-2030, while population-wide policies could prevent 67,000 cases and 8,000 deaths. A combination of population-wide policies and targeted screening in deprived areas could prevent 82,000 cases and 9,000 deaths. The study used an individual-level modeling approach to estimate the potential impact and equity effects of different prevention strategies in England.
This study analyzed epidemiological data on hypertension collected from 53 patients at a tertiary hospital in India. The results showed that hypertension was more prevalent in males than females, and most common in the 40-60 year old age group. Risk factors like urban living, lower education, higher BMI, smoking, drinking, sedentary lifestyle and comorbid conditions were associated with higher rates of hypertension. The most commonly prescribed medication for hypertension was a combination of atenolol and amlodipine.
This study examined the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and related socio-demographic factors among adults in northern Iran. The study found that 8.3% of participants had DM, with 25% of cases being undiagnosed. Prevalence was higher in women, older age groups, urban residents, those with central obesity or higher BMI. Lower physical activity, illiteracy, and central obesity were associated with greater risk of DM. The study concluded that DM poses a major health problem in northern Iran, with nearly half of cases going undiagnosed.
This study assessed urban-rural differences in diet, physical activity, and obesity in India using a cross-sectional survey. The survey found no significant differences in dietary habits or physical activity levels between urban and rural areas, except that rural residents added salt more often. Overall fruit and vegetable consumption was very low. Rural females engaged in more vigorous activity than urban females. Higher obesity prevalence was seen among urban females compared to rural females. Rapid urbanization may be reducing urban-rural differences in India.
Non-invasive Diagnostic Tools: Cardiometabolic Risk Assessment and Predictionasclepiuspdfs
Cardiometabolic risks (CMRs) have rapidly increased to epidemic proportions worldwide in the past three decades. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one killer. No country has reduced, reversed, or prevented the increase in the incidence or prevalence of chronic metabolic diseases. Framingham Heart Study group described the modifiable risk factors that promote the development of CVD. They also developed risk calculators, for the prediction of acute vascular events such as heart attacks and stroke. The risk predictor algorithms were fine-tuned, as and when additional risk factors were discovered. However, at the time of this writing, there is no such calculator for assessment, stratification, and management of CMRs. On the other hand, numbers of non-invasive diagnostic devices have been developed for continuous monitoring of blood pressure and glucose profiles. We have described in our earlier articles, non-invasive diagnostic platform developed by LD-Technologies,
nejm obesidad en adolescente. 2102062.pdfmedineumo
obesidad en adolescente: suscríbase a nuestro canal de YouTube _MediNeumo_
La obesidad durante la adolescencia (10 a 19 años de edad) está asociada con consecuencias para la salud que incluyen prediabetes y diabetes tipo 2, enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, dislipidemia, síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP), apnea obstructiva del sueño, y salud mental trastornos y estigma social. demás, la obesidad durante la adolescencia es un factor de riesgo de complicaciones y muerte por enfermedad coronaria , así como de muerte por cualquier causa en la edad adulta, incluida la edad adulta temprana.
The document provides information about conducting a SWOT analysis, including:
1. It defines SWOT analysis as a technique used to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a project or business.
2. It explains how to conduct a SWOT analysis in three steps - analyzing the internal and external environment, performing the analysis and documenting it, and preparing action plans.
3. It describes who would need to conduct a SWOT analysis, including management, business units, and companies to evaluate performance, set targets, launch new initiatives, and respond to changing conditions.
The document discusses several global health issues, concerns, and trends including tuberculosis, drug use and abuse, HIV/AIDS, non-communicable diseases, communicable diseases, climate change, mental health, immunization and vaccines, alcohol and tobacco abuse/addiction, and malaria and other vector-borne diseases. It also describes the World Health Organization's role in global health leadership and several global health initiatives to address issues like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and non-communicable diseases.
The document discusses several global health issues, concerns, and trends including tuberculosis, drug use and abuse, HIV/AIDS, non-communicable diseases, communicable diseases, climate change, mental health, immunization and vaccines, alcohol and tobacco abuse/addiction, and malaria and other vector-borne diseases. It also describes the World Health Organization's role in global health leadership and several global health initiatives to address issues like malaria, HIV/AIDS, tobacco control, and non-communicable diseases.
Prospective Cohort Study for Cardiovascular Intervention Medical research- Pu...Pubrica
Cohort studies are the analytical design of observational studies that are epidemiologically used to identify and quantify the relationship between exposure and outcome
This article will provide knowledge about Designing A Prospective Cohort Study For Cardiovascular Intervention
Learn More: https://bit.ly/2NOP5ZX
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom : +44-1143520021
This systematic review examined the effectiveness of disease management and case management for people with diabetes. The review found:
1) Disease management was effective in improving glycemic control, screening for diabetic complications, and monitoring of lipid levels.
2) Case management was effective in improving both glycemic control and provider monitoring of glycemic control, particularly in managed care settings in the U.S. for adults with type 2 diabetes.
3) Case management delivered with disease management or additional interventions was also effective.
The STEPS framework was developed by the WHO to standardize surveillance of chronic disease risk factors. It uses a hierarchical approach with 3 levels - questionnaires, physical measurements, and biochemical testing - to assess behaviors like tobacco use and diet as well as biomarkers like blood pressure and glucose. This allows for comparisons over time and between countries. The framework aims to help prevent chronic disease epidemics by informing health planning and evaluation of interventions. It emphasizes flexibility to meet local needs and capacity building in low-resource settings.
This document summarizes the results of a study examining the characteristics and risk profiles of 622 patients with type 2 diabetes in Western India. The main findings were:
1) The average age was 47.7 years, most were male, obese, sedentary, and had a family history of diabetes. Glycemic control was poor with only 7.4% having an HbA1C below 7%.
2) Common presenting symptoms were nocturia, polyuria, and polydipsia. Microvascular complications like renal dysfunction and vision impairment were present in 10% and 9% respectively.
3) Risk factors like obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and uncontrolled blood sugar were highly
This study assessed behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Chitwan District, Nepal. The researchers surveyed 1650 adolescents aged 15-19 years using questionnaires about substance use, dietary habits, and physical activity. They found high levels of behavioral risk factors. Specifically, about 50% of males and 30% of females reported using substances like tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Only 14% of respondents reported satisfactory levels of physical activity. Additionally, a high percentage of adolescents consumed too much salt and fat in their diets. The high prevalence of behavioral risk factors suggests the need for awareness programs to educate adolescents on healthy behaviors.
