This document provides an overview of hydro power plants, including their basic components, working principle, types, factors for site selection, advantages, and disadvantages. The main components of hydro power plants are dams, water reservoirs, intake gates, penstocks, water turbines, and generators. Dams and reservoirs provide potential energy by storing water at a height, which is then converted to kinetic and mechanical energy by turbines to power generators and produce electricity. Site selection depends on available water sources, storage capacity, water head, distance to load centers, and land type. Hydro power has advantages of no fuel costs and lower emissions, but high initial costs and dependence on water availability.

1. HYDRO POWER PLANT

2. CONTENTS:
 Introduction
 Basic Components
 Working Principle
 Types of Hydro Power plant
 Factors To be considered for selection of site
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 Reference

3. INTRODUCTION :
Hydro power or hydro electric power is basically electrical
energy that has been generated using natural source such as
flowing water .
It's usually produced by dams, because dams can store and
direct large volumes of water.
Hydroelectric power is the most popular "green" energy
source, because it does not use any of the polluting fuels
such as oil , coal or natural gases.
This means that, unlike other power plants, hydroelectric
plants don't produce carbon dioxide.

4. BASIC COMPONENTS :
 The main components are:
1. Dam
2. Water reservoir
3. Intake or control gates
4. The penstock
5. Water turbines
6. Generators

5. 1.DAM:
 The dam is the most important component of hydroelectric
power plant.
 It should be built at a location where the height of the river is
sufficient to get the maximum possible potential energy from
the water

6. 2.WATER RESERVOIR:
 The water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is
stored. The water in the reservoir is located higher than the rest
of the dam structure .
 The height of the water in the reservoir decides how much
potential energy the water can posses.

7. 3.INTAKE OR CONTROL GATES
 These are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The water
from reservoir is released and controlled through these gates.
 These are called inlet gates because water enters the power
generation unit through these gates.
 When the control gates are opened the water flows due to
gravity through the penstock.
 The water flowing through the gates possesses potential as
well as kinetic energy.

8. 4.THE PENSTOCK:
 The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water
flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit.
 The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its
motion and potential energy due to its height.

9. 5.WATER TURBINE:
 Water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power
generation unit, which houses the turbine and the generator.
 When the water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and
potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of
the blades of the turbine.
 The rotating blades causes the shaft of the turbine to also rotate. The
turbine shaft is enclosed inside the generator.
 In most hydroelectric power plants there is more than one power
generation unit.

10.  There are various types of water turbine such as Kaplan
turbine , Francis turbine , Pelton wheel etc.
 The type of turbine used in the hydroelectric power plant
depends on the height of the reservoir.

11. 5.GENERATORS:
 The main function of the generator is to convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy.

12. WORKING PRINCIPLE:

13. TYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:
 According to availability of head
1. High head power plant
2. Medium head power plant
3. Low head power plant
 According to the nature of load
1. Base load plant
2. Peak load plant

14.  According to the quantity of water available
1. Run-of-river plant without pondage
2. Run-of-river plant with pondage
3. Hydroelectric plants with storage reservoirs
4. Pump storage plants
5. Mini and micro hydel plants

15. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION OF
SITE :
 Availability of water :
The design and capacity of the hydro plant greatly
depends on amount of water available at the site.
 Water storage capacity :
Since there is a wide variation in rainfall all round the
year, it is always necessary to store the water for continuous
generation.

16.  Available water head :
In order to generate the desired quantity of power it is
necessary that large quantity of water at a sufficient head should be
available. An increasing in water head reduces the quantity of water
required.
 Distance from the load centre :
If the site is close to the load centre, the cost of transmission
lines and the transmission losses will be reduced.
 Type of the land of the site :
The land should be cheap and the dam constructed at the site
should have large catchment area to store water at high head.

17. ADVANTAGES :
 No fuel charges
 Less supervising staff is required
 Maintenance and operation charges are very low
 Running cost of the plant is low
 No fuel transportation is required
 No ash and flue gas problem and does not pollute the atmosphere
 Long life in comparison with the thermal and nuclear power plant

18. DISADVANTAGES:
 High initial cost
 Takes long time of erection
 Plants are setup at distant places so transmission losses
increases
 Totally dependent on the availability of water
 Larger area required
 Period of installation time is high

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