Hyperemesis Gravidarum
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An overview of hyperemesis gravidarum; including causes, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, management principles, prognosis and complications.
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Cardiac Disease in pregnancy.pptx
for 3rd year students. explains in easy language and more graphical than other ppts. keep reading and i will keep uploading. thanks
Hypertensive disorders in Pregnancy
1. Hypertension in pregnancy can manifest as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or eclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation.
2. The pathophysiology of preeclampsia involves abnormal placentation leading to placental ischemia and endothelial dysfunction. This causes widespread effects including vasoconstriction and signs/symptoms affecting multiple organ systems.
3. Diagnosis of preeclampsia is based on new hypertension and proteinuria developing after 20 weeks of gestation. Evaluation of patients involves assessment of signs/symptoms and laboratory/imaging tests to determine severity and monitor for complications affecting maternal/fetal health.
Cardiac Diseases in Pregnancy
A presentation made for Obgyn rotation by 4th year medical students from An- Najah National University- Palestine
Fetal distress
This document discusses fetal distress, which is now referred to as non-reassuring fetal status. It describes the pathophysiology of fetal distress as being caused by chronic placental insufficiency and hypoxia, leading to lactic acid buildup and changes in fetal heart rate and meconium passage. It distinguishes between acute and chronic fetal distress and lists various causes. Diagnosis is made based on abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, meconium staining, low pH, and low Apgar scores. Management involves oxygen, monitoring the mother, addressing hypotension, and immediate delivery.
Heart diseases in pregnancy
The increased cardiac output related to pregnancy can lead to heart failure, and the increased heart rate in the third trimester can lead to ischemic events. The potential obstetrical complications include preeclampsia or other hypertensive related disorders, premature birth, and small-for-gestational-age births.
Dysfunctional labor
This document discusses dysfunctional labor, including its definition, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. It begins with an outline and overview of normal labor stages and durations. Dysfunctional labor is defined as any deviation from normal labor progress and can be caused by issues with uterine contractions, fetal positioning, or maternal pelvic anatomy. Types include prolonged latent phase, primary dysfunctional labor (prolonged active phase), and secondary arrest. Diagnosis involves monitoring labor progress with a partogram. Risks include fetal distress and operative delivery. Management depends on the type, and may involve oxytocin augmentation, changing maternal position, or cesarean section if no progress. Active management with early amniotomy and oxytocin for slow labor
pre eclampsia
Hypertension is a common pregnancy complication and can be pregnancy-induced or pre-existing. Preeclampsia is defined as new hypertension with proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It has various risk factors and causes damage through abnormal placentation. Clinically, it ranges from mild to severe based on blood pressure and can cause maternal organ damage. It is managed through blood pressure control, delivery once stabilized, and monitoring for complications like eclampsia. Preventing measures include calcium, anti-thrombotics and screening high risk women.
Infants of diabetic mothers ( IDM)
1) Infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) are at risk for complications during pregnancy and birth due to maternal hyperglycemia and the fetus's resulting hyperinsulinemia. Complications for the fetus include increased birth weight, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, and respiratory distress.
2) The Pederson hypothesis explains that maternal hyperglycemia causes fetal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia after 20 weeks of gestation as the fetal pancreas matures. This excess insulin promotes increased growth in the fetus.
3) Management of IDM focuses on stabilizing blood glucose with IV dextrose supplementation and feeding support, and treating electrolyte abnormalities like hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
Recommended
Cardiac Disease in pregnancy.pptx
for 3rd year students. explains in easy language and more graphical than other ppts. keep reading and i will keep uploading. thanks
Hypertensive disorders in Pregnancy
1. Hypertension in pregnancy can manifest as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or eclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation.
2. The pathophysiology of preeclampsia involves abnormal placentation leading to placental ischemia and endothelial dysfunction. This causes widespread effects including vasoconstriction and signs/symptoms affecting multiple organ systems.
3. Diagnosis of preeclampsia is based on new hypertension and proteinuria developing after 20 weeks of gestation. Evaluation of patients involves assessment of signs/symptoms and laboratory/imaging tests to determine severity and monitor for complications affecting maternal/fetal health.
Cardiac Diseases in Pregnancy
A presentation made for Obgyn rotation by 4th year medical students from An- Najah National University- Palestine
Fetal distress
This document discusses fetal distress, which is now referred to as non-reassuring fetal status. It describes the pathophysiology of fetal distress as being caused by chronic placental insufficiency and hypoxia, leading to lactic acid buildup and changes in fetal heart rate and meconium passage. It distinguishes between acute and chronic fetal distress and lists various causes. Diagnosis is made based on abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, meconium staining, low pH, and low Apgar scores. Management involves oxygen, monitoring the mother, addressing hypotension, and immediate delivery.