This study analyzed epidemiological data on hypertension collected from 53 patients at a tertiary hospital in India. The results showed that hypertension was more prevalent in males than females, and most common in the 40-60 year old age group. Risk factors like urban living, lower education, higher BMI, smoking, drinking, sedentary lifestyle and comorbid conditions were associated with higher rates of hypertension. The most commonly prescribed medication for hypertension was a combination of atenolol and amlodipine.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs), focusing on hypertension. It defines NCDs and lists common types, like cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases, and diabetes. Globally, NCDs cause 41 million deaths annually. In India, 5.8 million people die from NCDs each year. Risk factors for NCDs are often modifiable, like tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. The document outlines approaches for primary and secondary prevention of hypertension, including population-wide lifestyle changes and early detection/treatment of high-risk individuals. It also describes India's National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stroke.
Epidemiology of Hypertension among Adults in Al-Azhary Area in Khartoum-State...inventionjournals
Hypertension (HT) is one of the most important risk factors in cardiovascular disease which causes early death in adults. Hypertension is a common disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. Hypertension a silent killer as it is symptomless and remains undiagnosed, and not controlled if diagnosed. This is a descriptive cross - sectional community based study was conducted in Al-Azhary area in Khartoum StateSudan, with aim to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and to identify the possible risk factors associated with hypertension among adults. Data were collected from 303 participants (53.5% females and 46.5% males) using structured pretested questionnaire and blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension was 19.1% (95% CI 0.61-1.93).There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence rate OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.61-1.93, P = 0.767). The results showed there was strong association between age group and hypertension (P = 0.0001), also there was statistical association between marital status, family history and hypertension positivity P.values =(0.0001 and 0.027) respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension among participants with diabetes, Vascular diseases and kidneys problems OR= (5.44(95% CI 1.89- 15.69, P = 0.017), 4.4(95% CI 0.86 - 2.39, P = 0.074) and 3.56 (95% CI 0.92-13.68, P = 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: one out of every five respondents of the study had hypertensive (19.1%). Age group, marital status, family history, history of (diabetes, vascular diseases and kidneys problems)were statistically significant predictors of hypertension positivity.
The role of genetic factors in Hypertension among Iraqi citizensAI Publications
This document summarizes a study examining the role of genetic factors in hypertension among Iraqi citizens. The study included 140 patients divided into a case group of 120 hypertensive patients and a control group of 30 normotensive patients. Data on demographics, family history, blood pressure, and other medical variables were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis found a significant relationship between genetic factors and hypertension, with a p-value of 0.001. Patients with a positive family history of hypertension in a first-degree relative had 3.98 times higher odds of having hypertension themselves. The study concluded that genetics play an important role in hypertension risk among Iraqi citizens.
IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES RESPONSIBLE FOR HYPERTENSIVE KIDNEY...hiij
The study was conducted to identify some socioeconomic variables responsible for the prevalence of
hypertensive kidney disease among Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above. For this, 498 males and 497
females, totalling 995 adults of both urban and rural localities were investigated. In the sample there were
17.6% hypertensive adults and 18.9% of them were suffering from hypertension and kidney disease
simultaneously. Beside other percentages of respondents, there were 19.6% elderly people of ages 50 years
and above, 30.2% obese adults, 67.0% diabetic patients, 44.4% involved in sedentary activity and 33.1%
smokers. The overall percentage of hypertensive kidney patients was 3.3. These group of patients were
discriminated from the remaining 96.7% adults. During discrimination duration of diabetes was identified
as most responsible variable followed by age, body mass index, sedentary activity, smoking habit, etc. The
risk of prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease was 12.25 times in diabetic patients suffering for 15 years
and above compared to the risk of prevalence in other adults. The risk was 8.43 times in elderly people,
16.80 times in obese adults, 2.50 times in adults involved in sedentary activity, and 1.91 times in smoker
adults. Higher risk rate was also observed in adults of lower economic group of families.
IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES RESPONSIBLE FOR HYPERTENSIVE KIDNEY...hiij
The study was conducted to identify some socioeconomic variables responsible for the prevalence of
hypertensive kidney disease among Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above. For this, 498 males and 497
females, totalling 995 adults of both urban and rural localities were investigated. In the sample there were
17.6% hypertensive adults and 18.9% of them were suffering from hypertension and kidney disease
simultaneously. Beside other percentages of respondents, there were 19.6% elderly people of ages 50 years
and above, 30.2% obese adults, 67.0% diabetic patients, 44.4% involved in sedentary activity and 33.1%
smokers. The overall percentage of hypertensive kidney patients was 3.3. These group of patients were
discriminated from the remaining 96.7% adults. During discrimination duration of diabetes was identified
as most responsible variable followed by age, body mass index, sedentary activity, smoking habit, etc. The
risk of prevalence of hypertensive kidney disease was 12.25 times in diabetic patients suffering for 15 years
and above compared to the risk of prevalence in other adults. The risk was 8.43 times in elderly people,
16.80 times in obese adults, 2.50 times in adults involved in sedentary activity, and 1.91 times in smoker
adults. Higher risk rate was also observed in adults of lower economic group of families.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Cardiovascular Disease
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease posits a major cause of premature deaths and disability throughout the world and contributes to a significant increase in healthcare costs, particularly in medication, healthcare services, and production loss. Specifically, heart diseases and stroke accommodate the highest prevalence rate in the USA; accommodate an average of 610,000 and 365,000 annual deaths from CVD (CDC, 2015). Similarly, every year, CVD causes the USA approximately, $207 billion for medication, healthcare services, and productivity loss. Noteworthy, heart diseases and stroke incidences vary with factors such as ethnicity, gender, age, and individuals with certain disorders. Similarly, the project accommodates notable articulations on intervention, comparison, outcome, and time as a fundamental consideration in heart diseases and stroke in the USA. Thus, an enriched articulation on heart diseases and stroke are underscoring for the project presentation.
Definition
According to (Mayo Clinic, 2018), Heart disease describes a condition that affects the heart; including blood vessels diseases arrhythmias, and other heart defects. Significantly, the heart disease is interchangeable for the CVD, articulating on the infections involving narrowed or blocked blood vessels, causing a heart attack, chest pain, and stroke, among other clinical presentations. Similarly, (Mayo Clinic, 2018) acknowledges that many CVD is preventable and treatable with healthy lifestyle choices.
