Hydropower is a widely used renewable energy source derived from the movement of water in rivers or oceans, employing the water cycle to generate electricity. The document outlines the components and workings of hydropower plants, including different types of dams and their purposes, as well as describing the Karnafuli Hydroelectric Power Station in Bangladesh. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages associated with hydropower generation.

2. HYDRO POWER
INTRODUCTION
1) One of the most widely used renewable source of energy for generating
electricity on large scale basis is hydropower
2) The power obtained from river or ocean water is called as hydropower
3) Hydropower is the renewable source of energy since water is available in
large quantities from rain, rivers, and oceans and this is will be available for
unlimited time to come

3. PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
WATER CYCLE
Water cycle in nature:
Water surface evaporation
Precipitation of clouds
Collected back to the oceans
VAPORATION  PRECIPITION  RAIN
The continuous cycle in which water changes from water vapor in the
atmosphere to liquid water through condensation and precipitation and then
back to water vapor through evaporation, transpiration, and respiration

4. COMPONENT AND WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
1) Dam
Classification of dams
Storage dams
Diversion dams
Detention dams
Overflow dams
Rockfill dams
Gravity dams
Gravity dam
Dam structure and design

5. Storage dams
To impound water
Purpose - Irrigation
- Flood control
- Power generation
Diversion dams
For diversion
To provide sufficient pressure
Detention dams
To Minimize the effect of sudden floods
To trap sediment
Overflow dams
They carry water discharge over their crests
Rockfill dams
Rock instead of earth
Embankment dams hold back water by the force of gravity acting upon
their mass
Gravity dams
Most gravity dams are made from concrete, a mixture of port land cement,
water, and aggregates
They are much thicker at the base than the top

6. 2) Water reservoir
Place behind the dam
Height of water
Potential energy
3) Intake or control gates
Gates inside of the dam.
Inlet gates
4) The penstock
To carries the water
Controlled by the control gates
5) Water turbines
Convert HYDROLIC energy to MECHANICAL energy
6) Generators
Convert MECHANICAL energy in ELECTRICAL energy

7. 7) Transformer
Converts the alternating current to high voltage current.
Two coils: the supply coil and the outlet coil.
Voltage required for various applications is 110V or 230V.
Numbers of turns in outlet coil are double of supply coil, the voltage
produced is also double.
8) Tailrace
Pipeline to drain the water
The potential energy of water in the tailrace has been used to generate
electricity

9.  There is only one hydro electric
power stations in Bangladesh. It is
Karnafuli Hydroelectric Power
Station. It is an earth-
fill embankment dam with a
reservoir (known as Kaptai Lake).

10. Location
 Country :Bangladesh
 Location: Kaptai, Rangamati District
 Purpose: Power
 Status: Operational
 Construction began : 1957
 Opening date :1962

11. Dam and Spillways
 Type of dam :Embankment
 Impounds : Karnaphuli River
 Height : 45.7 m (150 ft)
 Length : 670.6 m (2,200 ft)
 Width (crest): 7.6 m (25 ft)
 Width (base): 45.7 m (150 ft)
 Dam volume :1,977,000 m3(69,800,000 cu ft)
 Spillway type : Controlled, 16 gates
 Spillway capacity: 16,000 m3/s (570,000 cu ft/s)

12. Reservoir
 Creates : Kaptai Lake
 Total capacity :
6,477,000,000 m3(5,251,000 acre·ft)
 Catchment area :11,000 km2(4,200 sq mi)
 Surface area : 777 km2 (300 sq mi)
 Normal elevation : 33 m (108 ft)

13. Power station
 Commission date : 1962, 1982, 1988
 Turbines : 2 x 40 MW (54,000 hp), 3 x 50 MW (67,000 hp) Kaplan-type
 Installed capacity : 230 MW (310,000 hp)

14. Advantages
 Flexibility
 Low cost/high value power
 Suitability for industrial applications
 Reduced CO2 emissions
 Other uses of the reservoir

15. Disadvantages
 Ecosystem damage and loss of land
 Water loss by evaporation
 Siltation and flow shortage
 Methane emissions (from reservoirs)
 Relocation
 Failure risks

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