This document reviews the analysis and design of bullet resistant jackets through ballistic analysis. It discusses the use of composite materials like Kevlar, nylon, and aramids in bullet proof vests and how they deform and absorb impact when struck by bullets through simulations using ANSYS. It examines the properties of different materials, how they perform under high velocity impacts, and which materials absorb the most energy and deformation like Kevlar and nylon to better protect the wearer.
The document presents an experimental study on the effect of rivets on damping in jointed structures. Specifically, it investigates how the damping ratio of cantilever beams made of mild steel is affected by increasing the number of connecting rivets. Both experimental and finite element analysis are conducted. In the experiments, specimens of different thickness ratios and rivet configurations are tested using an FFT analyzer to determine their natural frequencies and damping ratios. The finite element models are developed in ANSYS and harmonic analysis is performed. The results show that the damping capacity increases substantially with more rivets, due to greater friction at the interfaces. Both experimental and FEA results are found to be in good agreement.
Effect of dynamic load impact of missile on mechanical behavior of ferrocementIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an investigation into the impact resistance of ferrocement panels reinforced with different materials when subjected to projectile impact. Ferrocement panels reinforced with steel wire mesh or steel fibers showed the best impact resistance, with penetration depths as low as 8.7mm for panels with 0.9% square steel wire mesh. Panels reinforced with polypropylene fibers showed the lowest impact resistance, with penetration depths up to 23.3mm. In general, ferrocement panels reinforced with steel performed better than those reinforced with polypropylene fibers or unreinforced panels when impacted by projectiles at 218 m/s.
Development of grnn based tool for hardness measurement of homogeneousIAEME Publication
This document describes the development of a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model to relate vibration parameters to the hardness of homogenous welded joints under vibratory welding conditions. Physical experiments were conducted on welded steel joints where vibration was applied during welding. The voltage and time of vibration were the input parameters and hardness values at different joint locations were the output parameters. A GRNN model was created using experimental data and calibrated against unused data, achieving 97-99% accuracy, to predict hardness based on vibration parameters. The model provides an effective tool for analyzing the relationship between vibration welding inputs and mechanical property outputs.
Experimental Investigation of the Residual Stress and calculate Average Fatig...IJMER
Shot peening procedures developed over the ago in substantial improvements of fatigue properties and Fatigue life. The use of shot peening on aluminium 7075-T6 plates to improve fatigue properties and improve resistance to stress on the corrosion cracking with help of glass beads and various peening methods. When these components subsequently are loaded in tension or bending to a
stress level in the range below the required for yield, the actual tensile stress at the surface is lower than
that calculated on the basis of load and cross sectional area. Fatigue are major problem which normally
start at or near the surface stressed in tension, thus processes that produce residual surface compressive
stresses in components usually enhance the resistance to fatigue. The impact of glass shots which create
resistance after the shot penning process carried out and also control the effects of failure on aluminium
alloys
An Experimental Study of Low Velocity Impact (Lvi) On Fibre Glass Reinforced ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on the Hardness of Welded Joints of Aluminium A...ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloys are used in engineering design for their light weight, high strength-to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. Aluminum is available in various compositions, including “pure†metal, alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought products wrought Alloys. Most aluminum alloys used for wrought products contain Less than 7 percent of alloying elements. By the regulation of the amount and type of elements added, the properties of the aluminum can be enhanced and its working characteristics improved. In this welding process we have study that two pieces of aluminum alloy (6063) were welded with the help of friction stir welding process and here in this welding process we have found that the microstructure of weld zone was characterized by dynamic recrastallization producing fine grain structure. The vickers hardness testing results obtained for welded specimens and we have observed that the hardness is increases and decreases on different parameters like tool rotation speed. But we have obtained that as the tool rotating speed is increases the hardness will aslo increases. Finally we obtained the max. hardness(Hv-40) on max. Tool rotation speed of (rpm-1800).
Upgradation of non ductile reinforced concrete beamcolumn connections using f...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on upgrading non-ductile reinforced concrete beam-column connections using polyester fiber. Specimens of beam-column connections with varying amounts of polyester fiber (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% by volume) were subjected to cyclic loading. Test results showed that the addition of polyester fiber increased the ultimate strength, energy dissipation, and stiffness of the connections compared to the non-ductile control specimen. The polyester fiber improved the ductility of the connections and led to more uniform cracking and higher deformability. Increasing the polyester fiber content resulted in higher strength, stiffness degradation resistance, and energy absorption of the beam-column connections.
IRJET- Design, Modeling and Analysis of a Vacuum Chamber for High Speed T...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, modeling, and analysis of a vacuum chamber for testing high speed turbine blades. Key points:
- A vacuum chamber was designed in Pro/Engineer to test rotors up to 17,500 lbs, 67 inches in diameter, at speeds up to 60,000 RPM.
- Structural, modal, and fatigue analysis of the vacuum chamber was performed in ANSYS using materials like stainless steel, aluminum alloy, brass and acrylic.
- The vacuum chamber was modeled, meshed, and boundary conditions like pressure were applied. Von Mises stress, strain, and displacement results were obtained and evaluated.
- Thermal analysis of the vacuum chamber was also conducted in AN
The document presents an experimental study on the effect of rivets on damping in jointed structures. Specifically, it investigates how the damping ratio of cantilever beams made of mild steel is affected by increasing the number of connecting rivets. Both experimental and finite element analysis are conducted. In the experiments, specimens of different thickness ratios and rivet configurations are tested using an FFT analyzer to determine their natural frequencies and damping ratios. The finite element models are developed in ANSYS and harmonic analysis is performed. The results show that the damping capacity increases substantially with more rivets, due to greater friction at the interfaces. Both experimental and FEA results are found to be in good agreement.
Effect of dynamic load impact of missile on mechanical behavior of ferrocementIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an investigation into the impact resistance of ferrocement panels reinforced with different materials when subjected to projectile impact. Ferrocement panels reinforced with steel wire mesh or steel fibers showed the best impact resistance, with penetration depths as low as 8.7mm for panels with 0.9% square steel wire mesh. Panels reinforced with polypropylene fibers showed the lowest impact resistance, with penetration depths up to 23.3mm. In general, ferrocement panels reinforced with steel performed better than those reinforced with polypropylene fibers or unreinforced panels when impacted by projectiles at 218 m/s.
Development of grnn based tool for hardness measurement of homogeneousIAEME Publication
This document describes the development of a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model to relate vibration parameters to the hardness of homogenous welded joints under vibratory welding conditions. Physical experiments were conducted on welded steel joints where vibration was applied during welding. The voltage and time of vibration were the input parameters and hardness values at different joint locations were the output parameters. A GRNN model was created using experimental data and calibrated against unused data, achieving 97-99% accuracy, to predict hardness based on vibration parameters. The model provides an effective tool for analyzing the relationship between vibration welding inputs and mechanical property outputs.
Experimental Investigation of the Residual Stress and calculate Average Fatig...IJMER
Shot peening procedures developed over the ago in substantial improvements of fatigue properties and Fatigue life. The use of shot peening on aluminium 7075-T6 plates to improve fatigue properties and improve resistance to stress on the corrosion cracking with help of glass beads and various peening methods. When these components subsequently are loaded in tension or bending to a
stress level in the range below the required for yield, the actual tensile stress at the surface is lower than
that calculated on the basis of load and cross sectional area. Fatigue are major problem which normally
start at or near the surface stressed in tension, thus processes that produce residual surface compressive
stresses in components usually enhance the resistance to fatigue. The impact of glass shots which create
resistance after the shot penning process carried out and also control the effects of failure on aluminium
alloys
An Experimental Study of Low Velocity Impact (Lvi) On Fibre Glass Reinforced ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on the Hardness of Welded Joints of Aluminium A...ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloys are used in engineering design for their light weight, high strength-to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. Aluminum is available in various compositions, including “pure†metal, alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought products wrought Alloys. Most aluminum alloys used for wrought products contain Less than 7 percent of alloying elements. By the regulation of the amount and type of elements added, the properties of the aluminum can be enhanced and its working characteristics improved. In this welding process we have study that two pieces of aluminum alloy (6063) were welded with the help of friction stir welding process and here in this welding process we have found that the microstructure of weld zone was characterized by dynamic recrastallization producing fine grain structure. The vickers hardness testing results obtained for welded specimens and we have observed that the hardness is increases and decreases on different parameters like tool rotation speed. But we have obtained that as the tool rotating speed is increases the hardness will aslo increases. Finally we obtained the max. hardness(Hv-40) on max. Tool rotation speed of (rpm-1800).
Upgradation of non ductile reinforced concrete beamcolumn connections using f...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on upgrading non-ductile reinforced concrete beam-column connections using polyester fiber. Specimens of beam-column connections with varying amounts of polyester fiber (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% by volume) were subjected to cyclic loading. Test results showed that the addition of polyester fiber increased the ultimate strength, energy dissipation, and stiffness of the connections compared to the non-ductile control specimen. The polyester fiber improved the ductility of the connections and led to more uniform cracking and higher deformability. Increasing the polyester fiber content resulted in higher strength, stiffness degradation resistance, and energy absorption of the beam-column connections.
IRJET- Design, Modeling and Analysis of a Vacuum Chamber for High Speed T...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, modeling, and analysis of a vacuum chamber for testing high speed turbine blades. Key points:
- A vacuum chamber was designed in Pro/Engineer to test rotors up to 17,500 lbs, 67 inches in diameter, at speeds up to 60,000 RPM.
- Structural, modal, and fatigue analysis of the vacuum chamber was performed in ANSYS using materials like stainless steel, aluminum alloy, brass and acrylic.
- The vacuum chamber was modeled, meshed, and boundary conditions like pressure were applied. Von Mises stress, strain, and displacement results were obtained and evaluated.