Epidemiology
Cardiovascular diseases posits an undying cause of death in the USA, projected at 840, 678 deaths in 2016, averagely one in three deaths (Salim et al. 2020). Similarly, between 2013 and 2016 121.5 million adults Americans presented notable for of the CVD. Notably, between 2013 and 2015 direct and indirect costs of managing the CVD in the USA, recorded $213.8 billion and $137.4 billion respectively. Statistically, between 2013 and 2016, 57.1% of non-HN black females and 60.1% of non-HN black males presenting CVD manifestations (Salim et al. 2020). According to the researcher causes of the CVD Include atherosclerosis resulting from an unhealthy diet, lacking exercise, overweight, and smoking. In the epistemology studies, risk factors such as age, sex, family history, smoking, chemotherapy and radiation drugs, high blood pressure, poor diet, obesity, physical inactivity, stress, and poor hygiene are underscoring risk factors in the CVD (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Thus, heart disease epistemological indicates the patterns, causes, risk factors, and specific populations in the USA.
Clinical Presentations
Cardiovascular disease acclaims clinical presentations that may differ between men and women. According to (Mayo Clinic, 2018), men present significant chest pain that women and women clinical presentations such as shortness in breathing, nausea, and fatigue are more evident than in men. Admi ...
Is cardiovascular screening the best option for reducing future cardiovascula...UKFacultyPublicHealth
Universal screening for cardiovascular disease through NHS Health Checks is less effective and equitable than population-wide policy interventions, according to a microsimulation study. The study found that universal screening would prevent around 19,000 cases and 3,000 deaths between 2016-2030, while population-wide policies could prevent 67,000 cases and 8,000 deaths. A combination of population-wide policies and targeted screening in deprived areas could prevent 82,000 cases and 9,000 deaths. The study used an individual-level modeling approach to estimate the potential impact and equity effects of different prevention strategies in England.
This study analyzed epidemiological data on hypertension collected from 53 patients at a tertiary hospital in India. The results showed that hypertension was more prevalent in males than females, and most common in the 40-60 year old age group. Risk factors like urban living, lower education, higher BMI, smoking, drinking, sedentary lifestyle and comorbid conditions were associated with higher rates of hypertension. The most commonly prescribed medication for hypertension was a combination of atenolol and amlodipine.
This study examined the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and related socio-demographic factors among adults in northern Iran. The study found that 8.3% of participants had DM, with 25% of cases being undiagnosed. Prevalence was higher in women, older age groups, urban residents, those with central obesity or higher BMI. Lower physical activity, illiteracy, and central obesity were associated with greater risk of DM. The study concluded that DM poses a major health problem in northern Iran, with nearly half of cases going undiagnosed.
This study assessed urban-rural differences in diet, physical activity, and obesity in India using a cross-sectional survey. The survey found no significant differences in dietary habits or physical activity levels between urban and rural areas, except that rural residents added salt more often. Overall fruit and vegetable consumption was very low. Rural females engaged in more vigorous activity than urban females. Higher obesity prevalence was seen among urban females compared to rural females. Rapid urbanization may be reducing urban-rural differences in India.
Non-invasive Diagnostic Tools: Cardiometabolic Risk Assessment and Predictionasclepiuspdfs
Cardiometabolic risks (CMRs) have rapidly increased to epidemic proportions worldwide in the past three decades. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one killer. No country has reduced, reversed, or prevented the increase in the incidence or prevalence of chronic metabolic diseases. Framingham Heart Study group described the modifiable risk factors that promote the development of CVD. They also developed risk calculators, for the prediction of acute vascular events such as heart attacks and stroke. The risk predictor algorithms were fine-tuned, as and when additional risk factors were discovered. However, at the time of this writing, there is no such calculator for assessment, stratification, and management of CMRs. On the other hand, numbers of non-invasive diagnostic devices have been developed for continuous monitoring of blood pressure and glucose profiles. We have described in our earlier articles, non-invasive diagnostic platform developed by LD-Technologies,
nejm obesidad en adolescente. 2102062.pdfmedineumo
obesidad en adolescente: suscríbase a nuestro canal de YouTube _MediNeumo_
La obesidad durante la adolescencia (10 a 19 años de edad) está asociada con consecuencias para la salud que incluyen prediabetes y diabetes tipo 2, enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, dislipidemia, síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP), apnea obstructiva del sueño, y salud mental trastornos y estigma social. demás, la obesidad durante la adolescencia es un factor de riesgo de complicaciones y muerte por enfermedad coronaria , así como de muerte por cualquier causa en la edad adulta, incluida la edad adulta temprana.
Similar to Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among rural women in Yemen Gawad M.A. Alwabr د. جواد الوبر اليمن .pdf (20)
The document provides information about conducting a SWOT analysis, including:
1. It defines SWOT analysis as a technique used to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a project or business.
2. It explains how to conduct a SWOT analysis in three steps - analyzing the internal and external environment, performing the analysis and documenting it, and preparing action plans.
3. It describes who would need to conduct a SWOT analysis, including management, business units, and companies to evaluate performance, set targets, launch new initiatives, and respond to changing conditions.
د جواد الوبرBreast cancer educational program and breast self-examination ...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
The document describes a study that assessed the impact of an educational program on female workers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast cancer and breast self-examination in Sana'a, Yemen.
The study involved 103 females in the control group who did not receive the educational program and 103 females in the case group who did. Results showed improvements in the case group's knowledge of breast cancer risk factors and signs, as well as attitudes and reported practices of breast self-examination. For example, more case group participants reported practicing breast self-examination compared to the control group.
The educational program, which included lectures, discussions and demonstrations, was found to significantly improve females' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to
Identification of bacteria and fungi in the solid waste generated in hospita...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
This study identified bacteria and fungi present in solid hospital waste in Sana'a, Yemen. Samples were collected from hospital wards, departments, and storage areas over 8 months. Testing identified the following microorganisms: Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Citrobacter spp., Candida spp., Proteus spp., Cladosporium werneckii spp., Bacillus spp., Aspergillus spp., Trichothecium spp., Mucor spp., and Acinetobacter spp. The types and amounts of microorganisms varied by season and location. This study confirms the presence of pathogenic bacteria and fungi in hospital solid waste that could spread infection
Determination of medical waste composition in hospitals of Sana'a city, Yemen...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
This document summarizes a study on the composition of medical waste generated in four hospitals in Sana'a City, Yemen. The study found that the average daily waste generated was 5615 kg, with 26% classified as hazardous and 74% as general waste. The average waste generation rates were 3 kg/patient/day and 2.5 kg/bed/day. Analysis of the general waste composition showed the highest portions were food (27%), plastic (22%), and paper/cardboard (22%). The document concludes that about 26% of waste was hazardous and foods, plastics, and paper had the highest contents of general hospital waste.
