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Ict models for agricultural development
This document discusses various ICT models that have been used for agricultural development in India. It begins by outlining issues currently facing Indian agriculture like decreased contribution to GDP and lack of agricultural labor. It then discusses how ICT can help address these issues by providing better extension services with limited extension workers. Several ICT tools that have been implemented are described, like email, websites, expert systems, videoconferencing, call centers, and webinars. Models of ICT projects are classified into categories like e-government, corporate social responsibility, public/private partnerships, and different approaches like e-commerce, hub-and-spoke, and knowledge platforms. Specific examples of ICT models implemented in India are outlined like e
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Ict models for agricultural development
- 1. ICT Models forAgricultural Development in India Dr Surya Rathore Principal Scientist (Extension Information Systems) Division of Extension Systems Management, NAARM, Hyderabad (TS) suryarathore@naarm.org.in
- 3. Issues in IndianAgriculture • Contribution of agriculture to GDP is reduced to 16% (2017-18)* from 51.9% (1950-51) • A paradigm shift from traditional agrarian economy to industry based economy • The survey of 5,000 farm households across 18 states says that 76 per cent farmers would prefer to do some work other than farming (CSDS report 2018) • Non-availability of Agricultural labour • *Source: Economic Survey
- 4. How to attractthe farmers towards agriculture? • Need for good support services for the farmers which include good extension and advisory services with financial solutions to their agrarian crises. • As far as the extension services are concerned, gone are the days when we had one extension worker for 300 farmers. • Now, the picture has changed and we are having one extension worker for 1000 farmers. • This widening ratio calls for some innovative extension methodologies
- 5. ICT is theanswer to this
- 6. What is ICT? •ICT refers to all communication technologies, including radio, Television, the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers, software, video-conferencing, social networking and other media applications and services enabling users to access, retrieve, store, transmit, and manipulate information in a digital form.
- 7. Indian scenario • Oneof the highest populations, more than 18 languages and scores of dialects • Second biggest software exporter globally, highest number of ICT projects implementation across the country, highest number of diaspora in the silicon valley, destination of one of the highest number of social entrepreneurs • Country full of natural resources, knowledge and wisdom, one of the largest pools of skilled and educated work force, the highest English speaking population in Asia • The highest number of information kiosks implemented across rural sectors • 45% of the world’s ICT projects implemented in India, one of the biggest e-government implementations including “digital voting system”
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- 9. ICT tools • e-mail:This is the most frequently used tool in cyber extension. It allows us to send and receive text and picture messages from others.
- 10. www • World WideWeb: The web is the most powerful place on the internet. World Wide Web is an organization of hypertext documents containing text, images, animation, sound video and increasingly interactive programmes. Websites all over the world can be accessed through World Wide Web.
- 11. Research findings • Accordingto an evaluation study conducted in 2010 on websites of State Agricultural Universities in India, it was found that majority of the SAUs websites were fair in usability criteria followed by only two websites that were good in usability while none fell under Poor category • For ease of farmers, the need of regional language has been stressed • Need for separate link for each type of user and information on Alumni was suggested • It was suggested to provide placement news and forms in website • Navigation should be stated in as clear and simple way as possible • Web pages with “Under construction” notes should be avoided • University should abide with the copyright laws for uploading content in the website
- 12. • www.agmarknet.nic.in • www.plantauthority.gov.in •www.actionaid.org • www.iffcolive.com • www.indiaagristat.com • www.isapindia.org • www.indiancommodities.com • www.agricoop.nic.in • www.apeda.com • www.mofpi.nic.in • www.upagriculture.org • www.kissankerela.net • www.rural.nic.in • www.agriexcahnge.in
- 13. Expert systems ofextension An expert system is an intelligent computer programme that uses knowledge and inference procedures to solve problems that are difficult enough to require human expertise for their solution. The knowledge necessary to perform at such a level plus inference procedures used can be thought of as a model of the expertise of the best practitioners in the field (Daniel Hunt, 1986)
- 14. Concept of Expertsystems of extension
- 15. Experts systems ofextension • IASRI has developed on maize, rice, jute, mushroom • IARI has developed expert system on various crops • IVRI has developed DSS on various animals and virtual dog doctor is in progress