- Thermal analysis of the vacuum chamber was also conducted in AN
Implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to Establish a Relati...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to establish a
relation between vibration parameters and properties of vibration welded joints. During the welding of metals
along with mechanical vibrations, uniform and finer grain structures can be produced. This increases the
toughness and hardness of the metals, because of solidification effects at the weld pool surface. So, physical
experiments have been conducted on the homogeneous welded joints by providing vibrations during the welding
period. The voltage used to generate the vibration and the time of vibration are used as vibration parameters.
Hardness of the welded joint is considered as one of the mechanical properties of the welded joint.
Keywords: Vibratory welding, Neural Networks, Hardness
This document discusses research on improving the rolling contact fatigue wear resistance of train track alloy steel through laser processing of biomimetic coupling units on the steel surface. Key points:
1) Biomimetic units with different striation angles (30°, 45°, 60°) were created on alloy steel samples using laser remelting to mimic structures found in nature.
2) Testing found the samples with units had significantly less mass loss than untreated samples when subjected to rolling contact fatigue wear testing, indicating better wear resistance.
3) Samples with 30° and 60° striation units performed best, with mass loss reductions of 85% and 86.3% respectively, compared to 73.9% for the 45
IRJET- Experimental Studies of Lateral Torsional Buckling on Castellated BeamsIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses experimental studies on the lateral torsional buckling of castellated beams.
2. Castellated beams are formed by cutting and rearranging an I-section into a pattern of holes in the web. Stiffeners can be added to the web to increase the shear capacity near the openings.
3. The study compares the behavior and properties of castellated beams with and without vertical stiffeners on the solid portion of the web along the shear zone. Finite element analysis and experimental testing show that beams with stiffeners carry more load and have less deflection than those without.
Torsional strengthening of under reinforced concrete beams using crimped stee...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an experimental study on enhancing the torsional strength of under-reinforced concrete beams using steel fiber reinforcement. Beams were cast with varying volumes of crimped steel fibers (0-1% by volume) and tested under torsion. Results showed that steel fiber reinforcement led to significant increases in ultimate load capacity and torsional moment strength compared to normal reinforced concrete beams. Specifically, beams with 0.75% fiber volume exhibited the highest load capacity (47% increase) and torsional moment (2.689 kNm). The study demonstrates that steel fiber reinforcement is effective at strengthening concrete beams against torsional loads.
Comparative study of effect of basalt, glass and steel fiber on compressive a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
1) Sandwich beams made of GFRP core and aluminum face sheets were impacted by a rigid projectile at velocities from 25-115 m/s using a pneumatic gun.
2) The sandwich beams exhibited different failure modes including large inelastic deformation, core shearing, and delamination.
3) Mid-span deflection, energy absorption, and velocity drop after impact were measured and found to vary with impact velocity, with the beams absorbing more energy at lower velocities. The ballistic limit was approximately 50 m/s.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Computational testing of wear rate of different material with variable operat...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper research study has been made on the computational testing of wear rate for different materials (Cu, ss410 and Al) under the different condition of load applied, Speed and time. The set up of pin on disc tribometer has been used to study the wear rate of materials. The experiments has been performed on a group of specimens under different cases of times (5 to 15) minutes, and under different loads (3 to 7) Kg, and different speeds (500 to 1100)rpm the set up is connected with Data Acquisition System which gives wear rate of material computationally. By fixing any two parameters with one variable parameter experiment is performed [2]. Graphical representation of wear rate along with friction force and coefficient of friction is given by WINDUCOM software and the results will show the wear rate relation with (time, speed and load) and the comparisons of one material with other materials
Keywords: Wear, ss410, copper, Al, hardened steel, speed
Sheet Metal Welding Conference Detroit MichiganGajendra Tawade
This document summarizes research on developing robust spot welding processes for joining advanced high-strength steels used in automotive manufacturing. Spot welding tests were conducted on DP600 steel and HSLA 350 steel combinations. Different pulse types were used to widen the welding lobes and improve process flexibility. A novel two-pulse cycle removed zinc coating with the first pulse and controlled nugget growth with the second pulse at lower current, significantly increasing the welding lobe width. The research aims to enable increased use of advanced high-strength steels for building lighter, safer, and more fuel efficient vehicles.
1) The document investigates the effect of low-velocity impact and fatigue loading on woven glass fiber/epoxy composite laminates of different thicknesses (2mm and 4mm).
2) Specimens were subjected to low-velocity impact testing at different energy levels. Impacted specimens and non-impacted specimens were then subjected to tension-tension fatigue testing.
3) Results showed that impact velocity significantly influenced the fatigue life of composite laminates. The 2mm thick impacted laminates saw a drastic reduction in fatigue life compared to the 4mm laminates.
IRJET- Flexural Behaviours of RCC Beam using Embedded SensorsIRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on monitoring the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams using embedded sensors. It discusses three key aspects of flexural behavior that can be monitored: cracking of concrete, deflection, and strain. Several studies that embedded different types of sensors like piezoelectric sensors and fiber optic sensors into concrete beams to monitor these parameters are summarized. The studies show that embedded sensors can successfully detect damage like cracking and yielding of steel reinforcement. This highlights the potential of embedded sensor networks to continuously monitor the structural health and detect damage in concrete beams.
1 ijcmes dec-2015-17-optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Friction stir welding was a promising welding technology from the same moment of its existence because of its easy use, being ecologically friendly processed and with no need for filler metal. The present paper discusses the investigate the mechanical properties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of friction stir welding for joining Al 6061 aluminum alloy welding was performed on pipe. The pipe sections, 30mm, and relatively thin walled 2, 3 and 4 mm. Wire welded as similar alloy joints using (FSW) process In order to investigate the effect of rotation speed 485,710, 910, 1120,1400 and 1800 RPM and travel speeds 4, 8 and 10 mm/min. On mechanical propertie.
This work also focuses on mathematic models such as regression analysis (RA) to predict the tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy. The Tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of weld joints were predicted by taking the parameters Tool rotation speed, material thickness and travel speed as a function. The results obtained through regresion analysis The models have been proved to be successful in terms of agreement with experimental results ratio 94.6%.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of longitudinal weld pool oscillation (LWPO) on the tensile properties of mild steel welds. Mild steel plates were welded with varying frequencies (0-400 Hz) and amplitudes (0-30μm) of LWPO. Test specimens were tested and properties like yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation and impact strength were determined. The results showed that properties like yield strength and ultimate tensile strength improved significantly with LWPO compared to stationary welds. The maximum 21.37% increase in yield strength and 20.87% increase in ultimate tensile strength occurred at 400Hz and 5μm oscillation. Microstructural analysis found that
This document summarizes a study on minimum shear reinforcement for reinforced concrete beams. The study investigated factors that influence the minimum shear reinforcement required, including concrete strength, beam size, shear span-to-depth ratio, and longitudinal reinforcement ratio. An expression was proposed for minimum shear reinforcement that incorporates these parameters. The proposed expression was compared to code provisions. Results showed that minimum shear reinforcement increases with increasing concrete strength, shear span-to-depth ratio, and decreasing longitudinal reinforcement ratio. Shear reinforcement was also found to improve beam ductility.
The document experimentally studied the effects of adding steel fibers and partially replacing sand with iron ore tailings (IOT) on the compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete. Concrete cubes and cylinders were tested with various percentages of steel fibers (0-2% by weight of cement) and IOT replacement of sand (0-35%). For concrete without steel fibers, compressive and splitting tensile strengths peaked at 35% IOT replacement. For steel fiber concrete, maximum strengths were found with 25% IOT replacement and 1.2% steel fibers. In general, additions of IOT and steel fibers increased compressive and tensile strengths compared to normal concrete, with an optimal mix achieving increases of over 40% for compressive
Effects of source of reinforcement on microstructure and strength characteris...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the effects of source of reinforcement on the microstructure and strength characteristics of reinforced concrete beams. Six sources of reinforcing steel were tested, including four local sources (L1-L4) and two foreign sources (F1-F2). Tests were conducted to analyze the steel's chemical composition, microstructure, tensile properties, and performance in concrete beams. The results showed that two local and both foreign steels met strength requirements, but none met elongation standards. The foreign steel displayed superior load-deflection behavior in beams compared to local steel. It was concluded that all reinforcing steel designated as high yield should be tested to ensure compliance with codes before use.
EFFECT ON SHEAR IN DEEP BEAM BY USING CRIMPED STEEL FIBERijiert bestjournal
This paper evaluates the shear strength of steel fi ber reinforced concrete deep beam without stirrups with the help of experimental work. For th is experimental work 24 no. of simply supported deep beam without stirrups were cast at t he concrete technology laboratory. Test of two point load acting symmetrically with respect to center line of span after the beams were kept in curing room for 28 days. Fiber varied as 0%,.2 6%,.52%,1% by the volume of concrete. Crimped steel fiber are randomly mixed in concrete 18 beam divided into two series. I series shear span to depth ratio kept as .6 and II serie s 0.74. Average ratio of actual and predicted shear strength for different equation is calculated and accuracy of the equation are check out as well as deflection and cracking pattern are also re ported.
Failure analysis of buttress, acme and modified square threaded mild steel (i...ijiert bestjournal
Steel tie rods are imperative load bearing capacity segm ents in applications where high levels of per stresses are needed. The tie rod bearing capacity has not just by the strength of the segment,but also it depends on the thread strength. Investigation of the thread strength connections and finding the best possible amount of threads engagement is crucial to make sure structural protection. In this document the results of tensil e rupture experiments on mild steel IS2062 tie rods having threaded connections like Buttress,ACM E and Modified square experiment setup provided by jyothi spectro analysis Hyderabad. In t his experiment we test on mild steel tie rod specimens to determine ultimate load as w ell as deformations. The results of these experiments suggest the least number of turns of the thread engagement for prevent the breakdown of threaded mild steel tie rod in reali stic applications.