البحث المنشور - البلهارسيا - اليمن د. جواد الوبر .pdfDr. Gawad Alwabr
PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOLCHILDREN IN AL–MAHWEET GOVERNORATE, YEMEN
DOI: 10.7904/2068–4738–VII(13)–24
Gawad M. A. ALWABR
Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among Dr. Gawad Alwab...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
1) The study examined the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity among 450 rural women in Yemen aged 18-60.
2) The results found high rates of physical inactivity (94%), qat chewing (66.3%), and low consumption of fruits (19.5%) and vegetables (39%) daily. 31.3% were obese, 15% had high blood pressure, and 7.8% had diabetes.
3) Older age, being married, and lower education levels were significantly associated with higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obesity and high blood pressure were also significantly associated with each
knowledge and practice of needle stick Dr. Gawad AlwabrYemen .pdfDr. Gawad Alwabr
This study assessed the knowledge and practices of nurses in Sana'a, Yemen regarding needlestick injury prevention measures. A survey of 259 nurses found that 44% had poor knowledge of prevention measures and 76.5% had poor practices. The level of knowledge was significantly associated with gender and hospital, while practices did not significantly vary by demographics. Needlestick injuries were commonly reported, with 37.5% of nurses experiencing one in the last 6 months, but most injuries went unreported. The results indicate that knowledge and prevention practices among nurses need to be improved through education programs.
19_alwarb_original_10_1 article د. جواد الوبر .pdfDr. Gawad Alwabr
Assessment of Knowledge about Standard Precautions and Nosocomial Infection among Nurses Working in Hospitals of Sana'a City, Yemen.
Dr. Gawad Alwabr Yemen
2024 HIPAA Compliance Training Guide to the Compliance OfficersConference Panel
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This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
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The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
2. Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among rural women in Yemen
Family Medicine and Community Health 2018;6(2):51–6252
ORIGINAL
RESEARCH
mainly cardiovascular diseases, were reported to be responsi-
ble for 64.0% of global deaths in 2014 [4]. They are responsi-
ble for more than 80.0% of cardiovascular and diabetes deaths
and nearly 90.0% of deaths from chronic obstructive pulmo-
nary disease that occur in low- and middle-income countries
[5]. About 38 million people die every year because of NCDs
[6]. Diabetes mellitus is directly responsible for 3.5% of NCD
deaths [7]. About 18.0% of global deaths are due to high blood
pressure [6].
The increasing prevalence of behavioral and anthropologi-
cal risk factors for these lifestyle diseases is expected to be a
cause of the alarming increase in NCDs [8]. The main risk fac-
tors for NCDs include high blood pressure, tobacco use, harm-
ful alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, high cholesterol
level, high blood glucose level, overweight/obesity, and low
consumption of fruits/vegetables, accounting for about 80.0%
of deaths caused by heart disease and stroke [9]. More indi-
viduals, populations, and communities are adopting unhealthy
lifestyles, which promote the development of NCDs [10].
Additionally, with more than half of the global population in
urban areas, risk factors associated with urbanization such as
diet, obesity, hypertension, and a decrease in physical activity
will all have significant impacts on the health of the popula-
tion [11]. The prevalence of obesity and that of overweight are
gradually increasing in developing countries as people experi-
ence changes in diet and physical activity patterns because of
the influence of Western culture [12].
Nutrition-related NCDs are the most frequent cause
of morbidity and death in most countries in the eastern
Mediterranean region, particularly cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, and cancer [13]. Food patterns represent a broader
picture of food and nutrient consumption and may therefore
be more predictive of disease risk than individual or nutrient
feedings [14]. As a correct dose of medicine is essential for
treating an illness, similarly there is an equally important role
of a healthy diet and physical exercise for promotion of good
health [15].
Too few studies on NCD risk factors have been conducted
in Yemen. The aim of this study was to expand the evidence
based on the prevalence of risk factors for the main NCDs
(such as diabetes mellitus, blood pressure, and obesity) among
rural women in Yemen.
Methods
Study design and sampling
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 450
rural women in the age range from 18 to 60 years who pre-
sented in the targeted health centers of Sana’a and Al-Mahweet
governorates during the time of the study. Nonprobability con-
venient sampling was used to select the participants.
Data collection
Data were collected by a structured questionnaire developed
in accordance with the WHO STEPS guidelines, consisting
of social and demographic characteristics, healthy lifestyle,
and behavioral risk factors related to NCDs such as physical
activity, diet style, tobacco consumption, and qat consump-
tion, as step 1. The questionnaire was modified to suit local
needs. Physical measurements of height and weight were
specified to calculate the body mass index (BMI). As well
as measuring of blood pressure was done in step 2 (waist
circumference excluded), and step 3 consisted of biochemi-
cal measurements of fasting blood glucose (total cholesterol
levels excluded).
Physical measurements of height and weight for calcula-
tion of BMI and blood pressure were obtained. Measurement
of height in centimeters was recorded with the participant in
the standing position by use of a standardized stature meter,
and weight in kilograms (barefooted) was recorded with
standardized electronic weighing equipment. BMI is a per-
son’s weight in kilograms (kg) divided by the person’s height
in square meters, and expressed globally in the unit of kilo-
grams per square meter (kg/m2
). Obesity was defined as BMI
≥30 kg/m2
[16]. Blood pressure in millimeters of mercury
(mm Hg) was recorded with standardized electronic blood
pressure monitoring equipment. The average of two readings
taken at 5-minute intervals was used for the final value. Blood
pressure was classified as normal, hypotension, or hyperten-
sion: generally, hypotension corresponds to systolic blood
pressure lower than 90 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure
lower than 60 mm Hg, hypertension corresponds to systolic
blood pressure of at least 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood
pressure of at least 90 mm Hg, and normal corresponds to
blood pressure within the range from systolic blood pressure
of 120 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg
3. Alwabr
53 Family Medicine and Community Health 2018;6(2):51–62
ORIGINAL
RESEARCH
to systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood
pressure of 90 mm Hg [17].