Heart diseases in pregnancy
The increased cardiac output related to pregnancy can lead to heart failure, and the increased heart rate in the third trimester can lead to ischemic events. The potential obstetrical complications include preeclampsia or other hypertensive related disorders, premature birth, and small-for-gestational-age births.
Dysfunctional labor
This document discusses dysfunctional labor, including its definition, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. It begins with an outline and overview of normal labor stages and durations. Dysfunctional labor is defined as any deviation from normal labor progress and can be caused by issues with uterine contractions, fetal positioning, or maternal pelvic anatomy. Types include prolonged latent phase, primary dysfunctional labor (prolonged active phase), and secondary arrest. Diagnosis involves monitoring labor progress with a partogram. Risks include fetal distress and operative delivery. Management depends on the type, and may involve oxytocin augmentation, changing maternal position, or cesarean section if no progress. Active management with early amniotomy and oxytocin for slow labor
pre eclampsia
Hypertension is a common pregnancy complication and can be pregnancy-induced or pre-existing. Preeclampsia is defined as new hypertension with proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It has various risk factors and causes damage through abnormal placentation. Clinically, it ranges from mild to severe based on blood pressure and can cause maternal organ damage. It is managed through blood pressure control, delivery once stabilized, and monitoring for complications like eclampsia. Preventing measures include calcium, anti-thrombotics and screening high risk women.
Infants of diabetic mothers ( IDM)
1) Infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) are at risk for complications during pregnancy and birth due to maternal hyperglycemia and the fetus's resulting hyperinsulinemia. Complications for the fetus include increased birth weight, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, and respiratory distress.
2) The Pederson hypothesis explains that maternal hyperglycemia causes fetal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia after 20 weeks of gestation as the fetal pancreas matures. This excess insulin promotes increased growth in the fetus.
3) Management of IDM focuses on stabilizing blood glucose with IV dextrose supplementation and feeding support, and treating electrolyte abnormalities like hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
Fetal distress
This document discusses fetal distress, also known as nonreassuring fetal status. It can be defined as hypoxia that may result in permanent brain damage or death for the fetus if the cause is not addressed immediately. Some potential causes of fetal distress include maternal hypoxia, placental issues, obstetric complications, and prolonged compression of the fetal head. Effects on the fetus can include growth issues, decreased movement, low amniotic fluid, stillbirth, and effects on the infant like brain injury and meconium aspiration. Assessment methods discussed include monitoring fetal movement, ultrasounds, amniocentesis, biophysical profile testing, and electronic fetal monitoring during labor.
Placenta previa
This document discusses bleeding during pregnancy, specifically focusing on bleeding in late pregnancy known as ante partum hemorrhage. It describes the main causes of ante partum hemorrhage as placenta previa and abruptio placenta. Placenta previa is defined as an abnormally positioned placenta that covers all or part of the cervical os, and can cause inevitable bleeding. The document outlines the prevalence, causes, degrees, diagnosis, and management of placenta previa. Nursing care for women with placenta previa focuses on careful assessment and monitoring of maternal and fetal status, with the goals of preventing complications and delivering a healthy infant.
Anemia in pregnancy by dr shabnam naz
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia and provides prevalence rates. It describes physiological changes in blood during pregnancy. It discusses severity of anemia and classifications. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and the document outlines iron absorption, requirements, and prevention. Signs, effects, diagnosis and treatment of anemia in pregnancy are also summarized.
Hyperemesis gravidarum
This document discusses hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. HG affects 0.3-3.6% of pregnant women and is one of the leading causes of hospitalization among pregnant women. It is defined as nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy when no other cause is identified. HG is thought to be associated with high levels of the hCG hormone and conditions with higher hCG like multiple pregnancies are associated with more severe HG. HG is diagnosed when a woman experiences severe, prolonged nausea and vomiting leading to weight loss of over 5% and dehydration. Treatment involves rehydration, electrolyte replacement, and antiemetic medications to prevent further complications.
