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The 1st World War
     Causes
The system of alliances
• The Triple Alliance or   • The Triple Entente
  the Central Powers         (1907):
  (1882):
   – Germany                  – Great Britain
   – Austria-Hungary          – France
   – Italy                    – Russia
The Triple Alliance
                          Austria-
  Germany                 Hungary                  Italy

• Industrialized     • Different ethnic
• Wanted an            groups that           • New country
  overseas             wanted their          • Wanted an
  empire (Navy)        independence            overseas
                       (serbs, slavs, czec     empire
• “Encircled” by       hs, germans…)
  Russia and                                 • Not as
  France             • Scared by Russia        powerful or
                                               industrialized
                                               as the rest
The Triple Entente
 Great Britain            France              Russia
• Industrialized     • Wanted revenge    • Old Regime:
• Overseas             after the           most
  Empire               Franco-Prussian     backward
• The                  War                 country
  “splendid                              • Not very
  isolation”         • Claims Alsacia-     industrialized
  ends as              Lorena            • Supports
  Germany                                  Slavs and
  claims for                               Serbs living in
                     • Industrialized
  colonies                                 Austria-
                                           Hungary
The Major Players: 1914-17
    Allied Powers:                                 Central Powers:




                                                     William II [Ger]
               George V [Br]


                                Victor Emmanuel
Nicholas II                          II [It]
   [Rus]

                                             Franz Josef [A-H] Enver Pasha
              Pres. Poincare [Fr]                               [Turkey]
The “balance of power”: the system of alliances made
 politicians think that the power of the two alliances
      would prevent any side from starting a war




                                     “The Chain of Friendship”, The
                                     Brooklyn Eagle, July 1914.
The Path to the War
• It would be a quick war
• Militarism and Arms
  race
• Economic and Imperial
  rivalries
• Nationalism and
  extreme loyalty to one’s
  country
Pre-war Crisis
           1905 Morocco
• - Germany wanted to end French supremacy over
  Morocco
• - 1906 Algeciras Conference: France & Great Britain
  stuck together against German claims



             1908: 1st Balkan Crisis
• - Austria-Hungary takes control over Bosnia-
  Herzegovina
• - Russia & Serbia protest but are not ready for a war
• - Germany backs up Austria-Hungary against Russia
  and Serbia
Pre-War Crisis
                     1911: Morocco
• Crisis of Agadir: Germany claims Morocco against French
  control
• France keeps its control over Morocco and in exchange
  Germany receives territories in Central Africa
• Secret agreement: France would patrol the
  Mediterranean Sea while Great Britain would patrol the
  French coasts in the Atlantic and the North Sea



             1912-13: 2nd Balkan Crisis
• After several local wars, Serbia enlarges its territories
  with Russia’s support
• Austria-Hungary is annoyed as it is losing supremacy
  over the Balkan area.
The Spark: Sarajevo Murder

            • Archduke Franz Ferdinand
              (successor to the Austria-
              Hungarian throne) is
              assesinated in Sarajevo.
            • Austria blames Serbia and
              issues an ultimatum to
              allow Austrian forces to
              investigate the murder in
              Serbia
The Domino Effect
Austria-Hungary issues                                        Austria-Hungary
   an ultimatum to                Serbia refuses the          declares war on
Serbia (its forces will enter        ultimatum                    Serbia.
 the country to investigate
       the murder)                                               28 July 1914




  Russia mobilizes its            Germany (Austria-          France (Russia’s allie)
   troops to defend             Hungary ‘s allie) declares     declares war on
        Serbia                      war on Russia                 Germany




   Germany invades              Great Britain (France’s
   Belgium to attack            allie) declares war on
        France                          Germany
I world war. Causes

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I world war. Causes

  • 1. The 1st World War Causes
  • 2. The system of alliances • The Triple Alliance or • The Triple Entente the Central Powers (1907): (1882): – Germany – Great Britain – Austria-Hungary – France – Italy – Russia
  • 3.
  • 4. The Triple Alliance Austria- Germany Hungary Italy • Industrialized • Different ethnic • Wanted an groups that • New country overseas wanted their • Wanted an empire (Navy) independence overseas (serbs, slavs, czec empire • “Encircled” by hs, germans…) Russia and • Not as France • Scared by Russia powerful or industrialized as the rest
  • 5. The Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia • Industrialized • Wanted revenge • Old Regime: • Overseas after the most Empire Franco-Prussian backward • The War country “splendid • Not very isolation” • Claims Alsacia- industrialized ends as Lorena • Supports Germany Slavs and claims for Serbs living in • Industrialized colonies Austria- Hungary
  • 6. The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: William II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel Nicholas II II [It] [Rus] Franz Josef [A-H] Enver Pasha Pres. Poincare [Fr] [Turkey]
  • 7. The “balance of power”: the system of alliances made politicians think that the power of the two alliances would prevent any side from starting a war “The Chain of Friendship”, The Brooklyn Eagle, July 1914.
  • 8. The Path to the War • It would be a quick war • Militarism and Arms race • Economic and Imperial rivalries • Nationalism and extreme loyalty to one’s country
  • 9. Pre-war Crisis 1905 Morocco • - Germany wanted to end French supremacy over Morocco • - 1906 Algeciras Conference: France & Great Britain stuck together against German claims 1908: 1st Balkan Crisis • - Austria-Hungary takes control over Bosnia- Herzegovina • - Russia & Serbia protest but are not ready for a war • - Germany backs up Austria-Hungary against Russia and Serbia
  • 10. Pre-War Crisis 1911: Morocco • Crisis of Agadir: Germany claims Morocco against French control • France keeps its control over Morocco and in exchange Germany receives territories in Central Africa • Secret agreement: France would patrol the Mediterranean Sea while Great Britain would patrol the French coasts in the Atlantic and the North Sea 1912-13: 2nd Balkan Crisis • After several local wars, Serbia enlarges its territories with Russia’s support • Austria-Hungary is annoyed as it is losing supremacy over the Balkan area.
  • 11. The Spark: Sarajevo Murder • Archduke Franz Ferdinand (successor to the Austria- Hungarian throne) is assesinated in Sarajevo. • Austria blames Serbia and issues an ultimatum to allow Austrian forces to investigate the murder in Serbia
  • 12. The Domino Effect Austria-Hungary issues Austria-Hungary an ultimatum to Serbia refuses the declares war on Serbia (its forces will enter ultimatum Serbia. the country to investigate the murder) 28 July 1914 Russia mobilizes its Germany (Austria- France (Russia’s allie) troops to defend Hungary ‘s allie) declares declares war on Serbia war on Russia Germany Germany invades Great Britain (France’s Belgium to attack allie) declares war on France Germany