Hydrocarbon Pollution
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Hydrocarbon pollution can damage multiple body systems and cause behavioral changes. A study found that rats exposed to gasoline vapors showed impaired brain function and increased aggression. Various cleaning methods are used to address oil spills, including controlled burning when spills are fresh, manually washing birds and flushing oiled vegetation, using oil sorbents, and biological, thermal, and chemical extraction techniques to treat contaminated soil and water. Co-contamination with heavy metals can also impact bioremediation efforts.
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Location : Cytoplasm
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Sour dough.
Yogurt(fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus in milk)
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The document discusses the Passerini reaction, which is a three-component reaction involving an aldehyde or ketone, carboxylic acid, and isocyanide. The reaction was discovered by Mario Passerini in 1921 and represents one of the earliest examples of a multicomponent reaction. The Passerini reaction has high atom economy and proceeds in one pot under mild conditions to produce α-acyloxy amide products. It has various applications in combinatorial chemistry, total synthesis of natural products, and pharmaceutical synthesis.
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This PPT presentation discusses aspects of anaerobic respiration in biological systems. It introduces the topic and explains that living cells carry out energy-producing reactions like respiration to complete their metabolism. It then describes the two main types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which occurs in the presence of oxygen in animals and plants, and anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen in bacteria, yeast and other microorganisms. The presentation further explains the two main types of anaerobic respiration - lactic acid fermentation, which occurs in animal muscle cells during intense activity, and alcoholic fermentation, commonly seen in yeast and bacteria to produce ATP without oxygen. Schematic representations of both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation are
respiration in plants
Respiration is the process by which organisms break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to release energy. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to completely oxidize glucose and produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP; and anaerobic respiration, which partially oxidizes glucose without oxygen to produce lactic acid, ethanol, or ATP. Aerobic respiration involves three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. Respiration is essential for releasing energy for cellular processes and maintaining carbon balance.
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Alcoholic fermentation is a biological process whereby sugars such as glucose and fructose are converted by yeast into cellular energy and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is anaerobic, meaning it occurs without oxygen. While similar to glycolysis, alcoholic fermentation differs in its final step where pyruvic acid is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide rather than lactic acid. The process uses two enzymes, pyruvate decarboxylase and alcoholic dehydrogenase, which convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethanol.
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Reference
11-210227063923.pdf
This document discusses several medicinal gases including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and nitrous oxide. It describes the molecular formulas, methods of preparation from fractional distillation or other chemical reactions, properties, assays, and key uses for each gas. The gases have important therapeutic applications in areas like anesthesia, respiration, and treatment of various medical conditions. Proper storage and labeling of medicinal gas cylinders is also outlined.
Ethanol production
This presentation includes the basics of ethanol production, its brief history, microbes useful in ethanol production, media suitable for ethanol production, uses and application of ethanol in various fields such as food and beverages, medical, pharmaceuticals etc.
Intro to cellular respiration
To ease into cellular respiration student played a trivia game to introduce them to some of the key players in cellular respiration.
1- NPC Part I - 2022.ppt
Is the separation of medicinally active portions of plant (and animal) tissues using selective solvents through standard procedures.
The products so obtained from plants are relatively complex mixtures of metabolites, in liquid or semisolid state or in dry powder form (after removing the solvent), & are intended for oral or external use
The Medicinal plants constitute an effective source of both traditional and modern medicines, herbal medicine has been shown to have genuine utility and about 80% of rural population depends on it as primary health care. [WHO, (2005)]
Topic- Green Chemistry.ppt
The document discusses green chemistry and its principles. It begins by describing some industrial accidents involving chemical releases that resulted in deaths and health issues. It then outlines the 12 principles of green chemistry as developed by Paul Anestas, including things like waste prevention and energy efficiency. Finally, it discusses how green chemistry aims to make chemical processes safer and less polluting through various methods like designing safer chemicals and alternative synthetic pathways.
Applications of solvent extraction
This document summarizes applications of solvent extraction techniques in various fields including analytical chemistry, hydrometallurgy, nuclear industry, waste water treatment, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and biochemistry. Some key applications discussed include using solvent extraction to separate analytes from matrices in samples, extract metals from electronic waste, separate uranium and plutonium from nuclear fuel, remove organic contaminants from waste water, extract biodiesel from oils, produce bioethanol from biomass, capture biogas from organic waste, and purify proteins and other pharmaceuticals. The document also provides details on specific processes like PUREX and techniques such as aqueous two-phase extraction.
