This document summarizes a study that examined the antimicrobial properties of mucus from the chame fish (Dormitator latifrons). The study found inhibitory effects of chame mucus against several bacteria strains. Specifically, chame mucus showed inhibitory effects against 2 out of 3 Bacillus strains tested as well as strong inhibitory effects against Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio harveyi. A lower level of inhibition was also observed against Vibrio anguillarum. The results suggest the presence of antibacterial agents in chame fish mucus, which could potentially be applied to animal and human health.
The researchers collected blue crabs from a polluted wetland (experimental group) and unpolluted dock (control group) to compare bacteria levels in their blood. They found higher bacteria counts in the male crab from the polluted site, including a salt-tolerant Bacillus species and Micrococcus species. However, further samples did not produce reliable bacteria counts, possibly due to differences in crab size and sex between trials. The study aimed to correlate environmental pollution to bacteria levels in crab blood but yielded inconclusive results requiring more sampling.
Monica c. del moral and felix valles phages manuscript official draftfelixjvalles
This document describes the isolation and characterization of a mycobacteriophage (Musamodel) from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. After screening six soil samples without success, a phage was isolated from the seventh sample collected near a plantain plant. The phage was purified through three rounds of plating and was found to infect Mycobacterium smegmatis. Initial characterization suggests the phage has a lytic life cycle based on clear plaque formation. Future work will further characterize the phage through empirical testing, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis.
15. camille and 3. justin final version bacteria reportJustinCotto
This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected from different locations, diluted and plated. Three distinct bacterial colonies grew and were purified. Gram staining showed one was gram-positive coccus and two were gram-positive bacillus. PCR/electrophoresis positively identified one coccus sample. No bacteria produced antibiotics but two samples showed resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin and vancomycin while the other did not resist any antibiotics tested. The goal was to identify properties of isolated bacteria including antibiotic production and resistance.
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Two soil samples were collected from Puerto Rico and isolated bacteria were analyzed. Two different bacteria grew from one sample and one from the other. One bacterium was a coccus and two were bacillus based on gram staining. None produced antibiotics but some showed resistance to certain antibiotics like penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin. The isolated bacteria demonstrated characteristics needed for further analysis but genomic sequencing was left for future work.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
This document discusses Leishmania parasites' ability to reversibly inhibit muscle contractions in insects. It finds that:
1) L. major promastigotes and culture medium exhibit greatest myoinhibitory activity in late log and early stationary growth phases, coinciding with when infective forms develop in sand flies.
2) L. major lysate inhibits contractions of muscle preparations from cockroaches, bugs, and flies, indicating a conserved inhibitory mechanism across insect orders.
3) Other Leishmania species and gut-dwelling kinetoplastids also exhibit myoinhibitory activity in sand flies.
Inhibiting host gut contractions protects Leishmania from expulsion, allowing development and transmission.
The researchers collected blue crabs from a polluted wetland (experimental group) and unpolluted dock (control group) to compare bacteria levels in their blood. They found higher bacteria counts in the male crab from the polluted site, including a salt-tolerant Bacillus species and Micrococcus species. However, further samples did not produce reliable bacteria counts, possibly due to differences in crab size and sex between trials. The study aimed to correlate environmental pollution to bacteria levels in crab blood but yielded inconclusive results requiring more sampling.
Monica c. del moral and felix valles phages manuscript official draftfelixjvalles
This document describes the isolation and characterization of a mycobacteriophage (Musamodel) from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. After screening six soil samples without success, a phage was isolated from the seventh sample collected near a plantain plant. The phage was purified through three rounds of plating and was found to infect Mycobacterium smegmatis. Initial characterization suggests the phage has a lytic life cycle based on clear plaque formation. Future work will further characterize the phage through empirical testing, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis.
15. camille and 3. justin final version bacteria reportJustinCotto
This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected from different locations, diluted and plated. Three distinct bacterial colonies grew and were purified. Gram staining showed one was gram-positive coccus and two were gram-positive bacillus. PCR/electrophoresis positively identified one coccus sample. No bacteria produced antibiotics but two samples showed resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin and vancomycin while the other did not resist any antibiotics tested. The goal was to identify properties of isolated bacteria including antibiotic production and resistance.
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Two soil samples were collected from Puerto Rico and isolated bacteria were analyzed. Two different bacteria grew from one sample and one from the other. One bacterium was a coccus and two were bacillus based on gram staining. None produced antibiotics but some showed resistance to certain antibiotics like penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin. The isolated bacteria demonstrated characteristics needed for further analysis but genomic sequencing was left for future work.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
This document discusses Leishmania parasites' ability to reversibly inhibit muscle contractions in insects. It finds that:
1) L. major promastigotes and culture medium exhibit greatest myoinhibitory activity in late log and early stationary growth phases, coinciding with when infective forms develop in sand flies.
2) L. major lysate inhibits contractions of muscle preparations from cockroaches, bugs, and flies, indicating a conserved inhibitory mechanism across insect orders.
3) Other Leishmania species and gut-dwelling kinetoplastids also exhibit myoinhibitory activity in sand flies.
Inhibiting host gut contractions protects Leishmania from expulsion, allowing development and transmission.
1) L. major proteins (LMP) completely stopped spontaneous contractions of cultured rat cardiomyocytes, which resumed contracting after washing with saline.
2) LMP significantly decreased force of contractions in guinea pig ileum strips stimulated with nicotine in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on strips stimulated with acetylcholine. Contractions resumed after washing.
3) LMP also reduced contractions of guinea pig uterine strips stimulated with oxytocin, and of electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum strips, in a dose-dependent manner. Contractions resumed after washing in all cases.
The Role of the Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)Laura Berry
Presented at the 3rd Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Congress: Asia. To find out more, visit: www.global-engage.com
Using modern genomic techniques Niranjan Nagarajan, Associate Director and Group Leader at A*STAR, has identified key perturbations in the resident skin microflora that could act as triggers for eczema flares. Niranjan presents a new form of the hygiene hypothesis for explaining the increasing incidence of eczema and revealing, in the process, novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
Grimmett et al., growth rate hypothesisIvan Grimmett
The study tested whether the growth rate hypothesis applies to five species of aquatic hyphomycetes grown in broth cultures. Samples were taken from the cultures over 56 days and analyzed for biomass accumulation, ergosterol concentration (indicator of fungal biomass), and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, RNA, and DNA. Growth curves followed a rectangular hyperbola pattern. There were no consistent trends in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or ergosterol concentrations related to culture age or growth rate. RNA and DNA concentrations and their ratio decreased with culture age. Only RNA concentrations were positively correlated with growth rate, supporting the growth rate hypothesis for aquatic hyphomycetes.
1) Researchers studied a plankton community isolated from the Baltic Sea that was cultured in a laboratory for over 2,300 days under constant conditions.
2) Despite constant conditions, species abundances fluctuated over several orders of magnitude, displaying different periodicities driven by species interactions.
3) Predictability of species abundances decreased significantly beyond a 15-30 day horizon, and analysis found positive Lyapunov exponents, indicating chaotic population dynamics governed by the same attractor. This provides strong evidence that species interactions in the food web generated chaos.
Isolation and Identification of MDRO's in the Rio Grande River PosterKayleeWersant
Antibiotic resistant bacteria was found in water samples from the Rio Grande River. 19 out of 34 isolated bacterial samples showed resistance to at least 4 classes of antibiotics. Common antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated included E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the river implies that antibiotic resistance is a growing issue affecting an important water source used for agriculture, recreation, and domestic purposes in Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico.
1) Maggot excretions were found to have potent bactericidal properties that destroyed important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in under 5 minutes when exposed to high concentrations of bacteria, and in under 60 minutes when exposed to lower concentrations.
