The document covers the history and principles of ideal gases, including Avogadro's number, the ideal gas law, and real gas behavior. It explains key concepts such as the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature, alongside real-life applications of gas laws, such as in safety and efficiency. Additionally, it discusses notable contributions from figures like Emile Clapeyron and Boltzmann in thermodynamics and atomic theory.

1. IDEAL GAS & LAWS
PRESENTED BY
FARHAN QASIM
SALIHA MUNIR
NIDA NADEEM
ASSIGNED BY
DR. NOSHEEN AKBAR

2. OUTLINE
HISTORY OF IDEAL GAS
AVOGADRO S NUMBER
IDEAL GAS
REAL GAS
IDEAL GAS LAW
BOLTZMANN CONSTANT
WORK DONE BY IDEAL GAS AT CONSTANT TEMP/
VOLUME / PRESSURE
Applications of varoius LAWS

3. HISTORY OF IDEAL GAS
Emile Clapeyron was a French Engineer And Physicist ,
one of the founders of thermodynamics.
In 1984 Emile Clapeyron is able to combine the LAWS of
Boyles , Charles and Avogadros into a form known as
IDEAL GAS EQUATION.

4. AVOGADRO S NUMBER

5. CARBON 12
One mole of a substance
contains as many particles as
there are atoms in 12 grams of
the isotope cabron-12.

6. IDEAL GAS
1-An ideal gas is an idealized
model for real gases that have
sufficiently low densities.
2-The condition of low density
means that the molecules are so
far apart that they do not interact
except during collisions, which are
effectively elastic.

7. If ideal gases are not exist in nature then why we
study ideal gases?

8. 1. Because many gases under usual pressures
behave almost like an ideal gas
1. Ideal conditions required for a gas to be
Ideal do not exist, that s why Ideal gases
do not exist in practical life

9. Real Gases
Real gases are non-
hypothetical gases whose
molecules occupy space
and have interactions;
consequently, they adhere
to gas laws.

10. IDEAL GAS LAW
The Ideal Gas Law. The volume (V) occupied by n
moles of any gas has a pressure (P) at
temperature (T) in Kelvin. The relationship for
these variables, P V = n R T, where R is known as
the gas constant, is called the ideal gas law or
equation of state.

11. UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT (R)
The gas constant R is 8.314 J
/ mol. K

12. What is this?

13. Boltzmann Constant
He was the founder of modern atomic theory
He present the kinetic molecular theory of Gases

14. Derivation of Boltzmann constant

15. Work done at constant temperature
The area under the curve shows the work
done in an isothermal process. Vf is the final
volume, and Vi is the initial volume: Because
the temperature stays constant in an
isothermal process and because the internal
energy for an ideal gas equals (3/2)nRT, the
internal energy doesn't change.

17. The pressure is constant, the force exerted is constant and the work
done is given as PΔV. An isobaric expansion of a gas requires heat
transfer to keep the pressure constant. An isochoric process is one in
which the volume is held constant, meaning that the work done by the
system will be zero.
Work done at constant volume and pressure

19. Application of Ideal Gas Law
❖ 1-Molar volume of gas at STP
❖ The volume of one mole of a Gas at standard temperature and
pressure (STP)
❖ Temperature (T)= 0C = 273.15k
❖ Pressure (P) = 1.00 atm
❖ For comapring any two gases its impotant that bpoth gases shuold
have the same SATANDERD CONDITIONS

21. Example
If you have one mole of Oxygen
(O2) or Helium (He) or any other
Gases then the
One molar volume of that Gas At
Standard Temperature and
Pressure (STP) is equal to the 22.4
L (litre)

22. 2- Density of Gas at STP
we have to solve the equation for volume (V). V = nRT / P. To
incorporate mass, we can use the number of moles( n). The number of
moles equals the mass of the gas divided by the molecular mass.
Molecular mass is the mass calculated by adding atomic masses in the
chemical formula.

23. Density of Gas at STP
Example

24. 3-Molar mass of Gas at STP

25. 4-charles law real life application
1-The moment nozzle goes down, the seal in the can released, the
propellant instantly boils and expand into gas , the product is trying to
escape at high pressure and expand its volume in the atmosphere where
there is less pressure .
2-Charles Law states that gas should occupy more space when heated, but
the tire does not expand very much. This cause the tyre pressure to be very
high when warm , thats why some tyre is explode in hot summer day.

26. Gay Lussacs Law real life Application
1-When gun powder burns it created large amount of super heated gas, The
high pressure of the hot gas behind the bullet forces it out of the barrel of
the gun.

27. Avogadros real life application
When we breathe molecules fill up our lungs and it expand, exhaling
decreases the volume of our lungs