IRJET-Ballistic Performance of Bi-Layer Alumina/Aluminium and Honeycomb Sandw...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes numerical simulations of the ballistic performance of aluminum honeycomb sandwich structures with alumina ceramic face plates compared to a bi-layer alumina/aluminum armor. The simulations were conducted using HyperWorks Radioss finite element software. Validation of the model showed it could approximate the results for a bi-layer armor from a reference with 2.5% error. The simulations found that decreasing the honeycomb foil thickness and increasing the honeycomb thickness (while maintaining total thickness) resulted in lower residual velocities of the projectile, indicating better energy absorption. A honeycomb sandwich structure with 0.04mm foil thickness had the best performance overall compared to the bi-layer armor, absorbing more kinetic energy from the projectile
Effect of Wire Mesh Orientation on Strength of Beams Retrofitted using Ferroc...CSCJournals
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of wire mesh orientation in ferrocement jackets used to retrofit under-reinforced concrete beams. Eight prototype beams were tested, with two control beams and six beams stressed to 75% of the control capacity and then retrofitted. Ferrocement jackets with wire mesh at 0, 45, and 60 degrees were used. Testing found load capacity increased 45.87-52.29% for retrofitted beams. Beams with 45 degree wire mesh showed the highest increase in energy absorption, followed by 60 and 0 degrees. Ductility increased most for 0 degree wire mesh retrofitted beams. The 45 degree orientation provided the best balance of increased load capacity and energy absorption.
The document discusses composite materials for use in machine tool beds to reduce vibrations during machining operations. It presents an experimental study comparing the vibration response of machining two composite materials - glass fibre epoxy and glass fibre polyester. The results show that with an optimum number of composite layers, vibrations can be decreased significantly. However, more than the optimum number of layers causes an abrupt increase in vibrations. Effective damping is achieved when the composites are properly fixed to the bed and workpiece to avoid additional slip vibrations. Damping ability is higher when the matrix phase density is lower for the same fibre phase.
IRJET- Study Analysis of Metal Bending in a Sheet Metal using Finite Elem...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the bending of aluminum sheet metal and aluminum sandwich panels with different core materials using finite element analysis software. Sandwich panels with cores of polypropylene, polystyrene, carbon fiber, and glass fiber were modeled and their deformation and stress distributions under bending forces were compared to a monolithic aluminum sheet. The sandwich panels exhibited better bending resistance and damage resistance than the aluminum sheet. Overall, sandwich panels with the same thickness are recommended over aluminum sheets due to their better resistance to external forces. The study aims to find alternative materials to aluminum for use in aircraft to improve resistance to impacts from bird strikes.
Implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to Establish a Relati...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to establish a
relation between vibration parameters and properties of vibration welded joints. During the welding of metals
along with mechanical vibrations, uniform and finer grain structures can be produced. This increases the
toughness and hardness of the metals, because of solidification effects at the weld pool surface. So, physical
experiments have been conducted on the homogeneous welded joints by providing vibrations during the welding
period. The voltage used to generate the vibration and the time of vibration are used as vibration parameters.
Hardness of the welded joint is considered as one of the mechanical properties of the welded joint.
Keywords: Vibratory welding, Neural Networks, Hardness
This document discusses research on improving the rolling contact fatigue wear resistance of train track alloy steel through laser processing of biomimetic coupling units on the steel surface. Key points:
1) Biomimetic units with different striation angles (30°, 45°, 60°) were created on alloy steel samples using laser remelting to mimic structures found in nature.
2) Testing found the samples with units had significantly less mass loss than untreated samples when subjected to rolling contact fatigue wear testing, indicating better wear resistance.
3) Samples with 30° and 60° striation units performed best, with mass loss reductions of 85% and 86.3% respectively, compared to 73.9% for the 45
IRJET- Experimental Studies of Lateral Torsional Buckling on Castellated BeamsIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses experimental studies on the lateral torsional buckling of castellated beams.
2. Castellated beams are formed by cutting and rearranging an I-section into a pattern of holes in the web. Stiffeners can be added to the web to increase the shear capacity near the openings.
3. The study compares the behavior and properties of castellated beams with and without vertical stiffeners on the solid portion of the web along the shear zone. Finite element analysis and experimental testing show that beams with stiffeners carry more load and have less deflection than those without.
Torsional strengthening of under reinforced concrete beams using crimped stee...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an experimental study on enhancing the torsional strength of under-reinforced concrete beams using steel fiber reinforcement. Beams were cast with varying volumes of crimped steel fibers (0-1% by volume) and tested under torsion. Results showed that steel fiber reinforcement led to significant increases in ultimate load capacity and torsional moment strength compared to normal reinforced concrete beams. Specifically, beams with 0.75% fiber volume exhibited the highest load capacity (47% increase) and torsional moment (2.689 kNm). The study demonstrates that steel fiber reinforcement is effective at strengthening concrete beams against torsional loads.
Comparative study of effect of basalt, glass and steel fiber on compressive a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
1) Sandwich beams made of GFRP core and aluminum face sheets were impacted by a rigid projectile at velocities from 25-115 m/s using a pneumatic gun.
2) The sandwich beams exhibited different failure modes including large inelastic deformation, core shearing, and delamination.
3) Mid-span deflection, energy absorption, and velocity drop after impact were measured and found to vary with impact velocity, with the beams absorbing more energy at lower velocities. The ballistic limit was approximately 50 m/s.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Computational testing of wear rate of different material with variable operat...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper research study has been made on the computational testing of wear rate for different materials (Cu, ss410 and Al) under the different condition of load applied, Speed and time. The set up of pin on disc tribometer has been used to study the wear rate of materials. The experiments has been performed on a group of specimens under different cases of times (5 to 15) minutes, and under different loads (3 to 7) Kg, and different speeds (500 to 1100)rpm the set up is connected with Data Acquisition System which gives wear rate of material computationally. By fixing any two parameters with one variable parameter experiment is performed [2]. Graphical representation of wear rate along with friction force and coefficient of friction is given by WINDUCOM software and the results will show the wear rate relation with (time, speed and load) and the comparisons of one material with other materials
Keywords: Wear, ss410, copper, Al, hardened steel, speed
Sheet Metal Welding Conference Detroit MichiganGajendra Tawade
This document summarizes research on developing robust spot welding processes for joining advanced high-strength steels used in automotive manufacturing. Spot welding tests were conducted on DP600 steel and HSLA 350 steel combinations. Different pulse types were used to widen the welding lobes and improve process flexibility. A novel two-pulse cycle removed zinc coating with the first pulse and controlled nugget growth with the second pulse at lower current, significantly increasing the welding lobe width. The research aims to enable increased use of advanced high-strength steels for building lighter, safer, and more fuel efficient vehicles.
1) The document investigates the effect of low-velocity impact and fatigue loading on woven glass fiber/epoxy composite laminates of different thicknesses (2mm and 4mm).
2) Specimens were subjected to low-velocity impact testing at different energy levels. Impacted specimens and non-impacted specimens were then subjected to tension-tension fatigue testing.
3) Results showed that impact velocity significantly influenced the fatigue life of composite laminates. The 2mm thick impacted laminates saw a drastic reduction in fatigue life compared to the 4mm laminates.
IRJET- Flexural Behaviours of RCC Beam using Embedded SensorsIRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on monitoring the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams using embedded sensors. It discusses three key aspects of flexural behavior that can be monitored: cracking of concrete, deflection, and strain. Several studies that embedded different types of sensors like piezoelectric sensors and fiber optic sensors into concrete beams to monitor these parameters are summarized. The studies show that embedded sensors can successfully detect damage like cracking and yielding of steel reinforcement. This highlights the potential of embedded sensor networks to continuously monitor the structural health and detect damage in concrete beams.
1 ijcmes dec-2015-17-optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Friction stir welding was a promising welding technology from the same moment of its existence because of its easy use, being ecologically friendly processed and with no need for filler metal. The present paper discusses the investigate the mechanical properties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of friction stir welding for joining Al 6061 aluminum alloy welding was performed on pipe. The pipe sections, 30mm, and relatively thin walled 2, 3 and 4 mm. Wire welded as similar alloy joints using (FSW) process In order to investigate the effect of rotation speed 485,710, 910, 1120,1400 and 1800 RPM and travel speeds 4, 8 and 10 mm/min. On mechanical propertie.
This work also focuses on mathematic models such as regression analysis (RA) to predict the tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy. The Tensile strength, the percentage of elongation and hardness of weld joints were predicted by taking the parameters Tool rotation speed, material thickness and travel speed as a function. The results obtained through regresion analysis The models have been proved to be successful in terms of agreement with experimental results ratio 94.6%.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of longitudinal weld pool oscillation (LWPO) on the tensile properties of mild steel welds. Mild steel plates were welded with varying frequencies (0-400 Hz) and amplitudes (0-30μm) of LWPO. Test specimens were tested and properties like yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation and impact strength were determined. The results showed that properties like yield strength and ultimate tensile strength improved significantly with LWPO compared to stationary welds. The maximum 21.37% increase in yield strength and 20.87% increase in ultimate tensile strength occurred at 400Hz and 5μm oscillation. Microstructural analysis found that
This document summarizes a study on minimum shear reinforcement for reinforced concrete beams. The study investigated factors that influence the minimum shear reinforcement required, including concrete strength, beam size, shear span-to-depth ratio, and longitudinal reinforcement ratio. An expression was proposed for minimum shear reinforcement that incorporates these parameters. The proposed expression was compared to code provisions. Results showed that minimum shear reinforcement increases with increasing concrete strength, shear span-to-depth ratio, and decreasing longitudinal reinforcement ratio. Shear reinforcement was also found to improve beam ductility.