- 16. Videoconferencing • Videoconferencing (orvideo conference) means to conduct a conference between two or more participants at different sites by using computer networks to transmit audio and video data. For example, a point-to- point (two-person) video conferencing system works much like a video telephone. Each participant has a video camera, microphone, and speakers mounted on his or her computer. As the two participants speak to one another, their voices are carried over the network and delivered to the other speakers and whatever images appear in front of the video camera appear in a window on the other participant's monitor. Multipoint videoconferencing allows three or more participants to sit in a virtual conference room and communicate as if they were sitting right next to each other
- 17. Call Centres andSatellite Communication network A call centre is a centralized office or facility that is equipped to handle large amounts of customer telephone requests for an organization. A call centre facility provides ample workspace for a large number of employees, typically referred to as "call agents," to administer telephone-based communications with customers. Call centers may also use a call center suite which includes tools for telephone switch functionality, intelligent routing, automatic call distribution, interactive voice response (IVR), outbound dialing, voice mail and other components. Large organizations may choose to outsource its call centre services, as a call centre will be able to provide the systems and trained workforce to provide quality service to customers.
- 18. KCC (2004) • KisanCall Centre: Toll free 1551, 1800-180-1551 • www.iksl.in (IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Ltd.) Level I Agriculture graduate Level II SMS Level III Experts outside state Within 72 hrs by post/fax/e-mail
- 19. News and discussiongroups • "Newsgroups" are the various groups dedicated to exchanging information about any given topic. Most if not all ISP's (Internet Service Provider, such as Telus) are connected to Usenet. Each has a news server that connects to one or more other central news servers around the world. These servers co- operate and exchange newsgroup postings on a very regular basis
- 20. Webinars • The serviceallows real-time point-to- point communications as well as multicast communications from one sender to many receivers. It offers data streams of text- based messages, voice and video chat to be shared simultaneously, across geographically dispersed locations. Applications for web conferencing include meetings, training events, lectures, or short presentations from any computer
- 21. Methods of ICT •Providing interaction among research scientists, extension workers, farmers and other rural people through e-mail. • Providing up to date news and information services • Question and Answer service involving farmers and experts • Creation and maintenance of statistical database • Providing status of government programmes and poverty alleviation schemes
- 22. Methods…… • Hosting websitesof major institutions in agricultural extension with package of practices • Provide internet access to village people through agriculture and rural development offices • Opening cyber cafes at village level to help extension workers and educated village people to access information from www • Providing video clips of method demonstration and audio files of local radio station programmes • Providing online classes for farmers on a group basis
- 23. Models of ICT •I Classification • E-governmental model: The projects sponsored and funded by government are essentially based on e-governance model. Example; www.kisan.gov.in • CSR Model
- 24. Corporate Social Responsibility Theprojects initiated by society groups and the corporate sector fall under the categories of social work or Corporate Social Responsibility
- 25. e-choupal • ITC Limitedhas provided computers and Internet access in rural areas across several agricultural regions of the country, where the farmers can directly negotiate the sale of their produce with ITC Limited. Online access enables farmers to obtain information on mandi prices, and good farming practices, and to place orders for agricultural inputs like seeds and fertilizers. This helps farmers improve the quality of their products, and helps in obtaining a better price.
- 26. II Classification • Publiccyber extension: www.agricoop.co.in • Private: e-choupal • Public –private initiative: Ap Online TCS and GoAP
- 27. III classification ofmodels • E-governance • Cyber trading and e-commerce business model • Hub and spokes model • Knowledge platform model • Moodle platform
- 28. e-governance • These typesof cyber extension projects provide the rural people with all information and services concerning government programmes and schemes including land records, health services and public utility services. Eg. The “Bhoomi” project in Karnataka today serves as an excellent example of governance in its ideal form, transparent and accountable. Today 6.7 million farmers of this southern state in India have access to 20 million land ownership records available with the government at the click of a button. Other examples are e-Shringhla, Drishtee, Gyan Ganga etc.