For collection of participants’ blood samples for fasting
blood glucose analysis as a biochemical measurement, par-
ticipants were asked to fast overnight and not consume any
food after dinner until they gave blood samples in the health
center on the morning of the following day. Fasting blood glu-
cose was measured with an automated chemistry analyzer by
a photometric method. Diagnosis of diabetes was based on the
international criterion recommended by WHO: fasting blood
glucose concentration of 126 mg/dL or greater [18]. The ques-
tionnaire was completed by the researcher while measuring
blood pressure and taking anthropometric measurements and
while blood samples were being collected by the nurses in the
health centers. Ethics approval was obtained from the Ministry
of Public Health and Population, Yemen. To ensure the fea-
sibility and applicability of the study tool, a pilot study was
conducted on a random sample of 30 women, which enabled
modification of the questionnaire as well as the field interview
procedures. Those who participated in the pilot study were
excluded from the study.
The objective of the study was explained to the participants.
Verbal consent was obtained from all women before their par-
ticipation in the study. Data were collected from September
to November 2016. The exclusion criteria included pregnant
women, women who were younger than 18 years, and women
who were older than 60 years.
Statistical analysis
IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 was used for data analysis.
The descriptive statistics, including frequency distributions
and percentages, were calculated. Means and standard devia-
tions were used. A chi-square test was used to determine the
relationship between variables. P0.05 was taken as statisti-
cally significant.
Results
The total number of female participants for the study was 450:
225 (50.0%) were from the rural areas of Sana’a Governorate,
and the other 225 (50.0%) were from the rural areas of
Al-Mahweet Governorate. The response rate was 89.0% (400).
All the study participants were in the age range from 18 to
60 years. Most of the respondents (221, 55.2%) were in the
age group from 18 to 29 years. Most of the respondents were
married (281, 70.3%). Ninety-eight (32.3%) of the married
women had one or two children, 94 (31.0%) had three to five
children, and 62 (20.5%) had more than seven children. One
hundred seventy-two respondents were illiterate (43.0%), and
330 (82.5%) were housewives (Table 1).
Table 2 shows that 94.0% of the respondents were physi-
cally inactive, 3.5% were smokers, and 66.3% were qat
chewers, with 27.5% of them chewing qat daily and 38.8%
chewing qat on some days. Most respondents (78.0%) usually
did housework, and 43.3% of them participated daily in agri-
cultural work. In addition, 47.0% of respondents watched TV:
33.2% of them spent 1–2 hours per day watching TV, 8.5%
spent 3–4 hours per day watching TV, and 5.3% spent more
than 4 hours per day watching TV. Only 39.0% of respondents
ate vegetables daily, while 19.5% consumed fruits daily.
Among the respondents, 31.3% were obese
(BMI ≥30 kg/m2
), 15.0% were hypertensive, 4.3% were
hypotensive, and 80.8% were normotensive. Further, 7.8% of
respondents had diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose level
greater than 125 mg/dL).
Table 3 shows the association between sociodemographic
variables and obesity, blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus.
The place of residence was insignificantly associated with
obesity, diabetes mellitus, and blood pressure (P0.05).
The age group was significantly associated with obesity
(P=0.001), blood pressure (P=0.001), and diabetes mellitus
(P=0.001). Marital status was significantly associated with
obesity (P=0.001), blood pressure (P=0.001), and diabetes
mellitus (P=0.001). The number of children was significantly
associated with blood pressure (P=0.001) and diabetes mel-
litus (P=0.001), while it was insignificantly associated with
obesity (P=0.898). The level of education was significantly
associated with obesity (P=0.001), blood pressure (P=0.001),
and diabetes mellitus (P=0.001). Work status was signifi-
cantly associated with blood pressure (P=0.005) and diabetes
mellitus (P=0.028), while it was insignificantly associated
with obesity (P=0.170).
Table 4 shows the association between common risk factors
and obesity, blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus. Physical
activity was insignificantly associated with blood pressure
4. Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among rural women in Yemen
Family Medicine and Community Health 2018;6(2):51–6254
ORIGINAL
RESEARCH
Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents (n=400)
Variable Category No. Percentage (%)
Place of residence Sana’a Governorate 200 50.0
Al-Mahweet Governorate 200 50.0
Total 400 100.0
Age group (years) 18–29 221 55.2
30–40 98 24.5
40 81 20.3
Total 400 100.0
Marital status Unmarried 96 24.0
Married 281 70.3
Divorced 8 2.0
Widowed 15 3.8
Total 400 100.0
No. of children 0 22 7.3
1–2 98 32.3
3–5 94 31.0
6–7 27 8.9
7 62 20.5
Total 303 100.0
Level of education Illiterate 172 43.0
Literate 127 31.8
Secondary school 74 18.5
University 25 6.3
Postgraduate 2 0.5
Total 400 100.0
Work status Housewife 330 82.5
Student 67 16.8
Employee 3 0.8
Total 400 100.0
(P=0.766) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.342), while it was sig-
nificantly associated with obesity (P=0.001). Smoking was
significantly associated with obesity (P=0.042), while it was
insignificantly associated with blood pressure (P=0.279) and
diabetes mellitus (P=1.000). Qat chewing was significantly
associated with obesity (P=0.003), while it was insignifi-
cantly associated with blood pressure (P=0.457) and diabetes
mellitus (P=0.391).
Doing housework was insignificantly associated with
obesity (P=0.349), while it was significantly associated with
blood pressure (P=0.001) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.001).
Participation in agricultural work was insignificantly
associated with obesity (P=0.181), blood pressure (P=0.311),
and diabetes mellitus (P=0.376). The number of hours spent
watching TV per day was insignificantly associated with obe-
sity (P=0.092), while it was significantly associated with
blood pressure (P=0.047) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.037).
Consuming vegetables was insignificantly associated with
obesity (P=0.151), blood pressure, (P=0.455) and diabetes
mellitus (P=0.633), and eating fruits was significantly associ-
ated with obesity (P=0.049) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.001).
There were significant associations between obesity and blood
pressure (P=0.001), as well as between blood pressure and
diabetes mellitus (P=0.001).