The document experimentally studied the effects of adding steel fibers and partially replacing sand with iron ore tailings (IOT) on the compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete. Concrete cubes and cylinders were tested with various percentages of steel fibers (0-2% by weight of cement) and IOT replacement of sand (0-35%). For concrete without steel fibers, compressive and splitting tensile strengths peaked at 35% IOT replacement. For steel fiber concrete, maximum strengths were found with 25% IOT replacement and 1.2% steel fibers. In general, additions of IOT and steel fibers increased compressive and tensile strengths compared to normal concrete, with an optimal mix achieving increases of over 40% for compressive
Effects of source of reinforcement on microstructure and strength characteris...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the effects of source of reinforcement on the microstructure and strength characteristics of reinforced concrete beams. Six sources of reinforcing steel were tested, including four local sources (L1-L4) and two foreign sources (F1-F2). Tests were conducted to analyze the steel's chemical composition, microstructure, tensile properties, and performance in concrete beams. The results showed that two local and both foreign steels met strength requirements, but none met elongation standards. The foreign steel displayed superior load-deflection behavior in beams compared to local steel. It was concluded that all reinforcing steel designated as high yield should be tested to ensure compliance with codes before use.
EFFECT ON SHEAR IN DEEP BEAM BY USING CRIMPED STEEL FIBERijiert bestjournal
This paper evaluates the shear strength of steel fi ber reinforced concrete deep beam without stirrups with the help of experimental work. For th is experimental work 24 no. of simply supported deep beam without stirrups were cast at t he concrete technology laboratory. Test of two point load acting symmetrically with respect to center line of span after the beams were kept in curing room for 28 days. Fiber varied as 0%,.2 6%,.52%,1% by the volume of concrete. Crimped steel fiber are randomly mixed in concrete 18 beam divided into two series. I series shear span to depth ratio kept as .6 and II serie s 0.74. Average ratio of actual and predicted shear strength for different equation is calculated and accuracy of the equation are check out as well as deflection and cracking pattern are also re ported.
Failure analysis of buttress, acme and modified square threaded mild steel (i...ijiert bestjournal
Steel tie rods are imperative load bearing capacity segm ents in applications where high levels of per stresses are needed. The tie rod bearing capacity has not just by the strength of the segment,but also it depends on the thread strength. Investigation of the thread strength connections and finding the best possible amount of threads engagement is crucial to make sure structural protection. In this document the results of tensil e rupture experiments on mild steel IS2062 tie rods having threaded connections like Buttress,ACM E and Modified square experiment setup provided by jyothi spectro analysis Hyderabad. In t his experiment we test on mild steel tie rod specimens to determine ultimate load as w ell as deformations. The results of these experiments suggest the least number of turns of the thread engagement for prevent the breakdown of threaded mild steel tie rod in reali stic applications.
IRJET-Ballistic Performance of Bi-Layer Alumina/Aluminium and Honeycomb Sandw...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes numerical simulations of the ballistic performance of aluminum honeycomb sandwich structures with alumina ceramic face plates compared to a bi-layer alumina/aluminum armor. The simulations were conducted using HyperWorks Radioss finite element software. Validation of the model showed it could approximate the results for a bi-layer armor from a reference with 2.5% error. The simulations found that decreasing the honeycomb foil thickness and increasing the honeycomb thickness (while maintaining total thickness) resulted in lower residual velocities of the projectile, indicating better energy absorption. A honeycomb sandwich structure with 0.04mm foil thickness had the best performance overall compared to the bi-layer armor, absorbing more kinetic energy from the projectile
Effect of Wire Mesh Orientation on Strength of Beams Retrofitted using Ferroc...CSCJournals
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of wire mesh orientation in ferrocement jackets used to retrofit under-reinforced concrete beams. Eight prototype beams were tested, with two control beams and six beams stressed to 75% of the control capacity and then retrofitted. Ferrocement jackets with wire mesh at 0, 45, and 60 degrees were used. Testing found load capacity increased 45.87-52.29% for retrofitted beams. Beams with 45 degree wire mesh showed the highest increase in energy absorption, followed by 60 and 0 degrees. Ductility increased most for 0 degree wire mesh retrofitted beams. The 45 degree orientation provided the best balance of increased load capacity and energy absorption.
The document discusses composite materials for use in machine tool beds to reduce vibrations during machining operations. It presents an experimental study comparing the vibration response of machining two composite materials - glass fibre epoxy and glass fibre polyester. The results show that with an optimum number of composite layers, vibrations can be decreased significantly. However, more than the optimum number of layers causes an abrupt increase in vibrations. Effective damping is achieved when the composites are properly fixed to the bed and workpiece to avoid additional slip vibrations. Damping ability is higher when the matrix phase density is lower for the same fibre phase.
IRJET- Study Analysis of Metal Bending in a Sheet Metal using Finite Elem...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the bending of aluminum sheet metal and aluminum sandwich panels with different core materials using finite element analysis software. Sandwich panels with cores of polypropylene, polystyrene, carbon fiber, and glass fiber were modeled and their deformation and stress distributions under bending forces were compared to a monolithic aluminum sheet. The sandwich panels exhibited better bending resistance and damage resistance than the aluminum sheet. Overall, sandwich panels with the same thickness are recommended over aluminum sheets due to their better resistance to external forces. The study aims to find alternative materials to aluminum for use in aircraft to improve resistance to impacts from bird strikes.
VIBRATION BUCKLING AND FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLP singh
Shell structures are widely used in civil, mechanical, aerospace and marine engineering applications (e.g. offshore oil tanks, automotive industry, aircraft and submarines). Like other types of structures, they are susceptible to various types of defect and damage such as cracking, corrosion, chemical attack and time-dependent material degradation, which may impair their structural integrity and affect their service life. The presence of cracks in a cylindrical structure can considerably affect its behavior. The effects of these imperfections on load carrying capacity and safety are thus important considerations in the design of cylindrical shell structures. This present work presents a finite element study on the vibration, buckling and fracture behavior of a cracked cylindrical shell with clamped type supports and subject to a time varying rotating speed. Vibration, linear elastic buckling and fracture parameters of a cracked cylindrical shell with time-varying rotating speed are analyzed. The effects of constant rotating speed, crack length and orientation of crack and length-diameter ratio of the cylindrical shell on the free-vibration and buckling behaviors are investigated.
Deflection control in rcc beams by using mild steel strips (an experimental i...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses an experimental investigation into using mild steel strips as a composite material with traditional reinforced concrete beams to help control deflection.
2) Three types of beams were tested - a control RCC beam, and two beams with mild steel strips embedded vertically along the sides in different configurations to increase stiffness.
3) Preliminary results found that deflection was reduced by about 30% and strength increased by about 25% in the composite beams compared to the control beam.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Constructive concepts for reducing wear caused by the friction torque of hip ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to design the mechanical parts intended to reduce wear caused by the friction torque of orthopedic implants and to present the processing technologies used in their implementation. Keywords: orthopedic implants, biomaterials, wear, manufacturing technologies
Energy Absorption Characteristics of Thin Walled Metallic and Foam Filled Tub...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a numerical study comparing the energy absorption characteristics of thin-walled metallic tubular structures with different cross-sectional geometries, both empty and foam-filled. Finite element models of circular, triangular, hexagonal and square tubes undergoing quasi-static axial crushing were created and analyzed. The results show that circular tubes absorbed the most energy of the empty metallic tubes, while foam-filled tubes had higher energy absorption than empty tubes of the same geometry.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Effect of Notch Geometry on the Fatigue Life of UNS S31803 Duplex Stainless S...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the effect of notch geometry on the fatigue life of UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel. Specimens were fabricated with various notch geometries according to an experimental design. Fatigue testing was performed on the notched and unnotched specimens. The results showed that the fatigue life of UNS S31803 was most influenced by notch depth, followed by notch central angle, and then notch width. Deeper notches, wider notch central angles, and wider notches all led to reductions in fatigue life.
Comparison of the lateral deflection at midpoint of long & short side columnIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to compare the lateral deflection of long and short side reinforced concrete columns subjected to blast loading. The analysis used ANSYS to model 8 columns with different transverse and longitudinal reinforcement. It found that the long side columns experienced significantly higher maximum lateral deformations than the short side columns. Ratios of short to long side column deformation ranged from 0.24 to 0.38 depending on the column. The study concluded that column length and orientation affects deformation under blast loading, with long side columns experiencing greater impacts.
tA composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that gives better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to metal-lic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical properties.The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The main advantages of compositematerials are their high strength and stiffness combined with low density when comparedto classical materials. Micromechanical approach is found to be more suitable for the anal-ysis of composite materials because it studies the volume proportions of the constituentsfor the desired lamina stiffness and strength.It is found that the manufacturing processes are responsible of many defects which mayarise in fibers, matrix and lamina. These defects, if they exist include misalignment of fibers,cracks in matrix, non uniform distribution of the fibers in the matrix, voids in fibers andmatrix, delaminated regions, and initial stress in the lamina as a result of its manufactureand further treatment.The above mentioned defects tend to propagate as the lamina is loaded causing an accel-erated rate of failure. The experimental and theoretical results in this case tend to differ.Hence, due to the limitations necessary in the idealization of the lamina components, estimated should be proved experimentally.
Precast construction techniques have gained huge popularity in the recent times
due to rapid construction, excellent quality control, lesser site labour costs and more
overall savings. In the current scenario, the most advanced type of prestressed
construction is the manufacture of prestressed hollow core slab construction, which
essentially consists of huge prestressed concrete panel units cast to the required slab
dimensions. The construction is associated with the requirement of huge machinery
for transportation, hoisting and placing operations. In the present study, a partially
prestressed slab of dimensions 4000 mm × 600 mm × 120 mm was designed and cast.
An RCC slab was also designed for comparing the behaviour of the prestressed
hollow slab. The present study discussed about the flexural behaviour of pretensioned
prestressed concrete hollow slab. The slab which was designed for this study
consisted of three hollow cores, each having a diameter of three centimeters. A
special mould was designed for casting, which was capable of withstanding huge
prestressing forces. The hollow core provided within the specimen is an excellent
method to improve material savings, thermal and sound insulation properties, besides
being a provision for mechanical runs. The slab was cast and experimentally tested by
subjecting it to uniformly distributed loads using sand bags to study the flexural
behaviour of the slab.