Jaundice in pregnancy
This document discusses various causes of jaundice that can occur during pregnancy. It begins with definitions of jaundice and normal liver physiology during pregnancy. It then discusses changes in liver function tests during pregnancy and the effects of maternal hyperbilirubinemia on the fetus. The main causes of jaundice unique to pregnancy are identified as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome, and severe hyperemesis gravidarum. Viral hepatitis, gallstones, autoimmune disorders and drugs are identified as causes that can coincide with pregnancy. Details are provided on diagnosis and management of specific conditions like obstetric cholestasis, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, HEL
Obstetrical shock
This document discusses obstetric shock, its causes, signs, stages, and management. Shock is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The major causes of obstetric shock are hemorrhage, sepsis, cardiogenic issues, neurogenic issues, and anaphylaxis. Untreated shock progresses through compensated, decompensated, and irreversible stages. Initial management focuses on airway, breathing, circulation, oxygenation, intravenous fluids, blood transfusion, and identifying and treating the underlying cause. Prompt recognition and treatment of obstetric shock can improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
Abdominal pain in pregnancy
Palpate for uterine tenderness and contractions. Check cervix for effacement and dilation. Rule out PPROM by checking for amniotic fluid pooling or leaking. Consider infection/bleeding as potential causes based on history and exam findings.
Macrosomia and iugr with case study for undergraduare
Undergraduate course lectures in Obstetrics&Gynecology .Prepared by DR Manal Behery. Faculty of medicine,Zagazig University
Fetal distres
Fetal distress is defined as a state of hypoxia and acidosis during pregnancy caused by depletion of oxygen and accumulation of carbon dioxide in the fetus. It can be caused by maternal factors like preeclampsia, anemia, bleeding, or infection, as well as placental or umbilical cord issues that obstruct blood flow. This leads to respiratory acidosis in the fetus and changes in fetal heart rate. Chronic fetal distress can cause intrauterine growth retardation. Clinical manifestations include meconium staining, abnormal fetal heart rate and movement patterns, and acidosis shown on fetal blood samples. Management involves addressing the cause, correcting acidosis, and potentially terminating the pregnancy through forceps delivery or c-section depending on severity of
Infant of a diabetic mother
This document discusses the infant of a diabetic mother. It begins with an introduction stating that diabetes is a common complication of pregnancy and risks to the infant have decreased but still exist. It then covers pathophysiology, epidemiology, complications, management, and prognosis. Key points include: fetal macrosomia is a risk; hypoglycemia is common due to hyperinsulinemia; other risks include hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and congenital heart defects. Management involves monitoring glucose and electrolytes along with imaging tests. Treatment focuses on maintaining normal glucose during labor and delivery along with early breastfeeding to prevent hypoglycemia. Prognosis is generally good but neurodevelopmental risks exist if maternal glucose control was
Bleeding in early pregnancy
This presentation describes approach to a patient presenting with early pregnancy bleeding. It also includes a brief outline about the management of miscarriage, molar pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy.
Feto placental insufficiency (Dysfunction of Placenta)
The document discusses placental insufficiency, which can be primary or secondary and acute or chronic. Primary placental insufficiency is caused by insufficient trophoblast invasion of the uterine arteries during placental formation. Secondary placental insufficiency occurs later in pregnancy and is caused by diseases or complications that affect the pregnant woman. A variety of social, somatic, obstetric, and complications during pregnancy can increase the risk of developing placental insufficiency. Diagnosis involves examination of the placenta, fetal monitoring with ultrasound and tests of cardiac activity and movements, and maternal blood tests. Both placental formation and fetal development are monitored for signs of insufficiency.
Management of diabetes in pregnancy
This document discusses the management of diabetes in pregnancy. It defines diabetes and describes how pregnancy causes insulin resistance and increased insulin demands. It covers screening and diagnosis of gestational and pregestational diabetes. The effects of diabetes and pregnancy on each other are outlined. The goals of management are good glycemic control through diet, exercise, oral medications or insulin as needed. Fetal surveillance and maternal monitoring during pregnancy and delivery are also discussed.
Polyhydramios
Polyhydramnios is an excess of amniotic fluid, defined as over 2000 ml. It can be caused by fetal issues like congenital anomalies that impact swallowing or by maternal diabetes. Clinical signs include a fundal height higher than gestational age and a tense, cystic uterus that makes fetal parts difficult to feel. Management depends on the severity and chronicity, with acute cases warranting early rupture of membranes and chronic cases involving expectant management with potential termination if not improved. Complications can be maternal like preterm labor or fetal like prematurity.
Antepartum haemorrhage
This document discusses various causes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH), including placenta previa, abruption placentae, and vasa previa. Placenta previa, where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, accounts for about one-third of APH cases. Risk factors include advancing maternal age, multiparity, prior cesarean delivery, and smoking. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, ranging from bed rest to cesarean delivery. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta and can cause concealed or revealed bleeding. It is associated with increased risks of fetal and maternal complications. Vasa previa
Post term pregnancy
Post-term or post-maturity pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy continuing beyond 42 completed weeks of gestation. The average incidence is about 10%. Post-term pregnancies carry increased risks for both mother and baby, including macrosomia, placental insufficiency, meconium aspiration syndrome, hypoglycemia, and stillbirth. Diagnosis involves confirming gestational age through menstrual history, clinical examination, and ultrasound. Management may involve induction of labor or continued monitoring, depending on fetal well-being as assessed by tests like biophysical profile and nonstress test. Preventing post-term pregnancy involves accurate dating using early ultrasound and monitoring pregnancies at risk of going past 42 weeks.