3) The bactericidal activity of maggot excretions was demonstrated against other pathogens like Clostridium welchii and Proteus vulgaris. Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots exhibited bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the diversity of rRNA genes in the guts of adult and fingerling Mugil cephalus (flathead grey mullet) fish inhabiting an Egyptian Mediterranean estuary. Bulk DNA was extracted from the guts and the eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene, bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and archaeal 16S rRNA gene were amplified via PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Rarefaction analyses identified 11, 18, and 13 phylotype groups of rRNA genes for eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea, respectively, in adult guts, and 6 and 11 phylotype groups for eukaryotes and bacteria in fingerling guts (archaea were not detected in
ABSTRACT- Some Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. casei and L. plantarum) were isolated from locally fermented products (ogi, fura de Nunu and wara) and their effect on microbial infections caused by some pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus aureus) isolated from urine and high vaginal swab samples were studied using standard micriobiological methods.Fifiteen (15) healthy guinea pigs used for the study were divided into three (3) groups of five (5) guinea pigs each and placed in three (3) different cages. The pigs were initially fed for two (2) weeks (acclimatization period) with conventional feeds before administering the treatment. Lactobacillus species were introduced into the guinea pigs in cage 2 after the acclimatization period. Subsequently, the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were orally infected with all the clinical bacteria pathogens while the guinea pigs in cage 3 which served as control were left with no microbial treatment. Ten (10) days after treatment, the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level were determined. Striking differences were observed from guinea pigs in the different cages. The effectiveness of Lactobacilli (probiotics) was evident when the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were compared. The guinea pigs in cage 1 which were infected with pathogens but no probiotics had lower blood level (mean PCV= 24.8%) and inferior liver condition (mean ALT=58.18µl; mean AST=51.91µl). Higher blood level (Mean PCV=45%) and superior liver conditions (Mean ALT=9.51µl; mean AST=9.7µl) were obtained for guinea pigs in cage 2 which were infected with the same pathogens and fed with probiotics. The control (cage 3) had the highest PCV level and best liver conditions (mean PCV=46.6%, means ALT= 7.65µl; mean AST=11.83µl).Th .This might be attributed to the fact that they were not infected with pathogenic organisms. Lactobacillus species administered are promising probiotics against the tested bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species, Guinea pig, Bacteria pathogen, Enzymes assay, Haematological Parameters, Probiotics
This study investigated the microbiome of three copepod species (Acartia longiremis, Centropages hamatus, Calanus finmarchicus) from the Gulf of Maine over a 3-week period in early summer. The microbiome contained both stable associations and temporal variability. Gammaproteobacteria, especially Pseudoalteromonas species, were consistently abundant across copepod species, suggesting a stable association. However, the microbiome composition also varied between full and starved gut copepods, and over time, influenced by environmental factors like food availability. While some core microbiome was present, temporal changes appeared important in structuring the bacterial communities associated with copepods.
The Edibility, Methods of Preparation Of the Raphia Palm Beetle, Rhyncophorus...iosrjce
The microbiological quality of adult Rhychophorus phoeniciswas assessed revealing the presence of
some species of bacteria and fungi. A comparative study was also done to determine the presence of bacteria in
the larva, pupa, pith, adult Beetle (1 )and adult Beetle(2). The pith had the highest bacterial count followed by
the larva ,pupa ,adult B1 and adult B2.This same order was observed in the fungal count. Total bacterial and
fungal counts of the chitin of the adult beetle(1) were 1.24×106
cfu/ml and 2.0×104
cfu/ml respectively. Six
genera of bacteria, four genera of moulds and a species of yeast were observed. Bacterial isolates identified
included Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas,Micrococcus and Proteus species while the
fungal species included Penicillium, andAspergillus species. Saccharomyces cerevisae was the only species of
yeast present. The implication of Staphylococcus aureus to public health is of great significance.The larva of
Rhychophorus phoenicisis a rich source of protein.
1) Maggot excretions have potent bactericidal properties that can destroy important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in as little as 5 minutes when exposed to various densities of the bacteria. Even resistant broth cultures were killed within 60 minutes of exposure.
3) Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots demonstrated bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent. The active bactericidal principle may be present in maggot feces and able to be isolated in a dried powder form.
The document summarizes an experiment to identify mycobacteriophages from soil samples. Soil samples were taken from different locations and enriched with bacteria to isolate any phages present. However, the testing of samples did not pass the enrichment phase due to issues with the bacteria. One sample from Gurabo was retested successfully, allowing the experiment to progress to plaque purification. The identification process is currently in the third purification step. The experiment highlights the challenges of phage identification but the potential benefits of understanding phage behavior and using phages in applications like phage therapy.
This document summarizes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil bacteria capable of producing novel antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies were purified, stained, and had their DNA analyzed. The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and their ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, which could indicate antibiotic production. The goal was to find bacteria producing compounds similar to teixobactin, a potent antibiotic discovered from uncultured soil bacteria.
1) Maggot excretions were found to have potent bactericidal properties that destroyed important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in under 5 minutes when exposed to high concentrations of bacteria, and in under 60 minutes when exposed to lower concentrations.
3) The bactericidal activity of maggot excretions was demonstrated against other pathogens like Clostridium welchii and Proteus vulgaris. Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots exhibited bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent.
Toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the developmental stages of ...researchanimalsciences
The effect of some plant extract on the developmental stages of mosquito
species was conducted using
Anopheles gambiae
,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and
Aedes aegypti
at the first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, pupae and
adult. The plant used was scentleaf (
Ocimum gratissimum
). Soxhlet apparatus was
used to extract each pulverized plant part using petroleum ether solvent. Plant
extract from the petroleum ether solvent was used to test their effects on the
developmental stages of each mosquito species. The result showed that the higher
the developmental stages, the lower the percentage of mortality. It was also
observed that as the time and concentration increases, the percentage of mortality
also increases. Generally, the result showed that
Anopheles gambiae
is more
susceptible in the extracts used followed by
Aedes aegypti
and then
Culex
quinquefasciatus
.
Identification of fish species using dna barcode from visakhapatnam, east coa...RUSHINADHA KAKARA
This document describes a study that generated DNA barcodes from fish species collected at a fishing harbor in Visakhapatnam, India. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of 50 fish individuals and a 658 base pair region of the COI gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using tools like ORF finder, BLAST, and multiple sequence alignment. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to investigate relationships between sequences. The goals were to create a reference barcode library for the region and investigate species identification and potential cryptic species. The study focused on analyzing barcodes of Tripletail fish, which previous work on barcoding this species is limited.
The inhibitory activity of L. crispatus against uropathogenes in vitroIJMCERJournal
ABSTRACT: Bacterial interference refers to the use of bacteria of virulence to compete with and protect against
colonization and infection by disease causing organisms. In this study, L. crispatus strain was used to detect its
antibacterial activity towered five species (one Gram-positive and four Gram-negative ) of the most common bacteria
causing urinary tract infection. L. crispatus completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus , while it had no
inhibitory effect on three of the other species.
Key Words: inhibitory activity, L. crispatus, uropathogens
This document summarizes a scientific study that found evidence of three members of the Culex pipiens mosquito complex in the Netherlands - Culex pipiens biotype molestus, Culex pipiens biotype pipiens, and hybrids between the two biotypes. Mosquitoes were collected from underground metro stations in Amsterdam where nuisance biting had been reported. Molecular analysis identified 18 specimens as biotype molestus, 2 as biotype pipiens, and 9 as hybrids, providing the first evidence of biotype molestus and pipiens hybrids in northern Europe. The presence of these different forms, which have varying vector capacities, has implications for understanding West Nile virus
1.paola 5.anthony hernandez phages report pdf correctedpcaballero21
This study isolated and characterized a novel mycobacteriophage (bacterial virus) named Incognito from soil in Puerto Rico. Incognito was isolated from soil collected under a plantain tree and purified through plaque purification. Electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis were used to characterize the phage's morphology and protein profile. Incognito produced turbid plaques and had a concentration of 3 x 107 plaque forming units per mL. Its protein profile showed similarities to other mycobacteriophages. This study demonstrates that Puerto Rico's tropical environment supports diverse phage populations with potential applications in phage therapy.