This document discusses using artificial neural networks to predict crack locations and depths in composite materials based on changes in natural frequencies. Finite element analysis was used to generate training data on natural frequencies of beams with different crack configurations. ANSYS was validated against theoretical cases and found to accurately predict frequencies. Neural networks were then trained on the ANSYS data and able to accurately predict crack size and location based on changes to natural frequencies. This technique provides a non-destructive way to monitor structural health and detect cracks in composites.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of CNC Cabinet by using Glass Fibre MaterialIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of a CNC machine cabinet using glass fiber material. Currently, CNC machine cabinets are made of metallic materials which are electrically reactive, heavy, and do not provide full isolation. The authors propose using E-glass fiber as an alternative material as it would help resolve these issues. The document provides background on glass fibers, their types, composite materials, damping concepts, and prior literature on analyzing damping in composite materials. It describes using CATIA and ANSYS software to model and analyze the glass fiber CNC cabinet to evaluate its performance compared to a metallic cabinet.
Effect of cold swaging on the mechanical and microstructure characteristics o...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this experimental investigation, the post sintering mechanical treatment was implemented by cold swaging the produced tungsten alloy rods with composition (90W-7Ni-3Fe %wt) by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and appling different reductions of cross sectional area varying from 10% up to 50%. On the mechanical and microstructure properties of the tungsten heavy alloy (89.97W-7Ni-3Fe-0.03 Y2O3 %wt). Elemental powders were mixed for 120 min. Green compacted by cold isostatic press with 300 MPa, and Finally the specimens were sintered at 1480ºC for 90 min under vacuum atmosphere. It was found that the ultimate tensile strength and hardness were remarkably increased by about 39% and 45% respectively, by the application of 50% area reduction by swaging, relative to the sintered specimens. On the other hand, ductility and impact resistance were deeply decreased by about 75% and 53% respectively, by also, the application of 50% area reduction by swaging. Keywords: Cold Swaging, Liquid Phase Sintering, Tungsten Heavy Alloy, Powder Metallurgy.
The bended boards are utilized as a part of present day basic framework, in light of the fact that the shape control of structures accomplishes the sought execution. The static and element shakiness conduct of bended boards made of cutting edge composite materials are of extraordinary significance to originators, in the journey to deliver proficient light weight structures because of their high solidness to weight and quality to weight properties. A portion of the auxiliary parts of air ship, rocket and marine structures can be romanticized as bended boards. The composite bended boards are widely utilized as a part of aviation, common, mechanical, car and other building applications. The major normal recurrence of composite bended boards very relies on upon the employ introductions, geometries, edge powers. So the investigation of element conduct of bended boards subjected to out-plane static and occasional edge loadings are critical in research and application perspective. This work exhibits a reproduction investigation of free vibration of bended boards. An examination was made amongst isotropic and orthotropic bended boards in perspective of lessening the heaviness of the isotropic bended boards. The modular qualities of isotropic (Aluminium) and orthotropic (carbon-epoxy composite) bended boards with cantilever limit condition (one end is settled and another end is free) has been broke down. The attributes of composite material fluctuates relying upon the kind of the connected material, amount, fibre introduction edge and so on. The characteristic recurrence and mode state of the boards has been gotten utilizing ANSYS. Midline eight-hub isoperimetric layered shell components (SHELL 99) are utilized in the demonstrating for depicting the bowing vibrations of these bended boards. The impact of fibre headings and stacking courses of action of covers on out-of-plane vibrations were explored. The bended board re-enactment consequences of the isotropic materials are contrasted and the orthotropic materials under cantilever plate limit conditions with different fibre point introduction and stacking grouping. It is likewise acquired that the regular frequencies change with the change of introduction edge.
“Comparison of Maximum Stress distribution of Long & Short Side Column due to...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Analysis of a thin and thick walled pressure vessel for different materialsIAEME Publication
This document analyzes thin and thick walled pressure vessels made of different materials. It discusses the thick wall theory and thin wall theory for calculating stresses in pressure vessels. For thick walled vessels, Lame's equations and maximum stress theories are applied. Stress variations through the thickness are considered. Barlow's equation is used to analyze high pressure pipes. Numerical analysis is conducted in C++ software to efficiently solve stresses in thin and thick cylinders made of ductile and brittle materials. The modeling methodology and numerical approach are discussed in detail.
ANALYSIS OF A THIN AND THICK WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS IAEME Publication
In the present work the problem of calculation of the stress developed in the thin and thick cylindrical pressure vessels is numerically solved by using software in C++. The analysis has been done for two different materials pressure vessels. The variations in the thickness of the pressure vessels have been considered for the analysis for different internal pressures. The common characteristic of the pressure vessels solved is that the radial and tangential stresses vary in the same nature of curve for different thickness of vessels.
This document outlines the course details for the Manufacturing Processes subject for the Bachelor of Engineering program. The course covers conventional machining processes including lathes, drilling machines, boring machines, milling machines, planers, shapers, slotters, sawing machines, and broaching machines. Students will learn about machine tools, metal cutting principles, various machining operations, and be able to analyze machining processes and sequences, understand capabilities of different machines, and judge the limitations and scope of machines. The course involves both theoretical and practical components including experiments on various machine tools.
Gujrat Technology University Exam Paper to help student for the preparation of Exam. Computer Aided Manufacturing subject. It is 7th semester subject. It is 2017 exam paper
This document contains an exam for a Computer Aided Manufacturing course. It includes 5 questions covering topics like the need for CAM, CNC machine classification, CIM systems, part programming, robot configurations, MRP systems, JIT manufacturing, group technology, and CAPP systems. The questions are both multiple choice and involve explaining concepts, drawing diagrams, and solving problems related to computer integrated manufacturing.
This document appears to be an exam for a Computer Aided Manufacturing course, consisting of 5 questions testing various concepts:
Q1 asks about advantages/disadvantages of CAM and types of manufacturing systems.
Q2 involves block diagrams of CAPP systems and CNC machine axes, as well as ball screw principles.
Q3 covers flexibility in manufacturing systems, computer functions in FMS, and tool monitoring methods.
Q4 defines robot specifications and discusses position sensors, robot workspaces, and PLC architecture.
Q5 involves MRP, MRP-II, JIT production, and programming linear interpolation blocks.
The exam provides figures and asks students to explain concepts, draw diagrams,
This document discusses the principle of minimum potential energy (MPE) and its application in finite element analysis of structures. MPE states that for conservative structural systems, the equilibrium state corresponds to the deformation that minimizes the total potential energy of the system. The document provides examples of applying MPE to simple spring-mass systems to derive equilibrium equations, and discusses how continuous systems can be approximated by discretizing them into lumped finite elements, allowing complex structures to be analyzed systematically using MPE.
This document defines terms related to astronomy and space science. It provides definitions for terms like altitude, azimuth, aurora, chromosphere, convection zone, corona, coronal hole, flare, photosphere, prominence, solar constant, solar cycle, solar eclipse, solar maximum, solar minimum, and solar wind. It also defines terms like sun, sunspot, sunspot cycle, absolute brightness, angular resolution, angular size, apparent brightness, arc minute, arc second, astronomer, astronomical unit, baseline, blueshift, celestial sphere, collecting area, constellation, core, cosmic abundances, declination, degree of arc, differentiation, diffraction grating, ellipse, field of view, geocentric, infrared telescope
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
1. IARJSET ISSN (Online) 2393-8021
ISSN (Print) 2394-1588
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology
CETCME-2017
“Cutting Edge Technological Challenges in Mechanical Engineering”
Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (NIET), Greater Noida
Vol. 4, Special Issue 3, February 2017
Copyright to IARJSET DOI 10.17148/IARJSET 71
A Review on Analysis and Design of Bullet
Resistant Jacket -Ballistic Analysis
Shashi Kant1
, S. L. Verma2
M. Tech Student, Mechanical Engineering Dept, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, India1
Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, India2
Abstract: In today‟s world, Armor Industries are striving for the better safe body vests, having high impact energy
absorbing capacity. Advanced tools like Ansys may be used for improving the vest efficiency and hence controlling the
bullet. This review attempts to discuss various types of work wear (in particular Bullet proof vests)in relation to the
properties of the manmade fibres and polymers from which these types of vests are made and to identify the best one
based on directional deformation, total deformation, shear stresses and principal stresses, when it is subjected to a bullet
impact.
Keywords: Ansys, Von Mises Stress, Deformation, Bullet proof materials, vest.
I. INTRODUCTION
A composite material is defined as a material comprising
of two or more chemically and or physically distinct
constituents (phases) combined on a macroscopic scale.
The constituents present in the composite material retain
their individual identities and properties, but together they
produce a material system, the properties of which are
designed to be superior to those of the constituent
materials acting independently. A composite material
consists of two phases one is called reinforcement and
other is called matrix. These two phases are separated by
distinct interfaces.
The design of composite armour is a very complex task as
compared to conventional single-layer metallic armour,
due to the exhibition of coupling among membrane,
torsion and bending strains, weak transverse shear strength
and discontinuity of the mechanical properties along the
thickness of the composite laminates. This has drawn
attention of several researchers to study the penetration
phenomenon in composite amours [1].
The first protective clothing and shields were made from
animal skins. As civilizations became more advanced,
wooden shields and then metal shields came into use.
Eventually, metal was also used as body armor, what we
now refer to as the suit of armor associated with the
knights of the Middle Ages. However, with the invention
of firearms around 1500, metal body armor became
ineffective [2]. In general, the battlefield demands durable,
reliable, light, maneuverable and fast vehicles which, at
the same time, can provide the required level of protection
for the vehicle occupants. The traditional steel armor,
while providing the required level of protection for the on-
board personnel and do it at a relatively low cost,
contributes a prohibitively large additional weight to the
battle vehicles, often increasing the loads beyond the
levels anticipated during the vehicle design[3].