Abnormal uterine action
This document discusses abnormal uterine action during labor, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. The main types discussed are uterine inertia, ineffective contractions, abnormal polarity, incoordinate contractions including spastic lower segment and constriction ring, cervical dystocia, precipitate labor, tonic contractions, and retraction ring. The importance of assessing uterine tone, frequency and strength of contractions is emphasized for diagnosis. Management depends on the specific abnormality but may include oxytocin augmentation, amniotomy, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section.
Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy. Risk factors include obesity, family history of diabetes, and ethnicity. During pregnancy, hormones cause insulin resistance and the pancreas must produce more insulin to maintain blood glucose levels. Untreated GDM can lead to complications for both mother and baby like preeclampsia, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Screening and tight glucose control are important. Pre-gestational diabetes also requires careful management to reduce risks of birth defects, complications, and future diabetes in the child.
Obstructed labour
This topic contains definition, incidence, causes, effect on mother and fetus, clinical features, prevention, management of Obstructed labour.
Bleeding in pregnancy
The document discusses different types of early pregnancy bleeding including threatened miscarriage, inevitable miscarriage, incomplete miscarriage, missed miscarriage, and septic miscarriage. It outlines signs and symptoms of each type as well as potential causes of spontaneous abortion such as chromosomal abnormalities, infections, medical conditions, and cervical or uterine issues. Rare conditions like molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma are also mentioned. Midwifery assessments and responsibilities for dealing with miscarriage are highlighted.
HEG.pdf
Some key features that distinguish transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum from hyperthyroidism of other causes include:
- In hyperemesis gravidarum, symptoms of hyperthyroidism are accompanied by severe nausea and vomiting.
- Serum TSH is typically only mildly suppressed in hyperemesis gravidarum, while it is undetectable in hyperthyroidism from other causes.
- Serum free T4 levels are normal in hyperemesis gravidarum, while they are elevated in hyperthyroidism from other causes like Graves' disease.
- Symptoms of hyperthyroidism resolve along with nausea/vomiting in hyperemesis gravid
HYPEREMSIS GRAVIDARUM .pptx
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration, metabolic disturbances, and weight loss of over 5%. It affects approximately 0.3-3% of pregnancies. The cause is multifactorial but is linked to high levels of hCG and other hormones. Clinically it presents with persistent vomiting and signs of dehydration. Treatment involves intravenous rehydration, antiemetics, thiamine supplementation, and monitoring for complications like Wernicke's encephalopathy. With treatment, the symptoms typically resolve by 12-14 weeks of gestation though may recur in future pregnancies.
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Fetal distress
This document discusses fetal distress, also known as nonreassuring fetal status. It can be defined as hypoxia that may result in permanent brain damage or death for the fetus if the cause is not addressed immediately. Some potential causes of fetal distress include maternal hypoxia, placental issues, obstetric complications, and prolonged compression of the fetal head. Effects on the fetus can include growth issues, decreased movement, low amniotic fluid, stillbirth, and effects on the infant like brain injury and meconium aspiration. Assessment methods discussed include monitoring fetal movement, ultrasounds, amniocentesis, biophysical profile testing, and electronic fetal monitoring during labor.
Placenta previa
This document discusses bleeding during pregnancy, specifically focusing on bleeding in late pregnancy known as ante partum hemorrhage. It describes the main causes of ante partum hemorrhage as placenta previa and abruptio placenta. Placenta previa is defined as an abnormally positioned placenta that covers all or part of the cervical os, and can cause inevitable bleeding. The document outlines the prevalence, causes, degrees, diagnosis, and management of placenta previa. Nursing care for women with placenta previa focuses on careful assessment and monitoring of maternal and fetal status, with the goals of preventing complications and delivering a healthy infant.
Anemia in pregnancy by dr shabnam naz
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia and provides prevalence rates. It describes physiological changes in blood during pregnancy. It discusses severity of anemia and classifications. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and the document outlines iron absorption, requirements, and prevention. Signs, effects, diagnosis and treatment of anemia in pregnancy are also summarized.