This document discusses a study that characterized Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolates from poultry farm environments in Tunisia. Samples from 8 farms yielded 21 Salmonella isolates, including 16 S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. PFGE identified 2 types, plasmid profiling found 4 types, and most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. Combined methods showed the spread of a particular S. enteritidis clone related to a major worldwide clone.
This document is a thesis presented by Robert Wayne Gammon Pitman to the Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering department at Ohio State University in 2013. The thesis examines using a self-cleaving intein protein and choline binding domain affinity tag to purify the antimicrobial peptide DEFA1 when expressed recombinantly in E. coli. The intein and affinity tag are fused to DEFA1 to form a fusion protein that is purified via affinity chromatography on a Q-Sepharose column. Successful purification and testing of the antimicrobial activity of purified DEFA1 could provide a method to increase recombinant yields of antimicrobial peptides for further study and scale-up.
Sample Project development of anitmicrobial peptidesThet Su Win
This document outlines a project to develop novel peptide-based antimicrobial agents to address the problem of antimicrobial resistance. The project will involve identifying potential peptide candidates through literature review and computational analysis, optimizing peptide designs in the laboratory, and conducting pre-clinical testing. A team will be assembled to carry out the work over 3 years. Progress will be monitored regularly. Funding will be sought from Mahidol University and a Norwegian biopharmaceutical company. The expected outcomes are prediction of drug-able peptides and completion of the project on schedule to support further development.
1) L. major proteins (LMP) completely stopped spontaneous contractions of cultured rat cardiomyocytes, which resumed contracting after washing with saline.
2) LMP significantly decreased force of contractions in guinea pig ileum strips stimulated with nicotine in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on strips stimulated with acetylcholine. Contractions resumed after washing.
3) LMP also reduced contractions of guinea pig uterine strips stimulated with oxytocin, and of electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum strips, in a dose-dependent manner. Contractions resumed after washing in all cases.
The Role of the Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)Laura Berry
Presented at the 3rd Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Congress: Asia. To find out more, visit: www.global-engage.com
Using modern genomic techniques Niranjan Nagarajan, Associate Director and Group Leader at A*STAR, has identified key perturbations in the resident skin microflora that could act as triggers for eczema flares. Niranjan presents a new form of the hygiene hypothesis for explaining the increasing incidence of eczema and revealing, in the process, novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
Grimmett et al., growth rate hypothesisIvan Grimmett
The study tested whether the growth rate hypothesis applies to five species of aquatic hyphomycetes grown in broth cultures. Samples were taken from the cultures over 56 days and analyzed for biomass accumulation, ergosterol concentration (indicator of fungal biomass), and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, RNA, and DNA. Growth curves followed a rectangular hyperbola pattern. There were no consistent trends in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or ergosterol concentrations related to culture age or growth rate. RNA and DNA concentrations and their ratio decreased with culture age. Only RNA concentrations were positively correlated with growth rate, supporting the growth rate hypothesis for aquatic hyphomycetes.
1) Researchers studied a plankton community isolated from the Baltic Sea that was cultured in a laboratory for over 2,300 days under constant conditions.
2) Despite constant conditions, species abundances fluctuated over several orders of magnitude, displaying different periodicities driven by species interactions.
3) Predictability of species abundances decreased significantly beyond a 15-30 day horizon, and analysis found positive Lyapunov exponents, indicating chaotic population dynamics governed by the same attractor. This provides strong evidence that species interactions in the food web generated chaos.
Isolation and Identification of MDRO's in the Rio Grande River PosterKayleeWersant
Antibiotic resistant bacteria was found in water samples from the Rio Grande River. 19 out of 34 isolated bacterial samples showed resistance to at least 4 classes of antibiotics. Common antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated included E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the river implies that antibiotic resistance is a growing issue affecting an important water source used for agriculture, recreation, and domestic purposes in Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico.
1) Maggot excretions were found to have potent bactericidal properties that destroyed important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in under 5 minutes when exposed to high concentrations of bacteria, and in under 60 minutes when exposed to lower concentrations.
3) The bactericidal activity of maggot excretions was demonstrated against other pathogens like Clostridium welchii and Proteus vulgaris. Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots exhibited bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the diversity of rRNA genes in the guts of adult and fingerling Mugil cephalus (flathead grey mullet) fish inhabiting an Egyptian Mediterranean estuary. Bulk DNA was extracted from the guts and the eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene, bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and archaeal 16S rRNA gene were amplified via PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Rarefaction analyses identified 11, 18, and 13 phylotype groups of rRNA genes for eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea, respectively, in adult guts, and 6 and 11 phylotype groups for eukaryotes and bacteria in fingerling guts (archaea were not detected in
ABSTRACT- Some Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. casei and L. plantarum) were isolated from locally fermented products (ogi, fura de Nunu and wara) and their effect on microbial infections caused by some pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus aureus) isolated from urine and high vaginal swab samples were studied using standard micriobiological methods.Fifiteen (15) healthy guinea pigs used for the study were divided into three (3) groups of five (5) guinea pigs each and placed in three (3) different cages. The pigs were initially fed for two (2) weeks (acclimatization period) with conventional feeds before administering the treatment. Lactobacillus species were introduced into the guinea pigs in cage 2 after the acclimatization period. Subsequently, the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were orally infected with all the clinical bacteria pathogens while the guinea pigs in cage 3 which served as control were left with no microbial treatment. Ten (10) days after treatment, the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level were determined. Striking differences were observed from guinea pigs in the different cages. The effectiveness of Lactobacilli (probiotics) was evident when the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were compared. The guinea pigs in cage 1 which were infected with pathogens but no probiotics had lower blood level (mean PCV= 24.8%) and inferior liver condition (mean ALT=58.18µl; mean AST=51.91µl). Higher blood level (Mean PCV=45%) and superior liver conditions (Mean ALT=9.51µl; mean AST=9.7µl) were obtained for guinea pigs in cage 2 which were infected with the same pathogens and fed with probiotics. The control (cage 3) had the highest PCV level and best liver conditions (mean PCV=46.6%, means ALT= 7.65µl; mean AST=11.83µl).Th .This might be attributed to the fact that they were not infected with pathogenic organisms. Lactobacillus species administered are promising probiotics against the tested bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species, Guinea pig, Bacteria pathogen, Enzymes assay, Haematological Parameters, Probiotics
This study investigated the microbiome of three copepod species (Acartia longiremis, Centropages hamatus, Calanus finmarchicus) from the Gulf of Maine over a 3-week period in early summer. The microbiome contained both stable associations and temporal variability. Gammaproteobacteria, especially Pseudoalteromonas species, were consistently abundant across copepod species, suggesting a stable association. However, the microbiome composition also varied between full and starved gut copepods, and over time, influenced by environmental factors like food availability. While some core microbiome was present, temporal changes appeared important in structuring the bacterial communities associated with copepods.
The Edibility, Methods of Preparation Of the Raphia Palm Beetle, Rhyncophorus...iosrjce
The microbiological quality of adult Rhychophorus phoeniciswas assessed revealing the presence of
some species of bacteria and fungi. A comparative study was also done to determine the presence of bacteria in
the larva, pupa, pith, adult Beetle (1 )and adult Beetle(2). The pith had the highest bacterial count followed by
the larva ,pupa ,adult B1 and adult B2.This same order was observed in the fungal count. Total bacterial and
fungal counts of the chitin of the adult beetle(1) were 1.24×106
cfu/ml and 2.0×104
cfu/ml respectively. Six
genera of bacteria, four genera of moulds and a species of yeast were observed. Bacterial isolates identified
included Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas,Micrococcus and Proteus species while the
fungal species included Penicillium, andAspergillus species. Saccharomyces cerevisae was the only species of
yeast present. The implication of Staphylococcus aureus to public health is of great significance.The larva of
Rhychophorus phoenicisis a rich source of protein.
1) Maggot excretions have potent bactericidal properties that can destroy important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in as little as 5 minutes when exposed to various densities of the bacteria. Even resistant broth cultures were killed within 60 minutes of exposure.
3) Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots demonstrated bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent. The active bactericidal principle may be present in maggot feces and able to be isolated in a dried powder form.