In this review, a brief account of response of thick plate
made of composite materials when impacted at high
velocity by using finite element analysis , the effect of
simulation on different materials to find high velocity
impact on their structures and the analysis of deformation
of thick plate when struck by bullet at high velocity has
been done.
II. ABOUT ANSYS
Ansys is the science of predicting stress flow, Deformation
and Safety.
ANSYS is used in all stages of the design process:
Conceptual studies of new designs
Detailed product development
Troubleshooting
Redesign
ANSYS analysis complements testing and experimentatio
n by reducing total effort and cost required for experiment
ation.
Following are some of the areas, where ANSYS is being
used:-
a) HVAC
b) Automobile
c) Food Processing
d) Marine
e) Aerospace
f) Electronics
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
There is significant interest within the engineering
community to better understand and predict the damage
sustained by composite structures under high energy
2. IARJSET ISSN (Online) 2393-8021
ISSN (Print) 2394-1588
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology
CETCME-2017
“Cutting Edge Technological Challenges in Mechanical Engineering”
Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (NIET), Greater Noida
Vol. 4, Special Issue 3, February 2017
Copyright to IARJSET DOI 10.17148/IARJSET 72
ballistic impact. Ballistic survivability requirements are
common in applications were structural integrity following
high energy impact threats is critical to maintaining
mission capability. A number of researchers [4-8] have
investigated the ballistic impact response of composite
materials using a variety of numerical models and
frameworks[1].
Song-XueSha, Yan Chen and Xiao-Yu Liu[9] assessed the
mechanical protective performance of Kevlar yarns and
fabrics based on NIJ0101_04, the fabric is clamped at two
opposite ends and subjected to impact by the 9mm FMJ at
different velocities (Fig.1).
Fig.1. The geometry of the 9mm FMJ.
Simulation of impact has been done in AnsysAutodyn. by
VaibhavDangwal, SaurabhGairola [10].The finished
product after modeling and assembly in Catia V5 was
imported as geometry in Ansys Explicit Dynamics
Workbench. After selection of materials from material
library, it was opened in Autodyn for loading of impact
conditions. Both the lead core and outer shell are
connected and are given a velocity of 700 m/s. The bullet
is initially touching the assemblage of sheets (see fig.2).
As the high velocity impact phenomenon is of localized
nature, the boundary conditions do not influence the
results and therefore only a square region of all the sheets
(200 X 200 mm) was modeled. After finalizing the loading
conditions, and output as Total Deformation and
Equivalent (von-Mises) Stress, solver was run[11,12,13].
Fig.2. Initial Setting[10].
An impact phenomenon is considered as low velocity
impact if the contact period of the impactor is longer than
the time period of the lowest mode of vibration of the
structure[14]. Apart from that, the support condition is
critical since the stress waves generated during the impact
will have enough time to reach the edges of the structure
and causing full vibrational response. Conversely, ballistic
impact or high velocity impact is involved with smaller
contact period of the impactor on the structure than the
time period of the lowest vibrational mode. The response
of the structure is localised on the impacted area and it is
usually not dependent on the support conditions (Naik and
Shrirao, 2004).
However, there is also a threshold velocity which
distinguishes low and high velocity impact. As implied by
Cartie and Irving (2002), 20 m/s is a transition velocity
between two different types of impact damage and it
allows a definition of high and low velocity impacts.
Similarly, the transition to a stress wave-dominated impact
arises at impact velocities between 10 and 20 m/s
especially for general epoxy matrix composites (Abrate,
1998).
Fig. 3 Deformation after impact [10].
IV. BULLET
Bullets are made of a variety of materials. Lead or a lead
alloy (typically containing antimony) is the traditional
bullet core material. Traditional bullet jackets are made of
copper or gilding metal, an alloy of copper and zinc. There
are many other materials that are used in bullets today,
including aluminium, bismuth, bronze, copper, plastics,
rubber, steel, tin, and tungsten. J. hub along with his team
members presented a numerical model of expansion pistol
hollow point bullet penetrating the block of simulator
representing the organic material (tissue). The hollow
point bullet has an expansion ability to increase its wound
potential, but only in case of exceeding the specific limit
impact velocity[15].
Experiments and simulations done upon the gel block and
the fuselage structure targets have shown a significant
difference in piercing ability of the bullet Action 5 under
various target conditions. In case of firing directly to the
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secondary target that is fuselage structure, the bullet
penetrates all parts of the fuselage structure easily with
high surplus of energy. After the simulated penetration of
thin and thick parts of the human body that can be
represented by the arm above the elbow and thighs of the
leg, penetration ability of the bullet decreases significantly
partly due to the expansion of the bullet and increasing the
cross section of the bullet and partly due to lower velocity
of the bullet impact as a result of deceleration in the test
gel block. When considering a possible damage of the
fuselage skin, the least favourable situation corresponds to
the firing through gel block of the thickness less than 150
mm. In this case a large damage could occur due to tear of
the skin caused by low impact energy and expanded bullet,
which could have negative consequences in real flight[16].
V. WINGS AND STABILIZERS IN BULLET
New forms of shells/bullets which increases range of the
projectiles 2 – 5 times is described. These forms contain in
its design small special wings and stabilizers. The
shell/bullet special form wings support the projectile in air,
so that unlike conventional bullets or shells at that
distance, these do fall to earth‟s surface and the projectile
maintains significant kinetic energy. The important
innovation is its compatibility with the conventional rifles
and gun with rifled barrel. The second idea is radical
change of trajectory. The projectile reaches a high altitude
and glides from height using wings with subsonic speed
and a good ratio lift/drag[17]. Author developed the theory
of these projectiles and computed some projects which
show high efficiency of this innovations. These bullets and
shells can be quickly integrated into the arms industry and
army because it does not require manufacture of new
weapons (rifles, guns), but only change the bullets and
shells [17].
VI. MATERIAL SELECTION
Composite material is a material that consists of strong
carry-load materials which are embedded in a somewhat
weaker material. The stronger material is commonly
referred to as reinforcement and the weaker material is
commonly referred to as the matrix. The reinforcement
provides the strength and rigidity that is needed and which
helps to support the structural load[18].
There are some advantages of composite materials:
1. Weight reduction – savings in the range 20% - 50% are
often quoted
2. Mechanical properties can be tailored by „lay-up‟
design, with tapering thicknesses of reinforcing cloth and
cloth orientation.
3. High impact resistance – Kevlar (aramid) armor shields
planes, too – for example, reducing accidental damage to
the engine pylons which carry engine controls and fuel
lines.
4. High damage tolerance improves accident survivability.
5. „Galvanic‟ - electrical – corrosion problems which
would occur when two dissimilar metals are in contact
(particularly in humid marine environments) are avoided.
Here non-conductive fibreglass plays a roll.
There are also some disadvantages:
1. Some higher recurring costs,
2. Higher nonrecurring costs,
3. Higher material costs,
4. Non-visible impact damage,
5. Repairs are different than those to metal structure,
6. Isolation needed to prevent adjacent aluminium part
galvanic corrosion.
In study carried out by Silva et al. (2005), the researchers
used AUTODYN to investigate the ballistic limit and
damage characteristic of Kevlar 29/Vynilester panel. They
argued that the ability of numerical model used to predict
ballistic impact response of composite material depended
largely on choice of appropriate material model. In the
material model, it assumes that the composite material
behaves as an orthotropic material system and non-linear
shock effects and associated energy dependency result
from volumetric material strain. Deviatoric strain
contributions to the final material pressure are based on
linear material response. The model also includes
orthotropic brittle failure criteria to detect directional
failure such as delamination. Failure occurs in brittle
manner and is instantaneous in the specified failure
direction. Post-failure material stiffness coefficients are
assumed equal to those for the intact in direction
orthogonal to the failed directions. It was found that the
ballistic limit of Kevlar 29/Vynilester was correlated very
well between experiment and simulation with 324.3 m/s
and 320 m/srespectively. The damage mechanism
involved was initially started with matrix cracking,
followed by delamination and fibre breakage in the last
stage. The delamination formed a circular shape when
observed both experimentally and numerically.
Other approach that has been used by the researchers in
simulating damage characteristic of composite laminate
during impact is based on so-called continuum damage
mechanics (CDM) constitutive model. This approach has
been successfully implemented within LS-DYNA 3D and
LS-DYNA 2D by van Hoof et al. (2001) and Nandlall et
al. (1998) respectively. As the previous approach used by
Silva et al. (2005), they are assumed that the response of
an individual lamina is linear elastic up to failure and that
in the post-failure regime a lamina is idealised in brittle
manner with the dominant stiffness and strength
components reduced to zero instantaneously. It is however
not the case since the post-failure response of the material
is able to significantly absorb the impact energy[14].
With the sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve
activity, the analysis of heart rate variability precisely
illustrates the physiological comfort with the objective
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data. When using HRV for quantitative analysis of the
bulletproof vest, it is better to adopt the ASN in a static
mode and take the APSN in an exercise situation. Using a
waterproof-breathable inner lining can substantially
enhance comfort in the static mode. Although it is also
practicable to improve comfort in exercise mode, the
improvement in comfort is smaller than that in static
mode. The waterproof-breathable fabric can help disperse
heat generated during exerciseand improve the comfort of
the bulletproof vest[19].
A. Nylon 66
Nylon 66 is frequently used when high mechanical
strength, rigidity, good stability under heat and/or
chemical resistance are required. It is used in fibres for
textiles and carpets and molded parts.
Tsai etal. of University of Tennessee produced nanofibres
from different polymers like polycarbonate, poly(ethylene
oxide), polyurethanes, polystyrene, polycaprolactone,
nylon 6, and nylon 66 and the fabrics made out of these
nanofibres were studied for their barrier properties against
microorganisms and chemicals[20].
During the second world war, American Army produced
„flak jackets‟ using steel plates with Nylon 66 backing.