Week 5. preparation of alcohols
1. Explain methods of various alcohol preparation methods by using chemical reactions
2. Identify Fermentation
GERMINATION AND RESPIRATION CHANGES OCCUR IN SEED
The document discusses the process of seed germination. It explains that germination begins with the resumption of growth of the embryo after a dormant period. Stored food materials like carbohydrates, proteins, and nutrients are broken down by enzymes into soluble compounds that are transported to the growing embryo. The embryo then grows, sending the plumule upwards and radicle downwards. For germination to occur, conditions like moisture, temperature, oxygen, and seed treatment must be favorable. This stimulates respiration where stored foods are used to produce energy for embryonic growth.
Terpenoids
This document discusses terpenoids, which are a large class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It covers the classification of terpenoids based on the number of isoprene units. Characteristics like being colorless liquids that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents are described. The structural features of terpenoids are explained, including the isoprene rule which states that their skeletons can be constructed from isoprene units. Methods for isolating and structurally elucidating terpenoids are outlined, including spectroscopy techniques. As an example, the structural elucidation of the terpenoid citral is summarized.
Esters2015
Esters are organic compounds formed through the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid. They have many applications in medicine, biology, chemistry and industry. Esters can be naturally occurring or made in the laboratory through esterification reactions. The structure of esters is such that the main chain comes from the carboxylic acid and the alkyl group comes from the alcohol used. Esters have various smells and flavors that make them useful in producing fragrances, flavors and perfumes.
Isoamyl Acetate Synthesis
The document describes an experiment to prepare isoamyl acetate by Fischer esterification. Isoamyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid are reacted in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The reaction is refluxed for one hour to form the ester, which is then extracted from the reaction mixture using sodium hydrogen carbonate. Characterization of the product is not described in the given text.
Bio 3A POSTER- The effect of ethanol on CO₂ production in mice Mus musculus
The study examined the effect of ethanol on carbon dioxide (CO2) production in mice. Mice were injected with either ethanol or a saline solution as a control and placed in jars, where CO2 production was measured over 10 minutes. On average, ethanol-injected mice produced more CO2 than saline-injected mice, however the difference was not statistically significant. The researchers hypothesized that ethanol would be broken down and increase CO2 production, but the results did not support this.
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is no oxygen present. There are two main ways cells deal with this: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. During alcoholic fermentation, yeasts convert pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This regenerates NAD+ and allows glycolysis to continue without oxygen. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animals where pyruvate is converted to lactate, also regenerating NAD+ to keep glycolysis ongoing when oxygen is absent.
sterilization.pptx
1. Sterilization kills all microorganisms through methods like autoclaving using steam heat. Disinfection kills many but not all microorganisms using chemicals or physical agents.
2. Chemical agents disrupt cell membranes, modify proteins, or modify DNA to kill microorganisms. Physical agents use heat, radiation, or filtration.
3. The effectiveness of disinfection and sterilization depends on both the concentration of the killing agent and the length of exposure according to the relationship that the number of survivors is inversely proportional to the concentration-time product.
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Hydrocarbon Pollution
- 2. Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon is an organic compound. It consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Four major class of hydrocarbons include Alkan es Alkene s Alkyn es Aromat ic
- 4. Experiment A study was conducted by Kinaway. It reveals that the inhalation of leaded or unleaded (containing aromatic and oxygenated compounds) gasoline vapors by rats impaired the level of monoamine neurotransmitters and other biochemical parameters in different area of rats brains likewise, several behavioral changes causing aggression in rats were observed.
- 6. C L E A N I N G T E C H N O L O G I E S Biological Treatment Thermal Treatment
- 7. Chemical Extraction Soil washing Aerated Accumulation Technique
- 8. When oil spill is fresh insult burning of oil method can be used. However, it does have adown side it generates smoke and other by products which pollute the aquatic and atmospheric system.
- 9. The other methods that are used includes manually washing of birds with diluted soap solution. Oiled vegetation can be flushed with water to remove the oil nevertheless damaged plants need to be destroyed and removed entirely. Moreover sponge like oil sorbents are used to absorb oil.
- 10. Reference sARTICLE Hydrocarbon Pollution: Effects on Living Organisms, Remediation of Contaminated Environments, and Effects of Heavy Metals Co-Contamination on Bioremediation BY Shukla Abha and Cameotra Swaranjit Singh (Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh) India.