The document summarizes an experiment to identify mycobacteriophages from soil samples. Soil samples were taken from different locations and enriched with bacteria to isolate any phages present. However, the testing of samples did not pass the enrichment phase due to issues with the bacteria. One sample from Gurabo was retested successfully, allowing the experiment to progress to plaque purification. The identification process is currently in the third purification step. The experiment highlights the challenges of phage identification but the potential benefits of understanding phage behavior and using phages in applications like phage therapy.
This document summarizes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil bacteria capable of producing novel antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies were purified, stained, and had their DNA analyzed. The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and their ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, which could indicate antibiotic production. The goal was to find bacteria producing compounds similar to teixobactin, a potent antibiotic discovered from uncultured soil bacteria.
1) Maggot excretions were found to have potent bactericidal properties that destroyed important pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
2) Testing showed that maggot excretions killed S. aureus in under 5 minutes when exposed to high concentrations of bacteria, and in under 60 minutes when exposed to lower concentrations.
3) The bactericidal activity of maggot excretions was demonstrated against other pathogens like Clostridium welchii and Proteus vulgaris. Excretions from both sterile and non-sterile maggots exhibited bactericidal effects, though excretions from non-sterile maggots appeared more potent.
Toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the developmental stages of ...researchanimalsciences
The effect of some plant extract on the developmental stages of mosquito
species was conducted using
Anopheles gambiae
,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and
Aedes aegypti
at the first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, pupae and
adult. The plant used was scentleaf (
Ocimum gratissimum
). Soxhlet apparatus was
used to extract each pulverized plant part using petroleum ether solvent. Plant
extract from the petroleum ether solvent was used to test their effects on the
developmental stages of each mosquito species. The result showed that the higher
the developmental stages, the lower the percentage of mortality. It was also
observed that as the time and concentration increases, the percentage of mortality
also increases. Generally, the result showed that
Anopheles gambiae
is more
susceptible in the extracts used followed by
Aedes aegypti
and then
Culex
quinquefasciatus
.
Identification of fish species using dna barcode from visakhapatnam, east coa...RUSHINADHA KAKARA
This document describes a study that generated DNA barcodes from fish species collected at a fishing harbor in Visakhapatnam, India. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of 50 fish individuals and a 658 base pair region of the COI gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using tools like ORF finder, BLAST, and multiple sequence alignment. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to investigate relationships between sequences. The goals were to create a reference barcode library for the region and investigate species identification and potential cryptic species. The study focused on analyzing barcodes of Tripletail fish, which previous work on barcoding this species is limited.
The inhibitory activity of L. crispatus against uropathogenes in vitroIJMCERJournal
ABSTRACT: Bacterial interference refers to the use of bacteria of virulence to compete with and protect against
colonization and infection by disease causing organisms. In this study, L. crispatus strain was used to detect its
antibacterial activity towered five species (one Gram-positive and four Gram-negative ) of the most common bacteria
causing urinary tract infection. L. crispatus completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus , while it had no
inhibitory effect on three of the other species.
Key Words: inhibitory activity, L. crispatus, uropathogens
This document summarizes a scientific study that found evidence of three members of the Culex pipiens mosquito complex in the Netherlands - Culex pipiens biotype molestus, Culex pipiens biotype pipiens, and hybrids between the two biotypes. Mosquitoes were collected from underground metro stations in Amsterdam where nuisance biting had been reported. Molecular analysis identified 18 specimens as biotype molestus, 2 as biotype pipiens, and 9 as hybrids, providing the first evidence of biotype molestus and pipiens hybrids in northern Europe. The presence of these different forms, which have varying vector capacities, has implications for understanding West Nile virus
1.paola 5.anthony hernandez phages report pdf correctedpcaballero21
This study isolated and characterized a novel mycobacteriophage (bacterial virus) named Incognito from soil in Puerto Rico. Incognito was isolated from soil collected under a plantain tree and purified through plaque purification. Electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis were used to characterize the phage's morphology and protein profile. Incognito produced turbid plaques and had a concentration of 3 x 107 plaque forming units per mL. Its protein profile showed similarities to other mycobacteriophages. This study demonstrates that Puerto Rico's tropical environment supports diverse phage populations with potential applications in phage therapy.
This document discusses a study that characterized Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolates from poultry farm environments in Tunisia. Samples from 8 farms yielded 21 Salmonella isolates, including 16 S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. PFGE identified 2 types, plasmid profiling found 4 types, and most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. Combined methods showed the spread of a particular S. enteritidis clone related to a major worldwide clone.
This document is a thesis presented by Robert Wayne Gammon Pitman to the Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering department at Ohio State University in 2013. The thesis examines using a self-cleaving intein protein and choline binding domain affinity tag to purify the antimicrobial peptide DEFA1 when expressed recombinantly in E. coli. The intein and affinity tag are fused to DEFA1 to form a fusion protein that is purified via affinity chromatography on a Q-Sepharose column. Successful purification and testing of the antimicrobial activity of purified DEFA1 could provide a method to increase recombinant yields of antimicrobial peptides for further study and scale-up.
Sample Project development of anitmicrobial peptidesThet Su Win
This document outlines a project to develop novel peptide-based antimicrobial agents to address the problem of antimicrobial resistance. The project will involve identifying potential peptide candidates through literature review and computational analysis, optimizing peptide designs in the laboratory, and conducting pre-clinical testing. A team will be assembled to carry out the work over 3 years. Progress will be monitored regularly. Funding will be sought from Mahidol University and a Norwegian biopharmaceutical company. The expected outcomes are prediction of drug-able peptides and completion of the project on schedule to support further development.
PREDICTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES USING MACHINE LEARNING METHODSBilal Nizami
Increasing resistance toward the conventional antibiotics has become a global concern. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potential alternatives for conventional antibiotics. Due to cost related reasons in designing and synthesis of AMPs. Machine learning based prediction tools are indispensable.
Antimicrobial peptides and innate immunitySpringer
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are part of the innate immunity in plants. It discusses five classes of AMPs found in plants - thionins, defensins, lipid transfer proteins, snakins, and related knotteins/cyclotides/hevein-like peptides. Thionins are the first AMP isolated from plants and are cationic peptides containing disulfide bridges that primarily act on microbial membranes. Plant AMPs play a role in the constitutive and induced defenses of plants against pathogens.
This document summarizes antimicrobial peptides and proteins found in human skin. It discusses how lysozyme, dermcidin, cathelicidin LL-37, RNase 7, and psoriasin are expressed in skin and sweat glands and play a role in the innate immune defense of skin against microorganisms. It provides details on the expression patterns, antimicrobial activities, and proposed functions of these skin-derived antimicrobial peptides and proteins in maintaining a protective chemical barrier against infection on the skin surface.
New methodologies of investigation of model peptides-lipids systems and appli...Barbara Perrone
The tilt angle of helical peptides reconstituted in non-oriented membranes can be derived by 15N powder patterns line-shape analysis. This approach allows more physiological-like conditions compared with conventional oriented SS-NMR spectroscopy, but spectral distortions at the isotropic chemical shift compromise the precision and the interpretation of the measure. Our new method, RODEO, recovers the theoretical powder pattern line-shape by ROtor-Directed Exchange of Orientations Cross-Polarization. Firstly, RODEO was tested on designed peptides in unoriented model membranes. Successively, we applied it to the antimicrobial peptide PLAH4 in extracted lipid mixtures, and, for the first time, in vivo, in Escherichia coli.
In the second part of this work, we present some unexpected solid-state NMR, oriented circular dichroism and X-ray scattering results of the antimicrobial peptide LAH4 in the presence of citrate. It was previously shown that the LAH4-helix adopts an in-plane orientation in acidic conditions, while, at neutral pH, the peptide adopts a trans-membrane orientation. In contrast, we found that when citrate buffer is added to regulate the pH at 5, the peptide inserts in a transmembrane manner. Some possible explanations are suggested.
