Hydrogenation (1)
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2.3 alkenes
Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. They have the general formula CnH2n. Common properties of alkenes include being unsaturated, less dense than water, and having lower melting and boiling points than alkanes. Alkenes undergo addition reactions where the double bond is broken and new single bonds are formed. They react with hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, water, and acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution through addition reactions. Polymerization of alkenes forms polymers like polyethene. Alkenes burn with more soot than alkanes due to their higher carbon content.
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Once HCl is added in solution, the ions would dis.pdf
Once HCl is added in solution, the ions would dissociate into their component parts
(H+ and Cl-). As per the second equation, adding more H+ would initially increase the quantity
of products, thusly shifting the reaction towards the reactants by LeChatlier\'s Principle. If
NaOH was added, the dissociation would create OH- anions that would soak up H+ cations. By
removing products, the equlibrium is shifted towards the products by LeChatlier\'s Principle.
Best of wishes! (:
Solution
Once HCl is added in solution, the ions would dissociate into their component parts
(H+ and Cl-). As per the second equation, adding more H+ would initially increase the quantity
of products, thusly shifting the reaction towards the reactants by LeChatlier\'s Principle. If
NaOH was added, the dissociation would create OH- anions that would soak up H+ cations. By
removing products, the equlibrium is shifted towards the products by LeChatlier\'s Principle.
Best of wishes! (:.
Cannizaro reaction
The Cannizaro reaction is a self-oxidation and self-reduction reaction between two molecules of an aldehyde in the presence of an aqueous or alcoholic base such as NaOH or KOH. This redox reaction produces a primary alcohol through reduction of one aldehyde and a carboxylic acid salt through oxidation of the other aldehyde molecule. The reaction involves a nucleophilic acyl substitution on an aldehyde carbonyl group by hydroxide, followed by hydride transfer between two aldehyde molecules to form the alcohol and carboxylic acid salt products.
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3) Nucleophilic substitution reactions can proceed by SN1 or SN2 mechanisms.
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Halogenoalkanes, also known as alkyl halides, contain carbon-halogen bonds. They can be synthesized through free radical substitution or electrophilic addition reactions. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of halogenoalkanes produce alcohols or other products depending on the solvent. In aqueous solutions, hydroxide acts as a nucleophile to form alcohols via SN1 or SN2 mechanisms. In alcoholic solutions, hydroxide acts as a base to eliminate halogens and form alkenes. Both substitution and elimination reactions occur simultaneously but the solvent influences which pathway dominates.
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Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. They have the general formula CnH2n. Common properties of alkenes include being unsaturated, less dense than water, and having lower melting and boiling points than alkanes. Alkenes undergo addition reactions where the double bond is broken and new single bonds are formed. They react with hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, water, and acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution through addition reactions. Polymerization of alkenes forms polymers like polyethene. Alkenes burn with more soot than alkanes due to their higher carbon content.
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Once HCl is added in solution, the ions would dis.pdf
Once HCl is added in solution, the ions would dissociate into their component parts
(H+ and Cl-). As per the second equation, adding more H+ would initially increase the quantity
of products, thusly shifting the reaction towards the reactants by LeChatlier\'s Principle. If
NaOH was added, the dissociation would create OH- anions that would soak up H+ cations. By
removing products, the equlibrium is shifted towards the products by LeChatlier\'s Principle.
Best of wishes! (:
Solution
Once HCl is added in solution, the ions would dissociate into their component parts
(H+ and Cl-). As per the second equation, adding more H+ would initially increase the quantity
of products, thusly shifting the reaction towards the reactants by LeChatlier\'s Principle. If
NaOH was added, the dissociation would create OH- anions that would soak up H+ cations. By
removing products, the equlibrium is shifted towards the products by LeChatlier\'s Principle.
Best of wishes! (:.
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This chemistry document covers several topics:
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ppt on hydrogen for class XI th chemistry
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2) For the reaction of dissolving sodium hydroxide and reacting it with hydrochloric acid, Hess's law is demonstrated by showing that the enthalpy change of dissolving NaOH then reacting it with HCl equals the direct reaction of solid NaOH with HCl.
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Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: protium (1H), deuterium (2H), and tritium (3H). Protium is the most common at over 99.98% abundance and contains one proton. Deuterium contains one proton and one neutron and is stable. Tritium contains one proton and two neutrons and is radioactive with a half-life of 12.32 years. Unstable isotopes of hydrogen from 4H to 7H have been synthesized in laboratories but do not occur naturally. The names and properties of hydrogen isotopes are important for applications involving heavy water, nuclear reactors, fusion, and labeling experiments.