Hyperemesis gravidarum
This document discusses hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. HG affects 0.3-3.6% of pregnant women and is one of the leading causes of hospitalization among pregnant women. It is defined as nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy when no other cause is identified. HG is thought to be associated with high levels of the hCG hormone and conditions with higher hCG like multiple pregnancies are associated with more severe HG. HG is diagnosed when a woman experiences severe, prolonged nausea and vomiting leading to weight loss of over 5% and dehydration. Treatment involves rehydration, electrolyte replacement, and antiemetic medications to prevent further complications.
Jaundice in pregnancy
This document discusses various causes of jaundice that can occur during pregnancy. It begins with definitions of jaundice and normal liver physiology during pregnancy. It then discusses changes in liver function tests during pregnancy and the effects of maternal hyperbilirubinemia on the fetus. The main causes of jaundice unique to pregnancy are identified as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome, and severe hyperemesis gravidarum. Viral hepatitis, gallstones, autoimmune disorders and drugs are identified as causes that can coincide with pregnancy. Details are provided on diagnosis and management of specific conditions like obstetric cholestasis, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, HEL
Obstetrical shock
This document discusses obstetric shock, its causes, signs, stages, and management. Shock is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The major causes of obstetric shock are hemorrhage, sepsis, cardiogenic issues, neurogenic issues, and anaphylaxis. Untreated shock progresses through compensated, decompensated, and irreversible stages. Initial management focuses on airway, breathing, circulation, oxygenation, intravenous fluids, blood transfusion, and identifying and treating the underlying cause. Prompt recognition and treatment of obstetric shock can improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
Abdominal pain in pregnancy
Palpate for uterine tenderness and contractions. Check cervix for effacement and dilation. Rule out PPROM by checking for amniotic fluid pooling or leaking. Consider infection/bleeding as potential causes based on history and exam findings.
Macrosomia and iugr with case study for undergraduare
Undergraduate course lectures in Obstetrics&Gynecology .Prepared by DR Manal Behery. Faculty of medicine,Zagazig University
Fetal distres
Fetal distress is defined as a state of hypoxia and acidosis during pregnancy caused by depletion of oxygen and accumulation of carbon dioxide in the fetus. It can be caused by maternal factors like preeclampsia, anemia, bleeding, or infection, as well as placental or umbilical cord issues that obstruct blood flow. This leads to respiratory acidosis in the fetus and changes in fetal heart rate. Chronic fetal distress can cause intrauterine growth retardation. Clinical manifestations include meconium staining, abnormal fetal heart rate and movement patterns, and acidosis shown on fetal blood samples. Management involves addressing the cause, correcting acidosis, and potentially terminating the pregnancy through forceps delivery or c-section depending on severity of
Infant of a diabetic mother
This document discusses the infant of a diabetic mother. It begins with an introduction stating that diabetes is a common complication of pregnancy and risks to the infant have decreased but still exist. It then covers pathophysiology, epidemiology, complications, management, and prognosis. Key points include: fetal macrosomia is a risk; hypoglycemia is common due to hyperinsulinemia; other risks include hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and congenital heart defects. Management involves monitoring glucose and electrolytes along with imaging tests. Treatment focuses on maintaining normal glucose during labor and delivery along with early breastfeeding to prevent hypoglycemia. Prognosis is generally good but neurodevelopmental risks exist if maternal glucose control was
Bleeding in early pregnancy
This presentation describes approach to a patient presenting with early pregnancy bleeding. It also includes a brief outline about the management of miscarriage, molar pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy.
Feto placental insufficiency (Dysfunction of Placenta)
The document discusses placental insufficiency, which can be primary or secondary and acute or chronic. Primary placental insufficiency is caused by insufficient trophoblast invasion of the uterine arteries during placental formation. Secondary placental insufficiency occurs later in pregnancy and is caused by diseases or complications that affect the pregnant woman. A variety of social, somatic, obstetric, and complications during pregnancy can increase the risk of developing placental insufficiency. Diagnosis involves examination of the placenta, fetal monitoring with ultrasound and tests of cardiac activity and movements, and maternal blood tests. Both placental formation and fetal development are monitored for signs of insufficiency.
Management of diabetes in pregnancy
This document discusses the management of diabetes in pregnancy. It defines diabetes and describes how pregnancy causes insulin resistance and increased insulin demands. It covers screening and diagnosis of gestational and pregestational diabetes. The effects of diabetes and pregnancy on each other are outlined. The goals of management are good glycemic control through diet, exercise, oral medications or insulin as needed. Fetal surveillance and maternal monitoring during pregnancy and delivery are also discussed.