The document discusses the classification and problems arising from antimicrobial agents. It classifies antimicrobials based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, type of organism acted on, and more. It also discusses various problems that can arise from antimicrobial use, including toxicity, resistance (both natural and acquired), superinfections, and more. Choosing the appropriate antimicrobial considers patient factors, the organism, and drug properties.
Fish protein hydrolysates are a source of bioactive peptides. Enzymatic hydrolysis of fish proteins produces peptides of varying sizes that can have physiological effects in the body. These bioactive peptides are 2-20 amino acids in length and may have antihypertensive, antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, or anti-appetizing effects. Bioactive peptides are produced from fish proteins through enzymatic hydrolysis, fractionation by size, and identification of individual peptides using techniques like mass spectrometry. Some peptides from fish protein hydrolysates have been shown to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme and have antioxidant effects like scavenging free radicals. These bioactive peptides have potential to be incorporated into
Amino acids are monomers that join together via peptide bonds to form polymer chains called polypeptides or proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up human proteins. Amino acids have an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique R group that determines their properties. Forming a dipeptide from two amino acids is a condensation reaction that releases a water molecule. Breaking a dipeptide into its constituent amino acids requires hydrolysis and absorbs a water molecule. Longer chains of amino acids are called oligopeptides or polypeptides.
Antibiotic susceptibility testing بكتريا عملي في رحاب الله
The document discusses antimicrobial susceptibility testing. It begins by defining antibiotics and classifying different types of antibiotics based on their mechanism of action and targets, such as cell wall synthesis inhibitors and protein synthesis inhibitors. It then describes two common methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing - the disk diffusion method and Etest. The disk diffusion method involves measuring the zone of inhibition around disks containing different antibiotics. The Etest provides minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by using plastic strips with gradients of antibiotic concentrations. Interpretive criteria are used to determine if a bacteria is susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to a given antibiotic.
Glycopeptide and peptide antibiotics have a variety of structures and mechanisms of action. Glycopeptides like vancomycin and teicoplanin contain cross-linked amino acids and sugars. They are effective against gram-positive bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Peptide antibiotics contain amino acids or modified amino acids. Bacitracin inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking dephosphorylation. Polymyxin B and colistin disrupt membranes. Gramicidin forms channels in membranes, disrupting the ion gradient.
Computational prediction of antimicrobial peptide activityThet Su Win
This document summarizes computational approaches for predicting antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity. It discusses the challenges of antimicrobial resistance and the potential of AMPs and peptides as novel drugs. The document reviews several machine learning algorithms for AMP prediction, including random forest, support vector machine, discriminant analysis, and k-nearest neighbors. These algorithms were tested on datasets from databases like CAMP and NCBI, using features like amino acid composition, physicochemical properties, and sequence alignment. The random forest and k-nearest neighbors algorithms achieved the best performance in predicting AMPs. Overall, computational tools can help design novel AMPs, but laboratory testing is still needed given challenges like instability, toxicity and FDA approval requirements.
Recombinant DNA technology involves intentionally modifying the genomes of organisms for practical purposes such as eliminating undesirable traits, combining beneficial traits from different organisms, and creating organisms that synthesize useful products. It utilizes tools such as restriction enzymes, vectors, gene libraries, PCR, gel electrophoresis and Southern blots. Applications include genetic mapping, environmental studies, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and more. However, long-term effects are unknown and there are safety concerns about natural gene transfers and unintended consequences.
Peptide bonds form during translation within ribosomes and connect amino acids into polypeptide chains that fold into protein structures. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed through a dehydration synthesis reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next. This reaction involves the loss of a water molecule as the carboxyl oxygen and amine hydrogen are removed to connect the amino acids. Peptide bonds make up the backbone of proteins by linking the 20 common amino acids together end to end.
El documento discute las implicaciones de considerar la educación como un derecho universal. Mientras que promueve la igualdad, no significa igualar a todos los individuos, ya que cada persona es única debido a sus experiencias y orígenes. Excluir a un individuo de la educación puede conducir a problemas sociales y dificultades para encontrar un lugar en la sociedad. El autor propone la diversificación pedagógica para trabajar con la diversidad del alumnado y promover al mismo tiempo una educación igual para todos.
This document is an introduction to a treatise on the Islamic concept of ijtihad, which refers to independent reasoning and the reconsideration of law to address changing social needs and conditions. The introduction provides background on how Muslims once led the world in scientific progress but then stagnated by rejecting ijtihad. It argues that reconciling divine principles with changing realities through ongoing ijtihad is necessary for Muslims to properly regulate life and cope with modern demands. The author, Shaykh-ul-Islam Dr. Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri, aims to revive ijtihad among Muslims to help the community abandon rigidity and extremism in favor of moderation and flexibility, thereby regaining its lost glory
GUÍA DIDÁCTICA MEDIO 3 PREZI ALIMENTACIÓN SALUDABLE.docxjosecaceresesp
Este documento presenta una guía didáctica para enseñar sobre alimentación saludable a estudiantes de primaria utilizando Prezi. La guía explica que Prezi se usará para dinamizar la lección e involucrar a los estudiantes. La presentación cubrirá el origen de los alimentos, los grupos de alimentos y la importancia de una dieta equilibrada, con actividades interactivas para los estudiantes. El objetivo es motivar a los estudiantes a adoptar hábitos alimenticios saludables.
JLL Pittsburgh Office Outlook - Q4 2015Andrew Batson
JLL's Pittsburgh Office Outlook identifies the top trends driving the local real estate market. The report also includes an analysis of market statistics, leasing activity, notable sales transactions and economic conditions.
This study isolated endophytic bacteria from the seaweed Amphiroa anceps collected off the coast of India. 20 bacterial strains were isolated and their ability to inhibit common poultry pathogens like Vibrio, Streptococcus, and Yersinia pestis was tested. 8 strains showed sensitivity against the pathogens. The most effective strains, SW4 and SW20, had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 125 μg/ml against Vibrio. SW4 and SW16 inhibited Yersinia pestis at 250 μg/ml. The study was investigating the antibacterial properties of secondary metabolites from these endophytic marine bacteria.
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
Identification of fish species using dna barcode from visakhapatnam, east coa...RUSHINADHA KAKARA
This document describes a study that generated DNA barcodes for fish species found at a fishing harbor in Visakhapatnam, India. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of 50 fish individuals representing different species. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region of the mitochondrial DNA was amplified and sequenced. The resulting DNA barcodes were analyzed using bioinformatics tools including BLAST searches and multiple sequence alignments. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to examine relationships between species. One objective was to investigate potential misidentification of Tripletail fish and develop a reference barcode library for species identification in the study area.
Bioactive potential of sea urchin temnopleurus toreumaticus from devanampatti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioactive potential of the sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus. Biochemical analysis found proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the aqueous extract. Hemolytic assays showed the extract had hemolytic activity against various blood cells. Cytotoxicity assays found the extract was toxic to brine shrimp at certain concentrations. Antimicrobial assays indicated the extract inhibited some bacteria and fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in the extract. Overall, the results suggest the sea urchin extract has hemolytic, cytotoxic, and some antimicrobial activity.
Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying concentrations of water soluble fractions of rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) on the survival of fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) over 96 hours under laboratory conditions. Observations of moribund swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, and depigmentation were seen in fish exposed to the rubber extract. The lethal concentration that killed 50% of the fish (LC50) was estimated to be 50.12 mg/L. No significant differences in mortality were found between replicate test groups. The study concluded that the water soluble fraction of rubber extract had toxic effects on the catfish in a concentration-dependent manner.