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- 30. Dhrishtee Drishtee has identified3 core pillars of sustainability: Livelihood, Services and Basic infrastructure. Drishtee has worked in the first phase of its growth on the services pillar. It has provided education, health, availability of household products and banking services for the last 13 years in over 5000 villages. Over the last 2 years, it has started focusing on the livelihood pillar which is expected to impact the maximum. It expects to partner with the Government and other larger stakeholders, to build the infrastructure pillar
- 31. • The VillageKnowledge Centres Project was • initiated in 1998 for sustainable food security in the • region by the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation • (MSSRF), a non-profit organization (NPO) and has • now become a useful network for rural development. • The MSSRF, Chennai; the government of the Union • Territory of Pondicherry, and nine villages in • Pondicherry have gone into a MOU for setting up the • Village Knowledge Centres. Based on the successful • operation of MSSRF VKC and People's acceptance • and involvement, the Government of Pondicherry • decided to connect all the villages in the UT using the • MSSRF model.
- 32. Cyber trading ande-commerce model • e-choupal A very good example of this model is ITC e- choupal project which started in 2000 with 23 tele-centres in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh and till now set up 4,100 kiosks (e- choupals) serving 21,000 villages and 2.4 million farmers in 6 states of India with more than Rs. 7.5 billion annual turnover. Indian Tobacco Company (ITC) Limited has established this India’s largest internet-based initiative and revoultionalised Agricultural Commodity Marketing in India by adding 7 e-choupals a day
- 33. Hub and spokes model •The model adopted for IVRP (Information Village Research Project) was a hub and spoke model with Villianur as the hub information center and all the other knowledge centers being connected to each other through this hub. • They bridge the knowledge, gender, and digital divides and empower the rural community by fostering participatory communication through lab-land, land-lab, lab- lab and land-land approaches. The goal of VRC- VKC is to promote equitable access to information and knowledge among households from socially and economically marginalized rural communities to make informed decisions and improve their livelihoods through effective use of ICT in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, Odisha, Pudhucherry and Andhra Pradesh.
- 34. Knowledge platform model •Here knowledge is provided to the farmer through expert system or information system. Ex: Agropedia portal, Srishti gujarat • KVK VSAT ICAR network provides e- connectivity to 200 Krishi Vigyan Kendras and Zonal Project Directorates spread across the country. KVKs/ZPDs are equipped with a Server, five desktop PCs, LAN, scanner, printer, and computer furniture to act as information hub for storing and disseminating information on agriculture and also providing online and offline guidance to the farmers.
- 35. Moodle platform • Moodleis the learning management platform being used which is open and free for all. Example could be Agrilife Extension of the US. It can host up to 100 courses for around 5000 users. There is a facility existing for Communities of Practice to develop and put online courses, some for direct and some are teacher assisted. Once a week, they have live chats, webinars, discussion boards, quizzes etc. In India, Directorate of Rice Research is also making efforts but this moodle is restricted to rice.