5. Alwabr
55 Family Medicine and Community Health 2018;6(2):51–62
ORIGINAL
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Table 2. Distribution of noncommunicable disease risk factors among the respondents (n=400)
Variable Category No. Percentage (%)
Exercise/sports for at least 30 min Daily 8 2.0
Some days 16 4.0
No exercise 376 94.0
Total 400 100.0
Current daily smoking Yes 14 3.5
No 386 96.5
Total 400 100.0
Chewing qat Daily 110 27.5
Some days 155 38.8
No 135 33.8
Total 400 100.0
Doing housework Usually 312 78.0
Sometimes 73 18.3
No 15 3.8
Total 400 100.0
Participation in agricultural work Daily 173 43.3
Some days 120 30.0
No 107 26.8
Total 400 100.0
Number of hours spent watching TV per day 0 212 53.0
1–2 133 33.2
3–4 34 8.5
4 21 5.3
Total 400 100.0
Vegetable consumption Daily 156 39.0
Once per week 143 35.8
Twice per week 47 11.8
Three times per week 11 2.8
Four to six times per week 26 6.5
Rarely 17 4.3
Total 400 100.0
Fruit consumption Daily 78 19.5
Once per week 153 38.3
Twice per week 88 22.0
Three times per week 38 9.5
Four to six times per week 17 4.3
Rarely 26 6.5
Total 400 100.0
Obesity (BMI30 kg/m2
) No 275 68.8
Yes 125 31.3
Total 400 100.0
Blood pressure Normotensive 323 80.8
Hypertensive 60 15.0
Hypotensive 17 4.3
6. Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among rural women in Yemen
Family Medicine and Community Health 2018;6(2):51–6256
ORIGINAL
RESEARCH
Discussion
Maternal health, malnutrition, and communicable diseases
are the main concerns in Yemen. This study presented the
NCD risk factor burden among rural women of Sana’a and
Al-Mahweet governorates, using the WHO STEPS tool.
According to our findings, most of the respondents (55.2%)
were in age group from 18 to 29 years, 70.3% were married,
43.0% were illiterate, and 82.5% were housewives.
Most respondents (94.0%) did not exercise regularly.
Physical inactivity is considered an independent risk factor
for a number of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hyper-
tension [19]. The high level of physical inactivity observed in
this study could be attributed to the limited opportunities of
Yemeni females to engage in physical activity because of the
absence of physical education programs for girls, in addition
to cultural reasons where families may not encourage females
to engage in physical activity, and also because of the lack
of sports centers in rural areas particularly for women. This
finding is in agreement with a previous study conducted in
India that indicated that 95.0% of the study population was
physically inactive [20]. However, it is incompatible with
the results obtained in other studies. A study conducted in
Saudi Arabia among female university students indicated
that 61.7% were physically inactive [19]; a study conducted
in India revealed that 22.0% of women were physically inac-
tive [21]; and a study conducted in Sri Lanka indicated that
31.0% were physically inactive [22]. Participation in regular
physical activity over time is associated with a decrease in all
causes of death [23].
In the present study, the percentage of smokers was low
(3.5%), which might be attributed to the conservative com-
munity as in Yemen, where women may feel ashamed to
admit certain habits, such as smoking, in addition to cultural
unacceptability and less freedom to smoke among women.
This finding is in agreement with findings in previous studies.
A study conducted in Saudi Arabia among female university
students indicated that 3.1% were current smokers [19], and a
study conducted in Afghanistan indicated that the overall prev-
alence of smoking was 0.3% among women [24]. However, it
is incompatible with the results obtained in other studies. A
study conducted in India indicated that 40.0% of women were
current smokers [21], and another study conducted in India
indicated that 19.16% of womens were smokers [20].
This study showed that 27.5% of women chewed qat daily
and 38.8% chewed qat on some days. On the basis of these
findings, the prevalence of qat chewing is high, which might
be attributed to cultural acceptability.
In the current study, 78.0% of women usually did house-
work and 43.3% assisted their family daily in agricultural
work. Doing housework and agricultural work are the two
important segments of daily life in which most time is usually
spent; as a proxy for physical activity, they are protective fac-
tors against obesity as well as other NCDs.
In the present study, 53.0% of respondents did not watch
TV. The low level of women who watched TV might be
attributed to unavailability of electricity because of the cur-
rent political and economic situation in Yemen. This finding
is incompatible with the results obtained in a previous study
conducted in Saudi Arabia that indicated that 91.2% of wom-
ens spent more than 2 hours per day watching TV [25].
The present study showed that 39.0% of respondents ate
vegetables daily, while only 19.5% consumed fruits daily. The
inadequate and low consumption of fruits and vegetables by
most respondents might be attributed to economic problems.
According to the WHO recommendation, an adult should
consume at least two to three servings per day as part of a
Variable Category No. Percentage (%)
Total 400 100.0
Diabetes mellitus No 369 92.3
Yes 31 7.8
Total 400 100.0
BMI, body mass index.
Table 2 (continued)
7. Alwabr
57 Family Medicine and Community Health 2018;6(2):51–62
ORIGINAL
RESEARCH
healthy dietary requirement [20, 26]. This finding is in agree-
ment with findings in previous studies. A study conducted in
India found low fruit consumption in both sexes [20]; a study
conducted in Saudi Arabia among female university students
indicated that 70.0% of them consumed fruits one to five
times per week and 59.9% consumed vegetables one to five
times per week [19]; and a study conducted in Afghanistan
revealed that 41.1% of participants consumed vegetables more
than three times per week and 42.5% consumed fruits more
than three times per week [24].
