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How to hack airplanes
…and get away with it.
whoami
0xloltan
Zoltan Madarassy
Principal Security Consultant at elttam
Relentless expat
🌍 󰏘󰐘󰐴󰎉 🌍
I like computers that fly
Aviation primer
● Security boundaries
● History in safety
● (Information) security is still kind
of new
● Certification requirements
○ Now with a 100% more cyber!
● Swiss cheese model
Glossary
● ARINC-615(A)
○ Dataloading interfaces over
ARINC-429 or ARINC-664
● ARINC-665
○ Loadable Software [Airplane] Parts
(LS[A]P)
○ Media Set Parts (MSP)
● ARINC-827
○ Software crate
● ARINC-835
○ Encryption guidance for LSPs and
MSPs
● ARINC-429/AFDX(ARINC-664)
○ Main network buses on an aircraft
● LRU
○ Line Replaceable Unit
● LSAP
○ Loadable Software Airplane Parts
● MRO
○ Maintenance, Repair and
Operations
● ACD
● AISD
● PIESD
Aviation entanglement
● Aircraft manufacturers
● OEMs
● Operators and maintenance
● Airports and ANSPs
● Regulatory bodies
Domain separation
● Example: Data diodes
● Ideal separation between
domains
● Interconnection cutoffs MAC
<> PHY
Attack surface example 1 - ACD
CAN bus
● CAN is rarely used on airplanes
● Except for example lavatory doors
● Inaccessible in bulkheads
Honorable mention:
● B737 MAX MCAS
Attack surface example 2 - AISD
Data loading
● Media
○ Floppies
○ USB drives
○ Maintenance laptops
○ Portable data loaders
○ Integrated data loaders
○ Gatelink (wifi/cellular)
● Update types
● Bus
● Signatures and verification
Attack surface example 3 - PIESD
IFEC
Attack surface example 3 - PIESD
IFEC
● Maintenance panels
○ Touchscreen
○ RJ-45
● IFE APIs
○ IDOR
○ Auth bypass
● IFC
○ Network separation
○ Client isolation
● PRAMs
Case study - Portable data loader
Data loading process
1. New update available (LSAP)
2. LSAP -> Librarian
3. Librarian -> Data loader / LRU
4. Verification and installation
Case study - Portable data loader
Attack surface
● GUI
● USB (airside and groundside)
● Wifi
● Ethernet
● Backend APIs
● ARINC-615(A)
● Secure boot
● Debugging interfaces
Case study - Portable data loader
Threat scenarios
● Isolation bypass
● Physical tampering
● Malicious data
Case study - Portable data loader
● Scope:
○ USB
○ Ethernet
○ Wifi
● Network exposure and comms
review
● IP stack fuzzing
● USB stack fuzzing
○ Mass storage
● File system and file name
manipulation
○ Manually
Approach
Case study - Portable data loader
Threat scenario - Importing root CAs from USB
● Idea: RCE via cert attribute
● Reverse all the things!
● Spoiler alert: no luck ☹
● Reversing QT binaries is terrible
Case study - Portable data loader
Expectation Reality
Case study - Portable data loader
● Internal requirement
● Choice: ClamAV
○ Because it’s free
● Increased attack surface
● AV in aviation 😲
● But it doesn't actually do anything
¯_(ツ)_/¯
Case study - Portable data loader
Case study - Portable data loader
Questions?
Thank You!

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HUN Hackersuli - How to hack an airplane

  • 1. How to hack airplanes …and get away with it.
  • 2. whoami 0xloltan Zoltan Madarassy Principal Security Consultant at elttam Relentless expat 🌍 󰏘󰐘󰐴󰎉 🌍 I like computers that fly
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Aviation primer ● Security boundaries ● History in safety ● (Information) security is still kind of new ● Certification requirements ○ Now with a 100% more cyber! ● Swiss cheese model
  • 6. Glossary ● ARINC-615(A) ○ Dataloading interfaces over ARINC-429 or ARINC-664 ● ARINC-665 ○ Loadable Software [Airplane] Parts (LS[A]P) ○ Media Set Parts (MSP) ● ARINC-827 ○ Software crate ● ARINC-835 ○ Encryption guidance for LSPs and MSPs ● ARINC-429/AFDX(ARINC-664) ○ Main network buses on an aircraft ● LRU ○ Line Replaceable Unit ● LSAP ○ Loadable Software Airplane Parts ● MRO ○ Maintenance, Repair and Operations ● ACD ● AISD ● PIESD
  • 7. Aviation entanglement ● Aircraft manufacturers ● OEMs ● Operators and maintenance ● Airports and ANSPs ● Regulatory bodies
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. Domain separation ● Example: Data diodes ● Ideal separation between domains ● Interconnection cutoffs MAC <> PHY
  • 11. Attack surface example 1 - ACD CAN bus ● CAN is rarely used on airplanes ● Except for example lavatory doors ● Inaccessible in bulkheads Honorable mention: ● B737 MAX MCAS
  • 12. Attack surface example 2 - AISD Data loading ● Media ○ Floppies ○ USB drives ○ Maintenance laptops ○ Portable data loaders ○ Integrated data loaders ○ Gatelink (wifi/cellular) ● Update types ● Bus ● Signatures and verification
  • 13. Attack surface example 3 - PIESD IFEC
  • 14. Attack surface example 3 - PIESD IFEC ● Maintenance panels ○ Touchscreen ○ RJ-45 ● IFE APIs ○ IDOR ○ Auth bypass ● IFC ○ Network separation ○ Client isolation ● PRAMs
  • 15. Case study - Portable data loader Data loading process 1. New update available (LSAP) 2. LSAP -> Librarian 3. Librarian -> Data loader / LRU 4. Verification and installation
  • 16. Case study - Portable data loader Attack surface ● GUI ● USB (airside and groundside) ● Wifi ● Ethernet ● Backend APIs ● ARINC-615(A) ● Secure boot ● Debugging interfaces
  • 17. Case study - Portable data loader Threat scenarios ● Isolation bypass ● Physical tampering ● Malicious data
  • 18. Case study - Portable data loader ● Scope: ○ USB ○ Ethernet ○ Wifi ● Network exposure and comms review ● IP stack fuzzing ● USB stack fuzzing ○ Mass storage ● File system and file name manipulation ○ Manually Approach
  • 19. Case study - Portable data loader Threat scenario - Importing root CAs from USB ● Idea: RCE via cert attribute ● Reverse all the things! ● Spoiler alert: no luck ☹ ● Reversing QT binaries is terrible
  • 20. Case study - Portable data loader Expectation Reality
  • 21. Case study - Portable data loader ● Internal requirement ● Choice: ClamAV ○ Because it’s free ● Increased attack surface ● AV in aviation 😲 ● But it doesn't actually do anything ¯_(ツ)_/¯
  • 22. Case study - Portable data loader
  • 23. Case study - Portable data loader