Nylon usually absorbs twice the amount of energy as p-
aramids [Fig4] [21,22,23].
Fig. 4. Stress strain curves of Nylon and p-aramid[21].
Fig.5. Ballistic comparison between Nylon66 and aramid
fibre fabrics[21].
The stress propagation is more efficient with aramids
which is clear in figure 5 because transverse wave velocity
in p-aramid is 3-4 times higher to that in Nylon.
B. Aramids
Toward the end of the Vietnam conflict, and with the
intent of designing lightweight automobile tires, the
chemical company DuPontTM developed the aramid
(name brand Kevlar®) fibre (DuPont 2010) . This high
molecular weight fibre was found to possess high strength,
high ballistic resilience and a relatively low weight – a
natural fit for body armor. Kevlar® can be woven in a
similar fashion to many other textiles to form sheets,
which in turn are layered to form a ballistic armor system,
such as a vest. One of the first Kevlar®-based armor vests
was designed in 1972 by Second Chance Body Armor
(Second Chance Body Armor 2010), which was a semi-
flexible soft armor vest. This armor system offered
protection against some pistol projectiles and explosive
fragments, providing an alternative to the ageing flak vest,
but was not fully accepted by the United States Armed
Forces. Second chance Body Armor is still producing
Kevlar® vests, mainly for law enforcement officials and is
credited with saving nearly a thousand lives (Second
Chance Body Armor 2010)[24].
Kevlar fibre is made of p-
phenyleneterephthalamides(PPTA) which is the simplest
polyamide of AABB contrapuntal directional form. The
all-para aromatic polyamide is obtained from
polycondensation of para-Phenylenediamine and
terephthaloyl chloride. Because of the rigidity of
molecular chains and the crystallization of the
solution,aeolotropic microstructure could get under large
shear stress in the solution. The glass-transition
temperature of Kevlar is over 300℃. The decomposing
temperature is 560℃. When staying in air at 180℃ for 48
hours, the strength retention rate is 84%. Kevlar fibre has
high tensile strength of 0.215 N/dtex and high initial
elastic modulus of 4.4~8.8 N/dtex.
Fig. 6.Equivalent stress for Kevlar-29 at velocity of 500
m/s[11].
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Its strength ratio is five times that of steel. Kevlar fibres
are often used in composite materials to resist strain, stress
and flexural strength. Their properties of heat-shrinking
and creep are both stable. Otherwise, the electrical
insulation and chemical resistance are also high [9].
The sample that made from Kevlar-29 were exposed to
take 0.07second to absorb and stop the bullet energy
which indicates that there is more energy absorption by the
armor and this will cause severe trauma over wearer body.
Kevlar-29 armor sample were thick about 10mm and the
bullet where fired to the target at distance of 50meter[2].
Fig. 7. Stress - strain curves of Kevlar under different
strain rate at 20℃ [25,9].
Fig.8. Stress - strain curves of Kevlar under different strain
rate at 80℃. [25,9].
In dynamics analysis, the model has been extracted in
IGES format. Here the material choosen is kevlar149 fibre
which is subjected to boundary conditions such as the
plate has been fixed and given a bullet velocity as 950
m/sec indented on a plate. The below Fig.9 shows the
Maximum Principal Stress. The maximum principal stress
of the plate is 1345.2 Mpa[12].
Fig. 9. Maximum Principal Stress of Kevlar149 fibre
In dynamics analysis, the model has been extracted in
IGES format. Here the material choosen is Kevlar149 fibre
which is subjected to boundary conditions such as the
plate has been fixed and given a bullet velocity as 950
m/sec indented on a plate. The below Fig.10 shows the
directional deformation. Directional deformation along y
direction of the plate is 6.6024 mm[12].
Fig.10. Directional Deformation of Kevlar149 fibre
In the research done by A.A. Ramadhan and A.R. Abu
Talib[26] , the energy absorption of the composites were
increased as the initial velocity increases and the
numerical simulation was developed and combined with
academic 3Dautodyn v.12.1 software by explicit mesh to
calculate time versus velocity curves and energy
absorption of Al 6061-T6 stacking sequence inside the
Kevlar29/epoxy composite plates. The impact energy
absorptions of numerical simulation compared with
experimental work which was calculated by formula
showed good agreement with maximum error of 3.64%.
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TABLE 1.PROPERTIES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBRES [21].
Fibre Type Density
(g/cm3
)
Strength
gpd(GPa)
Elongation
%
*Modulus
gpd(GPa)
Maximum
use temp 0
C
a
Wave
Velocity (m/s)
ARAMIDS
Kevlar 29 1.43 23(2.9) 3.6 550(70) 250 6996
Kevlar 49 1.45 23(2.9) 2.8 950(135) 250 9649
Kevlar 119 1.44 24(3.1) 4.4 430(55) 250 6180
Kevlar 129 1.45 26.5(3.4) 3.3 780(99) 250 8263
Kevlar 149 1.47 18(2.3) 1.5 1100(143) 250 9863
Nomex 1.38 5(0.6) 22 140(17) 250 3509
UHMPE
Spectra 900 0.97 30(2.6) 3.5 1400(120) 100 11123
Spectra 1000 0.97 35(3.0) 2.7 2000(171) 100 13277
CARBON FIBRES
Thornel P55(Med M) 1.8 10.8(1.7) 1940(308) 500 13081
Thornel P100(HM) 1.96 10.8(1.86) 0.38 3300(517) 600 16241
Celion 3000(HS) 1.8 25(4.0) 1.8 1440(230) 500 11304
CERAMICS
Boron 2.5 11.6(2.55) 1.0 1800(400) 2000 12649
SiC 2.8 16(4.0) 0.6 1700(420) 1300 12247
Alumina 3.25 6.3(1.8) 1.2 730(210) 1200 8038
Nextel 2.5 7.8(1.72) 2 690(152) 1200 7797
E-glass 2.55 11.6(2.6) 3 320(72) 350 5313
S-glass 2.48 21.9(4.8) 5.3 390(85) 300 5854
*Modulus GPa= (gpd x density)/11.33; a
Wave velocity =sqrt(Modulus/Density)
To study the damage evolution i.e. modes of damages in
the composite plate(Kevlar/epoxy) due to impact, plate is
impacted by conical as well as blunt ended bullet at
incidence velocity of 500 m/s. Damage in the composite
plate occurs mainly due to delamination caused by tensile
force in the thickness direction. Shear failure is the second
largest mode of damage. Bulk failure occurs in initial
stage as bullet start to penetrate. Despite of modes of
failure in composite plate due to impact by conical and
blunt bullet, delamination of lamina and damaged area is
more in the case of blunt bullet impact[27].
One of the most popular fabrics is Twaron CT (High
Tenacity) made from high-strength fibres, used among
other things as lightweight, flexible bulletproof vests.
Twaron CT709 guarantees maximum protection against
soft core projectiles[28]. For TwaronThe yarn count is
93tex and the weave densities are 8.3ends/cm in the warp
and weft direction.Twaron woven plain fabric was used
for the ballistic test and numerical simulation. The yarn
count is 93tex and the weave densities are 8.3ends/cm in
the warp and weft direction. The multiply fabric panel is
layered up by a certain number of fabric layers[29].Macro-
mechanical model was created as a model of layers of
body armor which are made of para-aramid Twaron CT
709 woven fabric. In this type of model, textile layers are
continuous membranes[30].
C. Ultra-High Modulus Polyethylene (UHMPE)
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE)
composite is a promising ballistic armor material due to its
high specific strength and stiffness[31].In all bullet proof
protective-wear, there is a particular core material which
contributes to the stopping of the bullet in a significant
manner. Currently materials made from Ultra High
Molecular Weight Poly Ethylene (UHMWPE) and Aramid
fibers are used widely for this
purpose.Dyneema and Spectra are lightweight high-
strength oriented-strand gel spun through a spinneret.
Oriented ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene
(UHMWPE) fibers were discovered in the late 1970 and
commercialized by DSM, branded as Dyneema®. On a
weight basis, it is the strongest commercially available
fibre[32].Nonwoven polyethylene Dyneema foils to
protect material from abrasion and dirt.
®
SB71 consists of
6 layered in low-molecular polyethylene matrix in a criss-
cross (0/90°) orientation group of aligned in the same
direction filament fibers SK76 and 2foils to protect
material from abrasion and dirt[33].
Aramid fibers are developed by upgrading the ballistic
nylon fiber while UHMWPE is developed from polyester.
Kevlar 29 and Kevlar 149 are the dominant material in the
body armor industry which belongs to the aramid fiber.
Dyneema is another UHMWPE. The molecular formula of
this polymer is the same as common polyethylene but is
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significantly different because of the very high molecular
weight, from 10 to 100 times higher than commercial
polyethylene moulding resin[34].
After comparing the properties of Kevlar and Dyneema, it
was decided to select Dyneema as being superior in many
aspects like strength , impact resistance, Dyneema
gradually degrades under UV light but aramids are easily
degraded.
When compared to aramid, Dyneema needs the higher
energy to break, even at low elongation due to high
strength and modulus and Dyneema is more flexible than
the Kevlar material it may result in fewer breakages in
weaving or knitting process[34].