104_5288am0704_745_751 Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Domina...Dr-Alaa Said
This document summarizes a study that identified and evaluated the antibacterial activity of marine algae from Tolmeta coasts in Libya. Thirty-four species of marine algae from 26 genera were identified during sampling visits in 2009. The most dominant species was Padina pavonia. Methanolic extracts of P. pavonia were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and compared to several antibiotics. The extracts and antibiotics affected the growth of E. coli to varying degrees, with some antibiotics ranking higher than the algal extract. Only one antibiotic affected S. aureus. In conclusion, the study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the dominant algal species P. pavonia from Tolmeta
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the genotoxic effects of an aqueous extract of Goji berry (Lyciumbarbarum) using micronucleus and comet assays in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an experimental group that received 200 mg/kg of the Goji berry extract orally, a positive control group that received cyclophosphamide, and a negative control group. The comet assay showed no significant increase in DNA damage in the experimental group compared to the negative control group at 4 or 24 hours. The micronucleus test also found no significant difference in micronuclei between the experimental and negative control groups for acute or chronic exposure. The results suggest that the Goji berry
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
2-IJMS-Control of bacterial fish pathogens - IJMS-RP,GJ,SAS,RJRavindragouda Patil
This study isolated actinomycetes from marine sediments along the coast of Tuticorin, India. Of the 104 isolates screened, 77 were found to inhibit at least one bacterial fish pathogen. All inhibitory isolates were identified as Streptomyces. The highest numbers of inhibitory isolates came from sediment samples. This suggests antagonistic marine Streptomyces or their antibacterial substances could potentially be used as antibiotics in aquaculture to control diseases caused by drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
A laboratory bioassay of the potential effect of rubber extract (hevea brasil...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a laboratory study that investigated the potential toxic effects of the water soluble fraction of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) latex on the survival of fingerlings of the tilapia species Oreochromis niloticus over 96 hours. 240 tilapia fingerlings were exposed to concentrations ranging from 0-40mg/L of the rubber extract. Behavioral effects like loss of balance and respiratory difficulties were observed, along with mortality rates that increased with concentration. The LC50 was estimated to be 28.50mg/L. Mortality rates varied between replicate groups, suggesting individual organisms responded differently to the toxic effects.
This study examined the parasites of the Señorita Wrasse fish in the Santa Barbara kelp forests. A total of 12 fish were dissected and 7 groups of parasites were found, including nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, and acanthocephalans. Most parasites were found as larvae, indicating the fish acts as an intermediate host. Nematodes had the highest prevalence and intensity. Several species of trematodes, cestodes, and acanthocephalans were also found. The identification of these trophically transmitted parasites provides insights into possible predator-prey relationships in the kelp forest food web, with the fish linking lower trophic levels like crustaceans to higher
Emerging Diversity Within Well-known Heterotrophic Flagellates Groups Reveal...Javier del Campo
During the last ten years, an overwhelming amount of data has been generated from culturing independent techniques to study the diversity of marine protists. These studies show a large diversity and the existence of new groups, such as for MAST (Marine Stramenopiles) or MALV (Marine Alveolates). However, a large part of these sequences has not been analysed together, and constitutes a potentially important source of information related with protists diversity and distribution. Using sequences from our studies and from GenBank and CAMERA, we have been able to define several novel clades in three important marine representative groups such are Choanoflagellates, Chrysophytes and Bicosecids. Most of the novel clades correspond to uncultured organisms. Analyzing all sequences together permits to observe this diversity, which was already presented by generally ignored. Only an important data mining work developed using GenBank allows this novel diversity hidden inside well know groups to emerge from the enormous sea of data generated.
Isolation of typical marine bacteria by dilution culture - growth, maintenanc...ITSON
Isolation of Typical Marine Bacteria by Dilution Culture: Growth, Maintenance, and Characteristics of Isolates under Laboratory Conditions - FRITS SCHUT
This study isolated actinomycetes from marine samples in Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India and tested their inhibitory activity against fish pathogens. Higher bacterial populations were found in sediment than water samples. 46 actinomycete strains were isolated, of which 36 showed antagonism against E. coli in a screening assay. Nine highly antagonistic isolates were further tested against fish pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, Vibrio fischeri, V. vulnificus, Edwardsiella tarda and Pasteurella spp. using a cross-streak assay. Most isolates inhibited all pathogens. Isolate A15 strongly inhibited all pathogens and was identified as Streptomy
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Similar to Antimicrobial Activity Mucus D. Latifrons (20)
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...
Antimicrobial Activity Mucus D. Latifrons
1. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, December 2012. Vol. 6(4), p. Proof
* To whom all correspondence should be addressed.
Facultad de Ingeniería Marítima Ciencias Biológicas
Oceánicas y Recursos Naturales (FIMCBOR).
Laboratorio de Biología 17-01-1076, Guayaquil,
Ecuador. Tel: +593 4 2269450; fax: +593 4 2850663.
E-mail addresses:mmunoz@espol.edu.ec
Presence of Antimicrobial Activity in the Mucus
of Chame Fish (Dormitator latifrons)
Mario Del Rosarioa
, Helena De la Torrea
, Daniel Reyesa
, Alvaro Noboaa
,
Luis Salazara
, Ecuador Marcillob
, Jerry Landívarb
and Marcelo Muñoza
.
a
Laboratorio de Biología, Facultad de Ingeniería Marítima Ciencias Biológicas Oceánicas y Recursos
Naturales (FIMCBOR). Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)17-01-1076 Guayaquil, Ecuador.
b
Laboratorio de Ictiología, Facultad de Ingeniería Marítima Ciencias Biológicas Oceánicas y Recursos
Naturales (FIMCBOR). Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)17-01-1076 Guayaquil, Ecuador.
(Received: 26 December 2011; accepted: 21 February 2012)
The present work describes the presence of antimicrobial activity of chame fish
mucus (Dormitator latifrons) over different Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria types. On
this way, it was shown the inhibitory effect of chame mucus over 2 of 3 analyzed strains
bacillus type. Furthermore, it was determined the existence of a strong inhibitory effect in
chame mucus over Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio harveyi strains. Also it was observed,
though in lower magnitude, an inhibitory effect over a Vibrio anguillarum strain. The
preliminary information obtained on this study suggests the presence of antibacterial
agents in chame fish mucus, which could be used in the future with an application in
animal and human health.
Key words: Chame, Mucus, Vibrio, Bacillus, Antibacterial activity.
Chame (Dormitator latifrons) belongs to
the family Eleotridae, it is widely distributed along
the Pacific coast of America, that comprises from
the southern part of California to the northern part
of Peru (Department of Lambayeque). In Ecuador,
it is found in The San Lorenzo Estuary, the
Esmeraldas Delta River, Chone Delta River,
Portoviejo River, Guayas River and Santa Rosa
Estuary. Because of the benefits this fish presents
for aquatic farming, it is produced in an artisanal
way especially in the Province of Manabi on
traditional “chameras” (chame farms) (Bonifaz et
al., 1985). The present work deals with a
microbiology framework related particularly to
mucus glandular cells, they present a narrow
bottleneck shape that extends to the inside of the
animal dermis and it is broadly distributed among
plane epidermis cells in chame. These cells secrete
mucus; this glandular product meets multiple
functions, they are: allowing the animal a better
displacement on its medium, the mucus seems to
accomplish the mission of expelling
microorganisms, irritating substances. Chame’s
characteristic odor is due to the mucus. Thus, the
mucus would accomplish an interspecific way of
communication within shoals (Lagler et al., 1984).
On natural conditions, marshes, favorite
habitat for this fish, they represent open spaces
where a good water quality is not provided, adding
the abundant surrounding flora, this environment
is suitable for pathogenic agents propagation,
pejorative to these ecological niches, then through
a hyper secretion of mucus on chame, its mucus
2. J PURE APPL MICROBIO, 6(4), DECEMBER 2012.
2 ROSARIO et al.: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN THE MUCUS OF Dormitator latifrons
glandular cells would block virus action and
harmful bacteria.
It has been determined in other fish
species, the presence of antimicrobial activity from
protein extract in mucus (Subramaian et al., 2008;
Kuppulakshmi et al., 2009), moreover the activity
of certain enzymes such as L-amino-acid oxidase
with antibacterial properties, it is put in evidence
in black rock fish (Sebastes schelegeli) (Kitami et
al., 2007). These experiments show that the fish
mucus can work as part of the fish innate immune
system. This system would be the first defense
barrier of the fish, protecting them in such way,
against some microorganisms presented in their
habitat. In other experiments, it is shown the
presence of antimicrobial peptides found in mucus
and epithelial cells of different species of fish such
as pleurocidins in sole fish (Cole et al., 1997;
Douglas et al., 2003), oncorhycin in trout
(Fernandes et al., 2004; Fernandes et al., 2003),
moronecidin in striped bass (Lauth et al., 2002),
myxinidin in hagfish (Subramanian et al., 2009) and
parasin in catfish (Park et al., 1998).