In this study, 31.3% of respondents were obese. The low
prevalence of obesity among respondents might be because
Table 3. Association of sociodemographic variables with obesity, blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus (n=400)
Variable Category Obesity Blood pressure Diabetes
No Yes Normotensive Hypertensive Hypotensive No Yes
Place of
residence
Sana’a 140 60 167 23 10 188 12
Al-Mahweet 135 65 156 37 7 181 19
Total 275 125 323 60 17 369 31
χ2
=0.291, P=0.590 χ2
=4.171, P=0.124 χ2
=1.713, P=0.191
Age (years) 18–29 175 46 197 10 14 215 6
30–40 58 40 83 14 1 95 3
40 42 39 43 36 2 59 22
Total 275 125 323 60 17 369 31
χ2
=26.142, P=0.001 χ2
=78.078, P=0.001 χ2
=53.537, P=0.001
Marital
status
Unmarried 86 10 87 4 5 96 0
Married 175 106 223 48 10 255 26
Divorced 6 2 5 1 2 8 0
Widowed 8 7 8 7 0 10 5
Total 275 125 323 60 17 369 31
χ2
=26.678, P=0.001 χ2
=30.603, P=0.001 χ2
=23.357, P=0.001
No. of
children
0 14 8 18 4 0 22 0
1–2 63 35 86 5 7 93 5
3–5 58 36 75 17 2 87 7
6–7 15 12 22 4 1 24 3
7 36 26 32 28 2 46 16
Total 186 117 233 58 12 272 31
χ2
=1.074, P=0.898 χ2
=43.515, P=0.001 χ2
=22.507, P=0.001
Level of
education
Illiterate 98 74 126 42 4 146 26
Literate 98 29 101 17 9 123 4
Secondary school 62 12 71 1 2 73 1
University 15 10 23 0 2 25 0
Postgraduate 2 0 2 0 0 2 0
Total 275 125 323 60 17 369 31
χ2
=24.868, P=0.001 χ2
=32.685, P=0.001 χ2
=23.320, P=0.001
Work status Housewife 221 109 255 58 17 299 31
Student 51 16 65 2 0 67 0
Employee 3 0 3 0 0 3 0
Total 275 125 323 60 17 369 31
χ2
=3.544, P=0.170 χ2
=14.790, P=0.005 χ2
=7.128, P=0.028
8. Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among rural women in Yemen
Family Medicine and Community Health 2018;6(2):51–6258
ORIGINAL
RESEARCH
Table
4.
Association
between
common
risk
factors
and
obesity,
blood
pressure,
and
diabetes
mellitus
(n
=
400)
Variable
Category
Obesity
Blood
pressure
Diabetes
No
Yes
Normotensive
Hypertensive
Hypotensive
No
Yes
Exercise/sports
for
at
least
30
min
Daily
8
0
6
2
0
8
0
Some
days
5
11
13
3
0
16
0
No
exercise
262
114
304
55
17
345
31
Total
275
125
323
60
17
369
31
χ
2
=
14.261,
P
=
0.001
χ
2
=
1.837,
P
=
0.766
χ
2
=
2.145,
P
=
0.342
Current
daily
smoking
Yes
6
8
9
4
1
13
1
No
269
117
314
56
16
356
30
Total
275
125
323
60
17
369
31
χ
2
=
4.527,
P
=
0.042
χ
2
=
2.554,
P
=
0.279
χ
2
=
0.007,
P
=
1.000
Qat
chewing
Daily
62
48
88
20
2
100
10
Some
days
117
38
126
20
9
141
14
No
96
39
109
20
6
128
7
Total
275
125
323
60
17
369
31
χ
2
=
11.477,
P
=
0.003
χ
2
=
3.639,
P
=
0.457
χ
2
=
1.875,
P
=
0.392
Doing
housework
Usually
220
92
268
29
15
298
14
Sometimes
46
27
47
24
2
61
12
No
9
6
8
7
0
10
5
Total
275
125
323
60
17
369
31
χ
2
=
2.104,
P
=
0.349
χ
2
=
38.450,
P
=
0.001
χ
2
=
26.086,
P
=
0.001
Assistance
with
agricultural
work
Daily
116
57
139
29
5
163
10
Some
days
78
42
101
15
4
110
10
No
81
26
83
16
8
96
11
Total
275
125
323
60
17
369
31
χ
2
=
3.424,
P
=
0.181
χ
2
=
4.781,
P
=
0.311
χ
2
=
1.954,
P
=
0.376
Number
of
hours
spent
watching
TV
per
day
0
148
64
178
28
6
188
24
1–2
97
36
103
19
11
128
5
3–4
19
15
25
9
0
32
2
4
11
10
17
4
0
21
0
Total
275
125
323
60
17
369
31
χ
2
=
6.433,
P
=
0.092
χ
2
=
12.784,
P
=
0.047
χ
2
=
8.673,
P
=
0.034
Vegetable
consumption
Daily
112
44
131
18
7
142
14
Once
per
week
93
50
111
26
6
135
8
Twice
per
week
36
11
38
6
3
44
3
Three
times
per
week
9
2
8
2
1
9
2
9. Alwabr
59 Family Medicine and Community Health 2018;6(2):51–62
ORIGINAL
RESEARCH
Table
4
(continued)
Variable
Category
Obesity
Blood
pressure
Diabetes
No
Yes
Normotensive
Hypertensive
Hypotensive
No
Yes
Four
to
six
times
per
week
13
13
19
7
0
24
2
Rarely
12
5
16
1
0
15
2
Total
275
125
323
60
17
369
31
χ
2
=
8.094,
P
=
0.151
χ
2
=
9.835,
P
=
0.455
χ
2
=
3.437,
P
=
0.633
Fruit
consumption
Daily
60
18
66
11
1
75
3
Once
per
week
107
46
118
26
9
144
9
Twice
per
week
63
25
77
7
4
80
8
Three
times
per
week
18
20
29
8
1
36
2
Four
to
six
times
per
week
9
8
10
5
2
14
3
Rarely
18
8
23
3
0
20
6
Total
275
125
323
60
17
369
31
χ
2
=
15.545,
P
=
0.049
χ
2
=
21.186,
P
=
0.171
χ
2
=
30.831,
P
=
0.001
Obesity
(BMI
30
kg/m
2
)
No
233
27
15
258
17
Yes
90
33
2
111
14
Total
323
60
17
369
31
χ
2
=
20.481,
P
=
0.001
χ
2
=
3.027,
P
=
0.105
Blood
pressure
Normotensive
233
90
308
15
Hypertensive
27
33
45
15
Hypotensive
15
2
16
1
Total
275
125
369
31
χ
2
=
20.481,
P
=
0.001
χ
2
=
29.414,
P
=
0.001
Diabetes
mellitus
No
258
111
308
45
16
Yes
17
14
15
15
1
Total
275
125
323
60
17
χ
2
=
3.027,
P
=
0.105
χ
2
=
29.414,
P
=
0.001
BMI,
body
mass
index.
10. Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among rural women in Yemen
Family Medicine and Community Health 2018;6(2):51–6260
ORIGINAL
RESEARCH
most of them do housework and agricultural work daily, which
are protective factors against obesity, as well as other NCDs.