Polyhydramios
Polyhydramnios is an excess of amniotic fluid, defined as over 2000 ml. It can be caused by fetal issues like congenital anomalies that impact swallowing or by maternal diabetes. Clinical signs include a fundal height higher than gestational age and a tense, cystic uterus that makes fetal parts difficult to feel. Management depends on the severity and chronicity, with acute cases warranting early rupture of membranes and chronic cases involving expectant management with potential termination if not improved. Complications can be maternal like preterm labor or fetal like prematurity.
Antepartum haemorrhage
This document discusses various causes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH), including placenta previa, abruption placentae, and vasa previa. Placenta previa, where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, accounts for about one-third of APH cases. Risk factors include advancing maternal age, multiparity, prior cesarean delivery, and smoking. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, ranging from bed rest to cesarean delivery. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta and can cause concealed or revealed bleeding. It is associated with increased risks of fetal and maternal complications. Vasa previa
Post term pregnancy
Post-term or post-maturity pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy continuing beyond 42 completed weeks of gestation. The average incidence is about 10%. Post-term pregnancies carry increased risks for both mother and baby, including macrosomia, placental insufficiency, meconium aspiration syndrome, hypoglycemia, and stillbirth. Diagnosis involves confirming gestational age through menstrual history, clinical examination, and ultrasound. Management may involve induction of labor or continued monitoring, depending on fetal well-being as assessed by tests like biophysical profile and nonstress test. Preventing post-term pregnancy involves accurate dating using early ultrasound and monitoring pregnancies at risk of going past 42 weeks.
Abnormal uterine action
This document discusses abnormal uterine action during labor, including definitions, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. The main types discussed are uterine inertia, ineffective contractions, abnormal polarity, incoordinate contractions including spastic lower segment and constriction ring, cervical dystocia, precipitate labor, tonic contractions, and retraction ring. The importance of assessing uterine tone, frequency and strength of contractions is emphasized for diagnosis. Management depends on the specific abnormality but may include oxytocin augmentation, amniotomy, operative vaginal delivery, or cesarean section.
Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy. Risk factors include obesity, family history of diabetes, and ethnicity. During pregnancy, hormones cause insulin resistance and the pancreas must produce more insulin to maintain blood glucose levels. Untreated GDM can lead to complications for both mother and baby like preeclampsia, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Screening and tight glucose control are important. Pre-gestational diabetes also requires careful management to reduce risks of birth defects, complications, and future diabetes in the child.
Obstructed labour
This topic contains definition, incidence, causes, effect on mother and fetus, clinical features, prevention, management of Obstructed labour.
Bleeding in pregnancy
The document discusses different types of early pregnancy bleeding including threatened miscarriage, inevitable miscarriage, incomplete miscarriage, missed miscarriage, and septic miscarriage. It outlines signs and symptoms of each type as well as potential causes of spontaneous abortion such as chromosomal abnormalities, infections, medical conditions, and cervical or uterine issues. Rare conditions like molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma are also mentioned. Midwifery assessments and responsibilities for dealing with miscarriage are highlighted.
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Similar to Hyperemesis Gravidarum
HEG.pdf
Some key features that distinguish transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum from hyperthyroidism of other causes include:
- In hyperemesis gravidarum, symptoms of hyperthyroidism are accompanied by severe nausea and vomiting.
- Serum TSH is typically only mildly suppressed in hyperemesis gravidarum, while it is undetectable in hyperthyroidism from other causes.
- Serum free T4 levels are normal in hyperemesis gravidarum, while they are elevated in hyperthyroidism from other causes like Graves' disease.
- Symptoms of hyperthyroidism resolve along with nausea/vomiting in hyperemesis gravid
HYPEREMSIS GRAVIDARUM .pptx
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration, metabolic disturbances, and weight loss of over 5%. It affects approximately 0.3-3% of pregnancies. The cause is multifactorial but is linked to high levels of hCG and other hormones. Clinically it presents with persistent vomiting and signs of dehydration. Treatment involves intravenous rehydration, antiemetics, thiamine supplementation, and monitoring for complications like Wernicke's encephalopathy. With treatment, the symptoms typically resolve by 12-14 weeks of gestation though may recur in future pregnancies.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum - Disorder of Pregnancy
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is a severe form of vomiting during pregnancy that can negatively impact a mother's health. It affects 0.3-3% of pregnancies and is the most common cause of hospitalization in the first trimester. Risk factors include young or older age, prior history, and multiple pregnancies. Complications can include dehydration, nutritional deficiencies, and problems for the fetus like growth restriction. Treatment involves hospitalization, IV fluids, electrolyte monitoring, antiemetics, and nutritional supplementation. Nursing care focuses on resolving complications through rehydration and nutrition while addressing emotional concerns.