The present work intends to show the
presence of antibacterial activity in mucus secreted
by epidermal cells in chame fish, using for this aim
Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. The use of both
bacteria has the objective to demonstrate that
antibacterial activity in mucus of chame has a broad
action spectrum.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
Biological material
Fish used on this study were donated by
a chame grow-out research facility located in the
Rocafuerte Canton, Province of Manabi. Mucus
samples were collected after obtaining them
through fish epidermis massage, using surgical
gloves; they were deposited in 1.5 mLtubes. Tested
microorganisms for antimicrobial activity bioassays
were strains identified as Bacillus sp. (1), Bacillus
sp. (2), Bacillus sp. (3), Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio
alginolyticus, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio
vulnificus. Furthermore, it was also used the strain
Escherichia coli D31 donated by The National
Center of Aquaculture and Marine Research
“Edgar Arellano” (CENAIM as its acronym in
Spanish) and The Services Center forAquaculture
(CSA, as its acronym in Spanish).
Bioassays of Antimicrobial activity through
inhibition halos
Tubes containing a volume of 15-20 ml of
Lennox broth were maintained in a 45°C (113 °F)
water bath, to avoid its solidification. On the tubes
were inoculated 2*106 bacteria and homogenized
with the assistant of a vortex, to being immediately
deposited in Petri dishes, assuring on this way
bacteria growth in the whole volume of the media.
Once the agar was solidified, five perforations were
accomplished, 0.6 cm in diameter each, with a sterile
Pasteur pipette. On the holes of every Petri dish
were deposited 30 µl of sample (plasma) and 30 µl
of a 1/10 dilution of the sample and a 1/100 dilution
of the same sample. The 2 remaining wells stand
for the bacteria growth control (adding sterile
saline solution in the hole), and the bacteria growth
inhibition compounded with Ethylenedi-
aminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 5%. Petri dishes
were incubated for more than 16 hours, necessary
time for detection of bacteria growth inhibition halos
around the wells.
Turbidimetric bioassay
The protocol for turbidimetric bioassays
was the one performed by Tapia, 1997 but using
Hepes buffer solution 0.1M at pH 7 for
microorganisms’ dissolution, as described in Lijima
et al., 2003. The bioassay was conducted with the
addition of sample, bacteria and broth culture. In
parallel, it was performed a positive control, a
negative control and a control for inhibition effect
using EDTA at 1% and 5%. The positive control
was performed placing the bacteria and the culture
broth. The negative control included a sample of
lysate supernatant of circulating cells and the
culture broth. Inhibition controls were
accomplished using EDTA solution (1 % or 5 %)
adding bacteria and broth culture. Each testing
samples and controls were performed by triplicate.
Results for each one of the strains are described
below as absorbance raw values (each treatment)
minus the value of absorbance in the negative
control. As a means to estimate the capacity of
inhibition in the different treatments, results are
also presented as an inhibition percentage; the
value of the inhibition percentage was obtained
using the formula:
Absorbance in treatment-Negative control
Inhibition %= 100
Positive control
×
3. J PURE APPL MICROBIO, 6(4), DECEMBER 2012.
3ROSARIO et al.: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN THE MUCUS OF Dormitator latifrons
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was accomplished
through one way ANOVA and then a comparison
of mean values with Sheffe test, using the software
Statistica.
RESULTS
In order to accomplish the evaluation of
antimicrobial activity by inhibition halos and
turbidimetric bioassays, it was necessary to
establish the equivalence between absorbance and
corresponding bacteria numbers through
spectrophotometry. Starting from these analyses,
it was established that the correspondence of an
absorbance value of 1 was approximately
equivalent to a density of 1.7 x 108 cells/ml of
Bacillus sp. (1), 1.1 x 108 cells/ml of Bacilus sp. (2),
6.9 x 108 cells/ml of Bacillus sp. (3), 1.9 x 108 cells/
mlofV. harveyi,3.6x109cells/mlof V.alginolyticus
and 2.8 x 109 cells/ml of V. anguillarum, 7.2 x 108
cells/ml of V. vulnificus and 1.16 x 109 cells/ml of E.
coli (D31).
Once established the spectrophotometric
relationship and the number of bacteria per mL,
then the antibacterial activity analysis was
performed. Results through inhibition halo of
mucus in chame using as testing strain the
bacterium E. coli D31 showed the presence of
antibacterial activity in the testing substance. Once
the presence of antibacterial activity was
demonstrated, it was necessary to perform
bioassays by turbidimetric method, in order to
quantify such activity in other studied strains.
Turbidimetric analysis of antibacterial
activity accomplished over the strains identified
as Bacillus sp. (1) in the raw mucus sample or in
the mucus dilution 1/10 of chame, they presented
absorbance values of 0.312±0.42 and 0.345±0.007.
These values did not present significant
differences (p<0.05) with respect to the obtained
value of the growth control of this strain 0.379±0.50.
Turbidimetric bioassays with strains identified as
Bacillus sp. (2) treated with chame mucus presented
absorbance values of 0.503±0.028. This value was
significantly different (p<0.05) to the absorbance
values obtained from strains of Bacillus sp. (2)
treatedwithdilutedchamemucus1/10(0.869±0.245)
and the growth control of such strain (0.958±0.193).
On the contrary, growth of Bacillus sp. (3) did not
show significant differences (p<0.05) between the
treatment with chame mucus (0.277±0.038), diluted
mucus (0.272±0.012) and the growth control
without treatment (0.272±0.015). The review of
analysis of results is presented on figure 1.
Additionally, it was determined inhibition
percentages for each values obtained with the
different bacillus strains used on this work, they
are presented on figure 2. Related to the presence
of antimicrobial activity over Gram (-) bacteria, it
was determined this activity against 4 different
types of bacteria strains of vibrio genus. Thus, the
growth measured as absorbance of bacteria
identified as V. algynoliticus did not present
significant differences (p<0.05) between the growth
control treatment (0.255±0.013), raw chame mucus
(0.290±0.08) and the diluted chame mucus 1/10
(0.277±0.055).Forantimicrobialanalysisperformed
with V. anguillarum, it was determined the level of
absorbance in the growth control treatment (0.048
±0.04), it presented significant differences with
respect to the value obtained in the chame sample
treatment (0.007±0.007). However, growth optical
density values of V. anguillarum after the treatment
with diluted chame mucus 1/10 (0.055±0.12) did
not present significant differences (p<0.05) with
respect to the growth control treatment.
Absorbance result values in V. vulnificus growth
subjected to the presence of raw mucus
(0.11±0.020) and diluted mucus (0.065±0.013)
presented significant differences (p<0.05) with
respect to the control treatment. Also, it was
possible to demonstrate significant differences in
the absorbance obtained between V. vulnificus
bacteria treated with chame mucus and chame
diluted mucus samples 1/10. At the same time,
optical density values in bacteria growth using
the strain identified as V. harveyi treated with chame
mucus (0.021±0.031) and diluted chame mucus
(0.022±0.019) presented significant differences
(p<0.005) in relation to the absorbance determined
inthecontroltreatment(0.182±0.012).Furthermore,
it was not determined any significant difference
(p<0.05) in the growth absorbance in bacteria
identified as V. harveyi treated with chame mucus
and diluted chame mucus 1/10 among them. The
review of results determined over antibacterial
activity of chame mucus in some strains of vibrio
genus is presented on figure 3.
Inhibition percentage values found for
4. J PURE APPL MICROBIO, 6(4), DECEMBER 2012.
4 ROSARIO et al.: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN THE MUCUS OF Dormitator latifrons
Fig. 1. Determination of bacteria growth through
spectophotometry obtained at 650 çm in the growth
of three bacillus strains. 1) Absorbance in the
growth of Bacillus sp. 1 with different treatments.