This finding is in agreement with findings in previous stud-
ies. A study conducted in Sri Lanka indicated that 38.7% of
women were obese [22]; a study conducted in Afghanistan
indicated that the prevalence of obesity was 37.3% in women
[24]; a study conducted in India indicated that 34.0% of wom-
ens were obese [27]; and another study conducted in India
indicated that the 33.0% of womens were obese [21]. However,
the finding is incompatible with results obtained in other stud-
ies. A study conducted in Palestine indicated that the overall
prevalence of obesity among female students was 9.17% [28];
a study conducted in Saudi Arabia among female university
students indicated that the prevalence of obesity was 18.1%
[19]; and a study conducted in Brazil indicated that the obesity
rate was 14.0% [28].
According to the findings of this study, 15.0% of the
respondents have hypertension. This finding is incompatible
with the results obtained in previous studies, with the rate
being lower than that in previous studies. A study conducted
in Afghanistan indicated that the prevalence of hyperten-
sion was 46.5% in women [24]; a study conducted in Brazil
indicated that arterial hypertension was present in 22.4% of
female participants [28]; and a study conducted in India indi-
cated that high blood pressure was observed in nearly 30.0%
of womens [27].
This study also showed that only 7.8% of women have dia-
betes mellitus. This finding is in agreement with findings in
previous studies. A study conducted in Sri Lanka indicated
that 4.8% of womens had diabetes [22]; a study conducted
in Afghanistan indicated that the prevalence of diabetes was
12.0% in women [24]; and a study conducted in Brazil indi-
cated that 3.7% of womens had diabetes [28].
The low prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus
in the present study might be because most of the female par-
ticipants (79.7%) were younger than 40 years, and there are
fewer risk factors for hypertension and diabetes mellitus in
this age range.
In the present study, age was significantly associated with
obesity (P=0.001), blood pressure (P=0.001), and diabetes
mellitus (P=0.001). Respondents older than 40 years were
more likely to have high blood pressure as compared with
respondents in the other age groups. This finding is in agree-
ment with findings in previous studies. A study conducted in
Afghanistan indicated that age was a significant risk factor for
obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, and also indicated high
prevalence of diabetes in older age groups who also have other
aging diseases [24]; a study conducted in Brazil indicated there
was correlation between hypertension and age greater than
60 years [28]; and a study conducted in India indicated that
the prevalence of all NCD risk factors increased with age [27].
This study showed that the marital status of the respond-
ents was significantly associated with obesity (P=0.001),
blood pressure (P=0.014), and diabetes mellitus (P=0.001).
The rates of obesity and diabetes were more likely to be high
in widowed respondents, while blood pressure was more likely
to be high in divorced respondents.
In the present study, the number of children the respond-
ents had was significantly associated with blood pressure
(P=0.002) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.001), while it was
insignificantly associated with obesity (P=0.900).
In this study, the level of education was significantly asso-
ciated with obesity (P=0.001), blood pressure (P=0.020),
and diabetes mellitus (P=0.001). In addition, the work status
of respondents was significantly associated with blood pres-
sure (P=0.001) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.028), while it was
insignificantly associated with obesity (P=0.171).
This study showed that there were insignificant associations
between physical inactivity and blood pressure (P=0.766) and
diabetes mellitus (P=0.342), while physical inactivity was
significantly associated with obesity (P=0.001). Smoking was
significantly associated with obesity (P=0.042), while it was
insignificantly associated with blood pressure (P=0.279) and
diabetes mellitus (P=1.000). In addition, qat chewing was
significantly associated with obesity (P=0.003), while it was
insignificantly associated with blood pressure (P=0.457) and
diabetes mellitus (P=0.391). These findings are incompat-
ible with the results obtained in a previous study conducted
in India that indicated that physical inactivity and smoking
were associated with the prevalence of obesity and hyperten-
sion, but were not related to the prevalence of diabetes [27].
However, they are in agreement with the findings in a previ-
ous study conducted in Yemen that indicated that there was
a positive correlation between BMI and the frequency of qat
11. Alwabr
61 Family Medicine and Community Health 2018;6(2):51–62
ORIGINAL
RESEARCH
chewing, and that there was no correlation between qat chew-
ing and blood pressure [29].
This study showed that participation of women in house-
work was insignificantly associated with obesity (P=0.349),
while it was significantly associated with blood pressure
(P=0.001) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.001). However, par-
ticipation of women in agricultural work was insignificantly
associated with obesity (P=0.181), blood pressure (P=0.311),
and diabetes mellitus (P=0.376).
In the present study, the number of hours spent watching TV
per day was insignificantly associated with obesity (P=0.092),
while it was significantly associated with blood pressure
(P=0.047) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.037). Consuming veg-
etables was insignificantly associated with obesity (P=0.151),
blood pressure (P=0.455), and diabetes mellitus (P=0.633),
while eating fruits was significantly associated with obesity
(P=0.049) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.001).
There were significant associations between obesity and
blood pressure (P=0.001), as well as between blood pressure
and diabetes mellitus (P=0.001), showing that the factors are
related to each other. These findings are in agreement with
findings in previous studies. A study conducted in Afghanistan
indicated an independent significant association of obesity and
blood pressure as well as diabetes [24]. A study conducted in
Brazil indicated that obesity and diabetes were associated with
arterial hypertension [28].
Conclusions
The study findings showed poor practice of healthy lifestyles
such as physical activities and consumption of vegetables
and fruits. Participation of women in housework as well as
in agricultural work as physical activities is of prime impor-
tance for lowering the levels of obesity, blood pressure, and
diabetes. Frequent campaigns and educational programs are
to be encouraged for the adoption of healthy lifestyle prac-
tices and health promotion. They should improve awareness
of the ill effects of qat chewing among the masses, especially
the high-risk groups. In view of that, the present study was
conducted in rural areas and the study participants may not
be representative of the general population. Thus more com-
prehensive studies should be extended to women from urban
and rural areas.
Acknowledgments
I thank the fieldwork team and health centers in the study areas
(Saleh H.M. Ali, Khaled A. Maeed, Hemeir H. Al-roab, Maha
A. Borge, Esam M. Alatar, and Adel Y. Abdollah) for their con-
tribution in conducting the fieldwork. I thank Sultan Haza’a Saif
Qassim for revision of the English language of the manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding
agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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