- 36. Example of AgrilifeExtension of US • http://agrilifeextension.tamu.edu
- 37. Model of Ministryof Agriculture (IV) • Websites/ Portals: Meeting information needs of farmers on Market price, Soil Health Card, Crop Insurance, Government schemes through Farmers’Portal, Agmarknet, Soil Health Card Portal, e-Nam, Crop Insurance etc. • Mobile Apps: Kisan Suvidha, Pusa Krishi • Basic mobile telephony: SMS, IVRS etc. mkisan.gov.in (2 crore) • Personalized Information through Call Centres (KCC) • Data Collection & Monitoring: CCE Agri App (harvesting to insurance loss estimation)
- 38. Model of Inclusivevalue chains (V) • Pre – production • Production • Post –harvest & Marketing • Financial services (Credit, payment savings, insurance) • Gathering & distribution of climate and other data
- 39. VI Model byRaj.et.al.(2015) • Advisory: KCC, mobile apps, Radio, T. V. • Information Management: Web portals, knowledge banks, expert systems, AIMS • Collaboration, sharing & partnerships: Social media, discussion groups • Gain Voice: CR, Telecentres, videos, virtual CoPs & Social media • Capacity development: ODL, Learning object repositories, MOOCs, survey & monitoring tools & applications
- 41. VII Model byStratigea (2011) To From Individual/Citizen Business Administration Individual/ Citizen C2C: Social networks, e- communities C2B: Citizens as clients- access to market places or businesses C2G: e-governance Business B2C: e-marketing, e- commerce, e-banking B2B: e-commerce, networking – virtual enterprise B2G: Access of business to public services Administration /Govt. G2C: e-government – provision of public services G2B: e- government G2G:
- 42. What is ArtificialIntelligence? The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages
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- 44. Sowing the seeds •High-tech agriculture starts at the very second that the seed is first placed in the ground. Experts in the field are familiar with “variable rate planting equipment” that does more than just planting a seed down into the soil somewhere.
- 45. Who's Picking YourFood? Companies are already producing robotic harvesting equipment, partially in response to labor gaps that have left farmers scrambling to harvest crops like fruits and berries. Harvest Croo, which has produced an autonomous strawberry picking machine, and Abundant Technologies, where a vacuum apparatus harvests mature apples from trees.
- 46. 46 Strawberry harvesting robot Source:http://www.lovingthemachine.com/2008/04/farmer-hails-strawberry-picking-robot.html
- 47. Eye in theSky • Drones being outfitted with precision sensors, in order to run the fields and get the data that's needed. These airborne surveillance engines can look for • Stunted crops • Signs of pest or weed damage • Dryness and many other variables that are part of the difficulty of farming in general
- 48. Pest and WeedControl • We know that artificial intelligence excels at image processing – computers can now “see” almost as well as we can. So by deploying mobile technologies with AI and computer vision built in, farmers can find weeds and eradicate them, instead of blanket spraying an entire crop.
- 49. Hortibot robot forweeding 49Source: http://www.lovingthemachine.com/2008/04/farmer-hails-weeding.html
- 50. The Farmer’s Alexa Artificialintelligence personalities like the smart home helper “Alexa” that are able to converse with farmers to help them figure out tough problems
- 51. Success Speaks AI-based sowing advisorieslead to 30% higher yields (ICRISAT, Microsoft) • AI Sowing App sends sowing advisories to participating farmers on the optimal date to sow. The best part – the farmers don’t need to install any sensors in their fields or incur any capital expenditure. All they need is a feature phone capable of receiving text messages (3000 farmers across AP & Karnataka increased yield 10-30%)
- 52. Pest attack prediction(ICRISAT & UPL) • About 3,000 marginal farmers with less than five acres of land holding in 50 villages across in Telangana, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh are receiving automated voice calls for their cotton crops. The calls indicate the risk of pest attacks based on weather conditions and crop stage in addition to the sowing advisories
- 53. Price forecasting modelfor Policy makers • Microsoft has developed a multivariate agricultural commodity price forecasting model to predict future commodity arrival and the corresponding prices. The model uses remote sensing data from geo- stationary satellite images to predict crop yields through every stage of farming.
- 54. An enabling atmosphere •Compared to the West and front runners of ICT adoption in Asia, such as China and South Korea, the culture and infrastructure needed to develop a base for the adoption of ICT in mainstream applications in India is in need of an impetus.
- 55. Enabling….. • Cloud computinginfrastructure, which is capable of storing large amounts of data and facilitating the huge amount of computing power essential for AI applications, is largely located on servers abroad. Hence, an AI-supportive cultural environment will require homegrown infrastructure.
- 56. Enabling….. • India willalso require ecosystem- fostering innovation. Fostering a culture of innovation and research beyond the organization is common to global technology giants. To encourage the same level of innovation in ICT research efforts in India, initiatives to hold events and build user communities in the field of ICT will go a long way