2) Absorbance in the bacteria growth of the strain
identified as Bacillus sp. 2 using different testing
substances. 3) Absorbance in bacteria growth of
Bacillus sp. 3 after its exposition to different
substances. CT(+), Absorbance in growth of
different bacillus without any treatment. CT(-), it
represents the absorbance of bacteria growth of each
one of the bacillus strains exposed to EDTA 1%.
MC, it represents the absorbance in growth of
different bacillus after being in contact with chame
mucus. MC 1/10, it represents the absorbance in
growth of different bacteria strains confronted
respectively with diluted chame mucus 1/10.
Fig. 2. Inhibition percentage of chame mucus against
three different bacillus types. 1) Inhibition percentage
determined against the strain identified as Bacillus sp.
1. 2) Inhibition percentage determined against the
strain identified as Bacillus sp. 2. 3) Inhibition
percentage determined against the strain identified as
Bacillus sp. 3. CT (-), it represents the inhibition
percentage of each one of the bacteria strains exposed
to EDTA 1%. MC, it describes the growth inhibition
percentage of bacteria strains after being in contact
with chame mucus. MC 1/10, it represents the
growth inhibition percentage of different bacteria
strains confronted respectively with diluted chame
mucus 1/10
5. J PURE APPL MICROBIO, 6(4), DECEMBER 2012.
5ROSARIO et al.: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN THE MUCUS OF Dormitator latifrons
Fig. 3. Determination of bacteria growth through spectrophotometry obtained at 650 çm on t
hree bacillus strains. 1) Absorbance in V. alginolyticus growth with different treatments. 2) Absorbance
in bacteria growth with the strain identified as V. anguillarum, using different testing substances.
3) Absorbance in bacteria growth of V. vulnificus. 4) Absorbance in growth of V. harveyi after exposition
to different treatments. CT (+), Absorbance in growth of different bacillus without any treatment. CT (-), it
represents the absorbance in bacteria growth on each one of the bacillus strains exposed to EDTA 1%.
MC, it represents the absorbance in growth of different bacillus after being in contact with chame mucus.
MC 1/10, it represents the absorbance in growth of different bacteria strains confronted
respectively with diluted chame mucus 1/10
each one of the strains of vibrio genus used on
this study are presented on figure 4.
DISCUSSION
In order to establish suitable conditions
for the accomplishment of antibacterial bioassays,
it was determined through spectrophotometry the
number of cells, according to the optical density
for the different strains used on this study. Results
in the control strain of this bioassay using E. coli
D31 presented a value 1.16 x 109 which it is closed
to the theoretical expected value of 1.2 x 109 (Tapia,
1997), this validates the results obtained with
different strains used on this bioassay.
The results obtained in the turbidimetric
bioassays of antibacterial activity against Gram
(+) strains present a slightly inhibitory effect of
chame mucus over these strains. However, it could
not be determined if a truly inhibitory effect exists
over Bacillus sp. (1) and Bacillus sp. (3) strains,
with low percentages of inhibition (17% and 10%
respectively), they do not present values
significantly different to the values in the control
growth. This could be found in relationship with
the sensibility of the technique, which probably
could not permit to detect a low antibacterial
activity or the absence of inhibitory effect of chame
mucus over these strains. On the contrary, the
inhibitory effect shown over Gram (+) strain
Bacillus sp. (2) with the chame mucus was of 46%,
these values are significantly different to those in
the control growth, this demonstrates the existence
of a truly inhibition. Thus, it is possible to infer
that the chame mucus has an inhibitory effect over
some Gram (+) bacteria strains Bacillus type.
6. J PURE APPL MICROBIO, 6(4), DECEMBER 2012.
6 ROSARIO et al.: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN THE MUCUS OF Dormitator latifrons
Fig. 4. Inhibition percentage in chame mucus against four different vibrio types. 1) Inhibition
percentage determined against the strain identified as V. alginolyticus. 2) Inhibition percentage
determined against the strain identified as V. anguillarum. 3) Inhibition percentage determined
against the strain identified as V. vulnificus. 3) Inhibition percentage determined against the strain
identified as V. harveyi. CT (-), it represents the inhibition percentage of every one of the bacteria
strains exposed to EDTA 1%. MC, it describes the inhibition percentage in growth of bacteria strains
after being in contact with chame mucus. MC 1/10, it represents the inhibition percentage in growth
of different bacteria strains confronted respectively with diluted chame mucus 1/10
Regarding to Gram (-) vibrio strains used
in the turbidimetric bioassays, it is clearly possible
to determine a strong inhibitory effect of chame
mucus over V. harveyi and V. vulnificus growth
closed to 100% of inhibition. This activity was
important over these strains even when diluted
chame mucus 1/10 was used for the bioassays.
Moreover, it was also detected an important
antibacterial activity over V. anguillarum 83%,
though this effect it is lost when the mucus is
diluted 1/10. Finally, it was never detected
antibacterial activity of chame mucus over V.
alguinolyticus strain.
The presence of antibacterial activities
of chame mucus over different bacteria Gram (+)
and Gram (-) types, it implies that the inhibitory
effect is of broad spectrum. On these instances,
it is very difficult to determine the origin of this
antibacterial activity found in the dermal
secretions of chame fish. This could have different
origins; one of those could be related to the
presence of antibacterial peptides that could be
presented in the dermal secretions as it has been
shown in other fish either freshwater or marine
fish. However, it cannot be discarded that such
activity is possible due to the presence of some
kind of enzyme or other component of different
chemical nature that could be responsible of such
activity. From other point of view, it is necessary
to analyze that the antibacterial action put in
evidence in the chame mucus does not only have
its origin in only one component and it could be
7. J PURE APPL MICROBIO, 6(4), DECEMBER 2012.
7ROSARIO et al.: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN THE MUCUS OF Dormitator latifrons
the product of a synergism between different
components.
From the physiological point of view, the
present research gives indications about the
resilience of this fish to develop itself in
inhospitable places, and then the secretion of
certain components in the chame mucus could
confer some type of innate immunity. This
immunity, as it was demonstrated on this research,
could work in a selective way, based on the fact
that some strains were not inhibited under
exposition of chame mucus. This particular can
indicate some type of physiological adaptation to
certain environments in order to confer certain
resistance to these animals, fact that allows
defending themselves in a selective way against
certain type of bacteria strains. Thus, it is possible
to maintain the hypothesis, that no matter the origin
of antibacterial activity put in evidence, this could
be the evolutionary result of this fish to
environments in which they inhabit.
The present research is according to our
knowledge, the first attempt to establish the
presence of antibacterial activity in a fish of the
Ecuadorian littoral. Moreover, it presents the
originality of the species. Because of their living
conditions in an extreme habitat, it represents a
good candidate for molecules search with
antibacterial properties and probably original to
the structure level.
CONCLUSIONS
The present research determined the
presence of antimicrobial activity of chame mucus
against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. Thus, it
was possible to determine the inhibitory effect of
chame mucus over strains codified as Bacillus sp.
(2), V. anguillarum, V. vulnificus and Vibrio harveyi.
This study opens new perspectives and basic sets,
both to define the origin of this antibacterial activity
and to determine its effect in the innate immune
response of chame fish.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors wish to thank to the Centro
Nacional deAcuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas
(CENAIM) for the donation of some bacteria
strains used on this work. Authors wish to
particularly thank to the Centro de
ServiciosparaAcuicultura (CSA) and its staff to
lend its facilities for the accomplishment of this
work and the donation of strains for this study.
The present study was co-funded as "Seed
Project" by the Centro de InvestigaciónCientífica
y Tecnologica (CICYT) of Escuela Superior
Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) and the Facultad
de Ingeniería Marítima Ciencias Biológicas
Oceánicas y Recursos Naturalesof ESPOL.
Authors wish to also thank to MoisesTacle for his
support to research within ESPOL and in particular
to this project.
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