Alcoholic and lactid acid fermentation.
INTRODUCTION
FERMENTATION
Fermentation is metabolic process of converting carbohydrate into acid or alcohol.
Mainly occur under anaerobic conditions.
Mainly occur naturally in bacteria and fungi.
There will be no net change in the C:H ratio of reactants and products.
Two main types:
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION.
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (ETHANOL FEEMENTATION).
END PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS
CATABOLIC FATES OF PYRUVATE FORMED IN GLYCOLYSIS
Three possible fates.
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars are converted to cellular energy and metabolic lactate.
Condition:Hypoxic-that is when cell do not receive enough oxygen to perform krebs cycle and ETC.
Location : Cytoplasm
Occur in lactic acid bacteria,very active skeletal muscle cells under low anaerobic conditions and in some tissues and cell types (even under aerobic conditions) such as erythrocytes which have no mitochondria and thus cannot oxidise pyruvate to carbon-di-oxide.
STEPS IN LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Regeneration of NAD+ and continuation of glycolysis
ALCOHOL(ETHANOL) FERMENTATION.
Yeast and some other micro-organisms ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon-di-oxide.
Location:Cytoplasm.
Overall equation:
STEPS:
MECHANISM OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
SOME FERMENTED PRODUCTS
BY LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Sour dough.
Yogurt(fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus in milk)
Pickle.
BY ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
Most breads.
Alcoholic beverages.
Anatacid || B pharmacy First Year || Presentation || kkwagh ||
This presentation is helpful for your study
This Presentation Contain
• Introduction
• characteristics of ideal antacid
• classification of antacid
• Some common use antacid
Carbohydrates full notes slides for exam and presentation,
carbohydrates notes for biochemistry and pharmacognosy,
best medical notes and presentation slides for medical and pharmacy students,
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy life.
fermentation, chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More broadly, fermentation is the foaming that occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a process at least 10,000 years old.
Gastrointestinal agents
Inorganic chemicals used to treat Castro intestinal tract by different class of agents
Acidifying Agents
ANTACID
PROTECTIVE AND ADSORBENTS
SALINE CATHARTICS
Alcoholic and lactid acid fermentation.
INTRODUCTION
FERMENTATION
Fermentation is metabolic process of converting carbohydrate into acid or alcohol.
Mainly occur under anaerobic conditions.
Mainly occur naturally in bacteria and fungi.
There will be no net change in the C:H ratio of reactants and products.
Two main types:
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION.
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (ETHANOL FEEMENTATION).
END PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS
CATABOLIC FATES OF PYRUVATE FORMED IN GLYCOLYSIS
Three possible fates.
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars are converted to cellular energy and metabolic lactate.
Condition:Hypoxic-that is when cell do not receive enough oxygen to perform krebs cycle and ETC.
Location : Cytoplasm
Occur in lactic acid bacteria,very active skeletal muscle cells under low anaerobic conditions and in some tissues and cell types (even under aerobic conditions) such as erythrocytes which have no mitochondria and thus cannot oxidise pyruvate to carbon-di-oxide.
STEPS IN LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Regeneration of NAD+ and continuation of glycolysis
ALCOHOL(ETHANOL) FERMENTATION.
Yeast and some other micro-organisms ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon-di-oxide.
Location:Cytoplasm.
Overall equation:
STEPS:
MECHANISM OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
SOME FERMENTED PRODUCTS
BY LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
Sour dough.
Yogurt(fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus in milk)
Pickle.
BY ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
Most breads.
Alcoholic beverages.
Anatacid || B pharmacy First Year || Presentation || kkwagh ||
This presentation is helpful for your study
This Presentation Contain
• Introduction
• characteristics of ideal antacid
• classification of antacid
• Some common use antacid
Carbohydrates full notes slides for exam and presentation,
carbohydrates notes for biochemistry and pharmacognosy,
best medical notes and presentation slides for medical and pharmacy students,
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy life.
fermentation, chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More broadly, fermentation is the foaming that occurs during the manufacture of wine and beer, a process at least 10,000 years old.
Gastrointestinal agents
Inorganic chemicals used to treat Castro intestinal tract by different class of agents
Acidifying Agents
ANTACID
PROTECTIVE AND ADSORBENTS
SALINE CATHARTICS
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
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5. Alkali
a)Dilute alkali- used in hydrolysis of esters ,amides,fats etc.
Saponification-Hydrolysis of fats and oils by NaOH
b) Concentrated alkali- Excess alkali at high pressure and concentration can cause hydrolysis
at primary and secondary C-Cl linkages.
C6H5-Cl+NaOH C6H5-OH +NaOH C6H5-ONa+H2O
C)Alkali fusion- Concentration of alkali very high: Product formed will be in the form of
sodium salt and acidification is needed for obtaining the desired product.
Used in the preparation of phenols and sulphonic acids.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis- important in biological systems
Molasses invertase glucose+ fructose zymase ethyl alcohol