Vomiting and GIT problems during pregnancy
this presentation describes 3 main Pregnancy-related problems
(Hyperemesis Gravedarum, GERD, Intrahepatic Cholestasis)
Hyperemesis
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting that affects 0.5-2% of pregnancies. It is characterized by vomiting more than 3 times per day and weight loss of more than 3 kg or 5%. While the exact cause is unknown, it is likely related to elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels during pregnancy. Treatment involves rehydration, electrolyte replacement, nutritional supplementation, and medications like vitamin B6, doxylamine, metoclopramide, and ondansetron. Hospitalization is needed for severe dehydration or ketosis. Outcomes are generally good with resolution by 20 weeks, but serious complications can occasionally occur.
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. It is estimated to affect 0.5-2.0% of pregnancies and causes significant distress. While the exact causes are unclear, it is thought to involve elevated levels of the hormone hCG. Management focuses on rehydration, nutritional supplementation, antiemetic medications, and lifestyle modifications to promote comfort and recovery.
Vomiting-in-Pregnancy.pptx
Vomiting is a common symptom of pregnancy that is usually mild but can become severe. The document discusses the causes and types of vomiting during pregnancy. It may be related to early or late pregnancy and can be caused by medical, surgical or gynecological issues associated with pregnancy. Simple vomiting, known as morning sickness, involves occasional mild vomiting and typically resolves by 12-14 weeks. Hyperemesis gravidarum is a more severe form causing dehydration, nutritional deficiencies and weight loss requiring hospitalization and IV fluids/antiemetics to prevent complications for both mother and baby.
Pregnancy and Liver Diseases
Dr Abdullah Ansari
MBBS, MD Medicine
Aligarh Muslim University
The physiological changes in the liver during pregnancy
The possibilities of liver diseases
LFT in pregnancy
Intercurrent and pre-existing liver disease: viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, gall stones
Pregnancy associated liver disease: Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Acute cholestasis of pregnancy, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome
Hyper emesis gravidarum
This document outlines hyper emesis gravidarum (HG), a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. HG is characterized by excessive, continuous vomiting that causes dehydration, weight loss, and nutritional deficiencies. It affects 1-2% of pregnancies and can have negative effects on both mother and fetus if not properly treated. The cause is unknown but may involve high levels of the pregnancy hormone hCG. Treatment focuses on rehydration, antiemetics, nutritional supplementation, and psychological support. Nursing care manages symptoms, monitors for complications of dehydration, and aims to restore nutrition and fluid balance.
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy and accounts for 90% of cases of diabetes in pregnancy. Risk factors include age over 25, BMI over 25, family history of diabetes, and certain ethnic backgrounds. GDM is caused by insulin resistance during pregnancy and can lead to complications for both mother and baby if not well-controlled such as preeclampsia, macrosomia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Diagnosis involves screening all pregnant women between 24-28 weeks gestation with a glucose challenge test followed by a 3-hour 100g oral glucose tolerance test for those who fail. Management focuses on tight glycemic control through diet, exercise, glucose monitoring, and possibly insulin
Jaundice in pregnancy
The document summarizes various liver conditions that can cause jaundice in pregnancy. It discusses physiological changes in the liver during pregnancy and various causes of jaundice related and unrelated to pregnancy. These include viral hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP). It provides details on pathogenesis, clinical presentation, management and prognosis for these conditions. Pregnancy-related liver disorders can affect both mother and fetus, so prompt diagnosis and treatment are important.
Compli during pregnancy
This document discusses various complications that can occur during pregnancy including bleeding, severe nausea and vomiting, decreased fetal movement, anemia, urinary tract infections, constipation, hyperemesis gravidarum, obesity, mental health conditions, miscarriage, premature labor, preeclampsia, low amniotic fluid, gestational diabetes, and placenta previa. It provides details on symptoms, risk factors, prevalence, management, and treatment for each complication.
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This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy including preeclampsia. It begins by defining and classifying pre-existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. The pathogenesis of preeclampsia is then explained in detail, involving incomplete trophoblast invasion of spiral arteries leading to placental hypoxia and endothelial dysfunction. Risk factors, clinical signs, screening, and management of preeclampsia are also outlined. Complications for both mother and baby are described if preeclampsia is not well-managed.
NAUSEA_AND_VOMITING_IN_PREGNANCY_side_share[1] (1).pptx
This document discusses hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It defines HG as excessive vomiting that leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and weight loss. The document covers causes, clinical presentation, complications, treatment including intravenous fluids and antiemetics, and nursing care of patients with HG.