TABLE 2. TENSILE STRENGTH (N) OF 30 CM YARN
Kevlar Dyneema
WARP
1 143.6 246.2
2 135.7 248.4
3 136 254.0
4 138.9 247.8
5 141.5 228.4
Average 139.14 244.99
WEFT
1 116.9 224.4
2 107.4 230.3
3 110.9 224.7
4 109.2 230.7
5 116.7 222.5
Average 112.22 226.52
TABLE 3: COMPARISON OF LOOP AND KNOT STRENGTHS
Fiber Loop Strength Knot Strength
Dyneema 1.3-2 N/Tex 40-65% 1.1-1.7N/Tex 35-55%
Kevlar 0.9-1.5N/Tex 40-75% 0.6-0.8N/Tex 30-40%
In dynamics analysis, the model has been extracted in
IGES format. Here the material choosen is Spectra900
fibre which is subjected to boundary conditions such as the
plate has been fixed and given a bullet velocity as 950
m/sec indented on a plate. The below Fig.11 shows the
total deformation. It is found that maximum Deformation
in the plate is 14.212 mm. In dynamics analysis, the model
has been extracted in IGES format. Here the material
choosen is Spectra900 fibre which is
Fig. 11. Total Deformation of Spectra900 fibre
subjected to boundary conditions such as the plate has
been fixed and given a bullet velocity as 950 m/sec
indented on a plate. The below Fig.12 shows the
Maximum Principal Stress. The maximum principal stress
of the plate is 492.2 Mpa.
From calculations and analysis it is concluded that
dyneema fibers are the best among three fibers that we
have analysed, as it had theminimum deflection under
given force of the striking bullet[35].
Fig.12 Maximum Principal Stress of Spectra900 fibre
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D. Carbon Fibres
Sisal fiber and glass fiber as the major reinforcements and
multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as additional
reinforcements are used to improve the mechanical
properties of polymer composite with commercial resin
ECMALON 9911 as the base material prepared by hand
layup, stretched fibre and unstretchedfibre processes
[36].Multilayer Graphene is an exceptional anisotropic
material due to its layered structure composed of two-
dimensional carbon lattices . Although the intrinsic
mechanical properties of graphene have been investigated
at quasi-static conditions has not yet been studied. Jae
Hwang Lee report the high-strain rate behavior of multi-
layergraphene over a range of thickness from 10 to 100
nanometres by using miniaturized ballistic tests. Tensile
stretching of the membranes into a cone shape is followed
by initiation of radial cracks that approximately follow
crystallographic directions and extend outward well
beyond the impact area. The specific penetration energy
for multilayer graphene is 10 times more than literature
values for macroscopic steel sheets at 600 m/s
[37].Antonio Politano and GennaroChiarello [38] have
demonstrated that the elastic properties in graphene/metal
interfaces are the same recorded in graphite and free-
standing graphene, with the exception of
graphene/Ni(111), where C-C bonds are stretched by
1.48%. This implies a variation of the 2D Young‟s
modulus by9% (310 N/m versus 342 N/m in the other
systems). The excellent crystalline quality of graphene
grown on metal substrates (with a reduced number of
defects and grain boundaries) leads to macroscopic
samples of high bending flexibility and tensile strength,
which could be used for applications in advanced
nanocomposites. Due to its thermal stability up to 1200 K,
chemical stability and robustness, epitaxial graphene
represents a promising candidate for application in nano-
electromechanical devices.
The results thus far indicate only a slight increase in
strength with loading rate, contrary to the glass fiber
composites. The energy absorption increase with
increasing loading rate is also not as great as for some
glass fiber reinforced plastics. Also, the calculated value
of elastic strain energy absorbed for carbon fiber
composites is much nearer the measured value of energy
absorption than for glass fiber composites. At this time, it
is clear that energy absorption is not simply related to
most experimental variables and the results of standard
tests such as the Charpy test should be interpreted
carefully when trying to relate them to real problems [39].
Energy absorption capacity of carbon nanotubes under
ballistic impact: The energy absorption efficiency reaches
the minimum when the bullet strikes around a height of
0.5. Ballistic resistance capacity of carbon nanotubes:
ballistic impact and bouncing back process on carbon
nanotubes. (1) nanotubes with large radii endure higher
bullet speeds, (2) the ballistic resistance is the highest
when the bullet hits the center of the carbon nanotube, (3)
the ballistic resistance of nanotubes will remain the same
even when bullets strike at the same spot as long as there
is a small interval between bullet strikes[40].
E. Ceramics
Ceramics have been considered one of the most important
materials for lightweight armor applications due to their
low density, high compressive strength, and high hardness
. Ceramic materials for using as ballistic armor must be
sufficiently rigid to fragment the bullet and reduce its
speed, transforming it into small fragments that should be
stopped by the layer of flexible material that supports the
ceramic. Thus, it is necessary that the ceramic material
presents high elastic modulus and high hardness. Fracture
toughness is also a very important requirement for this
application. Ceramics composite materials are widely used
in tank because of their high bulletproof performance. The
utilization of composite materials armour in certain
ballistic applications is increasingly preferred over
conventional rigid metal armour systems because of its
superior strength to weight ratio[41].
The main ceramic materials used commercially in the
development of ballistic armors are Al2O3, B4C, SiC, and
ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) such as Al2O3/ZrO2
system. High cost, processing hindrances, and restrictions
to predict ballistic performance from the properties of the
material are some drawbacks of ceramic armors [42].
The Ceramic to make passivation of bullet shell and stop
advancing function, has reduced the bullet performance of
penetration. If ceramic appear interface destroy, crackle
and is it come back stress destruction, that loses and resists
the performance of bullet-proof. In order to prevent this
situation, need paying attention to bond resin, strength of
ceramic, size, thick and resistance of stress wave[43].
F. Mild Steel
A Deb along with his team members gives a
comprehensive finite element-based study of ballistic
impact on moderately thick mild steel plates of different
grades with a low- calibre jacketed projectile. A
comparison of three different modelling techniques was
done which removes a degree of confusion that may have
existed in published literature on preference for any of
these approaches. The ability of the current modelling
techniques in predicting residual velocity and plate failure
mode indirectly confirms earlier observations of experts
that thermal effects are not significant for velocities not
exceeding the ordnance range. The present convergence
study also establishes erosion of projectile copper sheath
increases substantially. Such partial-to-significant erosion
of projectile sheath has been observed in actual tests. The
presence of localised bulging of perforated target plate
with minimal dishing (i.e., plate bending) in shell-, solid-,
and axisymmetric-based modelling of target plate has been
reported in tests at velocities substantially higher than
ballistic limit. [44].The study has shown that the predictive
capability for penetration of steel core bullet is quite good
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with Radioss non-linear explicit analysis. It also helps to
get the steel plate behavior under dynamic impact loading.
It has been shown that the simulations could catch the
main features of the experiments (especially the velocity,
and kinetic energy of the projectile)[45,46].
In research done by Rajesh P Nair, Alex AEarali both
projectile and target are made of steel. During impact and
penetration there will be a rise in temperature in both
projectile and target. To capture these temperature effects,
thermal properties are used in simulation of impact.
Johnson Cook model is used for both material deformation
and failure simulation. Johnson Cook model is a strain rate
and temperature-dependent viscos-plastic material model.
Failure model used is Johnson and Cook [47].Failure
criterion which is based on the continuum damage
mechanics[48].
Impact damaged area for medium velocity impact is
calculated using thermography and that is validated by the
x ray radiography. Transmission mode with 50 Hz
thermography is coinciding with x ray radiography. From
the x ray radiography image it is concluded that the
material is damaged for full depth even though the bullet
is not fully penetrated [49].
VII. LIMITATION OF CURRENT TECHNOLOGY
OF BULLET PROOF JACKETS
1. A full body suit would likely double the weight of the
armor and reduce the soldier‟s mobility to a waddle
and unable to bend.
2. Most ceramic armors used today employ alumina
(Al2O3) as the ceramic material. When weight
reduction is a primary concern , silicon carbide (SiC3)
and boron carbide (B4C3) ceramics may be used;
however , their high cost as compared to alumina limit
their use.
3. The plates will stop one armor piercing 0.3-0.6 or
7.62*54R round. Subsequent protection against such
round is not guaranteed .
4. Body armor will not stop 0.50 Brouning machine
gun(BMG) or equivalent Russian heavy machine guns
rounds.
5. They don‟t protect against other injury (eg knives).
6. Aside from the danger of heat related injuries , BPV
may contribute to severe discomfort problems.
VIII. SCOPE
1. Bulletproof vests for the armed forces are set to
get lighter by around 2kg as scientists at Patiala-based
Thapar University are working on a polymeric liquid
which will replace the fibre used in such jackets at present.
In a “Make in India” initiative, the scientists are
developing the new vests under a project sponsored by
Defense Research and Development Organization
(DRDO).The bullet proof vests currently used by the
security forces weigh around 3.8kg and are made bullet
resistant using a fibre named Kevlar
(polyparaphenyleneterephthalamide), whose 2040 layers
are packed inside the jacket. The new bullet resistant
liquid will reduce the number of layers up to four.
2. Experiments carried out at Rice University show
graphene is 10 times better than steel at absorbing the
energy of penetrating projectile. They have been known to
be 100 times as strong as steel .CNT‟s are extremely light.
3. Nanotechnology can assist the design of super
strong fibers for ballistic armors applications. Molecular
design can assist the alignment of Nano fillers in
polymeric fibers. Fabrication and Study of Mechanical.
4. In Medical field available some Medicines and
liquids, that is very useful to stop blood flow from injury
within 8 seconds and injury recovery will be fast so these
type of things put in the jackets after that soldier have
more safety.
IX. CONCLUSION
The modular jackets are meant to provide “graded level of
protection” depending on the mission to be undertaken.
The jacket would weigh less than 4 kg with a trauma pad
with all around soft armor plate including front, side, back,
collar and neck for low risk/threat missions.
For many years , modern bullet resistant vests were made
from woven Kevlar , but newer materials have since been
developed that are lighter , thinner and more resistant ,
although much more expensive. The cost of bullet proof
vests ranges anywhere from $100 to more than $1300 for
top quality, resistant ones [50].
The term “bulletproof” is a misnomer since the vests
depending on their rating may provide little or no
protection against rifle , ammunition , unusually high
velocity pistol ammunition , pistol ammo fired from a rifle
barrel , armor piercing ammunition and sharp edged or
pointed instruments (such as knives). Additionally,
projectiles that are successfully stopped by armor will
always produce some level of injury, resulting in severe
bruising , broken wounds , serious internal injuries or even
death.
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