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Catalyst activation involves using a substance called a promotor or activator to increase the activity of a catalyst. This allows reactions to proceed faster and at lower temperatures. Some examples given include using copper and tellurium to increase the activity of nickel in hydrogenating vegetable oil, and adding aluminum oxide or chromium oxide to increase the activity of iron in the Haber process for ammonia synthesis. Catalyst activity can also be increased or auto-catalyst activated by products formed in the reaction itself, such as nitrous acid increasing the rate of a copper-nitric acid reaction. Modifying the catalyst material or process conditions such as temperature, pressure or flow rate can enhance catalyst activation for industrial processes where high yields and short time
Batch reactor designing
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
What is cre
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
More from Usman Shah (20)
Particulate technology (electrostatic precipitator)
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Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Unit -II Spectroscopy - EC I B.Tech.pdf
Chemical engineering and electronics engineering and chemical development of the day of the almighty paw paw paw
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
* Registration is currently open *
Call for Research Papers!!!
Free – Extended Paper will be published as free of cost.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
July 13 ~ 14, 2024, Virtual Conference
Webpage URL: https://aiad2024.org/index
Submission Deadline: June 22, 2024
Submission System URL:
https://aiad2024.org/submission/index.php
Contact Us:
Here's where you can reach us : aiad@aiad2024.org (or) aiadconference@yahoo.com
WikiCFP URL: http://wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=180509©ownerid=171656
#artificialintelligence #softcomputing #machinelearning #technology #datascience #python #deeplearning #tech #robotics #innovation #bigdata #coding #iot #computerscience #data #dataanalytics #engineering #robot #datascientist #software #automation #analytics #ml #pythonprogramming #programmer #digitaltransformation #developer #promptengineering #generativeai #genai #chatgpt #artificial #intelligence #datamining #networkscommunications #robotics #callforsubmission #submissionsopen #deadline #opencall #virtual #conference
Butterfly Valves Manufacturer (LBF Series).pdf
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.pdf
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure Measurement
Properties of Fluids: Density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and specific gravity define fluid behavior.
Fluid Statics: Studies pressure, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and fluid forces on surfaces.
Pressure at a Point: In a static fluid, the pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal's principle. The pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above.
Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It can be calculated using the formula P=ρghP=ρgh, where PP is the pressure, ρρ is the fluid density, gg is the acceleration due to gravity, and hh is the height of the fluid column above the point in question.
Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, as described by Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy explains why objects float or sink in fluids.
Fluid Pressure on Surfaces: The analysis of pressure forces on surfaces submerged in fluids. This includes calculating the total force and the center of pressure, which is the point where the resultant pressure force acts.
Pressure Measurement: Manometers, barometers, pressure gauges, and differential pressure transducers measure fluid pressure.
Accident detection system project report.pdf
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
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Properties of Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure Measurement
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure Measurement
Hydrogenation (1)
- 1. Alkene Reactions • Addition Reactions - only one product • 1. Hydrogenation (H2): Alkene + Hydrogen --> Alkane • 2. Halogenation (X2): Alkene + diatomic halogen --> Dihaloalkane • 3. Halgenation (HX): Alkene + HX --> Haloalkane • 4. Hydration (HOH): Alkene + HOH --> alcohol • 5. Polymerization: Many alkenes add together into a long alkane chain
- 3. 1. Hydrogenation Reaction • Alkene + Hydrogen --> Alkane • Hydrogen molecule adds to carbons with double bond. CH2 H C H3C + H2 C H C H3C H H H HH H CH3 H2 C H3C C C H3C H H H H H C C
- 6. 2. Halogenation Reaction • Alkene + Halogen --> Dihaloalkane • Halogen molecule adds to carbons with double bond. CH2 H C H3C C H C H3C H H C C + Br2 Br Br CH2CH H3C Br Br C C H3C H Br Br H H
- 8. Unsymmetrical Addition Reactions • Markovnikov’s Rule • For double bonds that have unequal numbers of hydrogen atoms attached. • For unsymmetrical reactants such as HX and HOH • The hydrogen of the reactant goes to the carbon of the double bond that already has the most hydrogen atoms. “the rich get richer” • The -X or the -OH go the other carbon (the one with the least amount of hydrogen
- 9. 3. Halogenation Reaction • Alkene + HX --> haloalkane • HCl molecule adds to carbons with double bond. CH2 H C H3C C H C H3C H H C C + HCl HCl H3C CH CH3 Cl C C H3C H H H H Cl Mark's Rule
- 10. Alkene Reactions
- 11. 4. Hydration Reaction • Alkene + HOH --> alcohol • HOH molecule adds to carbons with double bond. CH2 H C H3C C H C H3C H H C C Mark's Rule + HOH HOH H3C CH CH3 HO C C H3C H H H H OH
- 12. Alkene Reactions
- 13. 5. Polymerization Reaction • Alkene + Alkene + Alkene --> long chain of carbons • Double bonds convert to single bonds C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H C H2 H2 C C H2 H2 C C H2 H2 C C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H ........ .. ..
- 14. Alkene Reactions What is the structure for
- 15. Alkene Reactions
- 16. Alkene Reactions
- 17. Alkene Reactions