NAUSEA_AND_VOMITING_IN_PREGNANCY_side_share[1] (1).pptx
This document discusses hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It defines HG as excessive vomiting that leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and weight loss. The document covers causes, clinical presentation, complications, treatment including intravenous fluids and antiemetics, and nursing care of patients with HG.
Neonatal hpyerbilirubinemia dr.sameer
This document provides information on neonatal jaundice including definitions, incidence, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and prevention of kernicterus. Some key points include:
- Neonatal jaundice is diagnosed if the total serum bilirubin is >5 mg/dL in a full-term newborn or >7 mg/dL in a preterm newborn.
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4. other complication of pregnancy
This document discusses hyperemesis gravidarum and diabetes in pregnancy. Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy persisting past the first trimester, affecting 0.3-1% of pregnancies. It can cause dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment involves IV fluids, antiemetics, and nutritional support. Diabetes in pregnancy occurs in 7% of pregnancies and increases risks for mothers and babies. Good management through glucose monitoring, identifying complications, and maintaining normal levels can help mitigate these risks. The goals are healthy glucose levels and identifying/managing any issues that arise.
emesis .ppt
Hyperemesis gravidarum is excessive vomiting during pregnancy that negatively impacts a mother's health or daily activities. It is rare, occurring in less than 1 in 1000 pregnancies. While the exact cause is unknown, it seems to involve high levels of the hormone HCG. Clinical manifestations range from frequent vomiting to signs of dehydration like a dry tongue and jaundice. Management involves hospitalization, IV fluids, antiemetic drugs, nutritional supplements, and in severe cases termination of pregnancy may be considered. The document outlines the definition, causes, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, complications and nursing management of hyperemesis gravidarum.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
This presentation deals with information regarding a minor disorder of pregnancy i.e hyperemesis gravidarum, its manifestations, causes, diagnostic evaluation,complications, management, nursing interventions etc.Though its a minor disorder, delayed treatment can be fatal.
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NAUSEA_AND_VOMITING_IN_PREGNANCY_side_share[1] (1).pptx
NAUSEA_AND_VOMITING_IN_PREGNANCY_side_share[1] (1).pptx
NAUSEA_AND_VOMITING_IN_PREGNANCY_side_share[1] (1).pptx
NAUSEA_AND_VOMITING_IN_PREGNANCY_side_share[1] (1).pptx
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- 2. What is hyperemesis gravidarum? • The most severe form of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy • Can cause electrolytes and acid-base imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, and even death. • Severe hyperemesis requiring hospital admission occurs in 0.3- 2% of pregnancies.
- 3. Background • Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is extremely common (occurs in 50-90% of pregnancies.) • nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy usually begins by 9-10 weeks of gestation, peaks at 11-13 weeks, and resolves in most cases by 12-14 weeks. • Hyperemesis gravidarum is characterized by persistent nausea and vomiting associated with ketosis and weight loss (>5% of pre-pregnancy weight).
- 4. Pathophysiology 1- Hormonal changes 2- Gastrointestinal dysfunction 3- Hepatic dysfunction 4- Metabolic disturbances 5- Infection 6- Genetic
- 5. Symptoms • The defining symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum are gastrointestinal in nature and include nausea and vomiting. • Other common symptoms include ptyalism (excessive salivation), fatigue, weakness, and dizziness. • Patients may also experience the following: - Sleep disturbance - Hyperolfaction - Anxiety, irritability, mood changes and decreased concentration.
- 6. Diagnosis • Physical examination in women with suspected hyperemesis gravidarum is usually unremarkable. - Examination includes the following: • Vital signs, including standing and lying blood pressure and pulse. • Volume status (eg, mucous membrane condition, skin turgor, neck veins, mental status) • General appearance (eg, nutrition, weight) • Thyroid evaluation • Abdominal, cardiac and neurologic evaluation.
- 7. Management • Initial management should be conservative and may include reassurance, support and dietary recommendations including directing the patient to eat small meals, to avoid high-fat or spicy foods and to increase the intake of dry carbohydrates. • The only approved drug for treating nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is doxylamine/pyridoxine. • Antihistamines, antiemetics have been used. - You can also give: • Vitamins • Herbal medications (eg, ginger) • corticosteroids (eg, methylprednisolone)
- 9. Prognosis and complications • Hyperemesis gravidarum is self-limited and, in most cases, improves by the end of the first trimester. • However, symptoms may persist through 20-22 weeks of gestation and, in some cases, until delivery. • Complications: - Esophageal rupture or perforation - Pneumothorax - Hepatic disease - Seizures, coma, or death.