This document discusses several primary immunodeficiencies including agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, and selective IgA deficiency. It provides information on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. Key points include that agammaglobulinemia is caused by mutations in the BTK gene that halt B cell development, common variable immunodeficiency has unknown causes in most cases, and selective IgA deficiency involves a block in differentiation of B cells into IgA secreting plasma cells. Clinical features often involve recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Treatment focuses on antibody replacement and infection prevention.
Contents- Introduction to Immunodeficiency | Types | SCID | LAD
Immunodeficiency is the inability to produce an adequate immune response because of insufficiency or absence of antibodies, immune cells or both.
SCID & LAD are the two immunodeficiencies from primary immunodeficiency.
Contents- Introduction to Immunodeficiency | Types | SCID | LAD
Immunodeficiency is the inability to produce an adequate immune response because of insufficiency or absence of antibodies, immune cells or both.
SCID & LAD are the two immunodeficiencies from primary immunodeficiency.
My son had Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome (WAS). He had a bone marrow transplant in August 2006. His WAS is healed. This presentation was designed by some grad students. Some of the content is from my blog and it pictures my son, David. http://www.davidmcnally.blogspot.com
Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in hereditary diseaesamalreffat
NADPH production, which is vital for protecting cells from oxidative stress, depends on IDH enzyme.
If there is any mutation in this enzyme , it will adversely affects the cell.
Progretion of tumors and other diseases occurs consecutively.
A healthy immune system defends the body against disease and infection. But if the immune system malfunctions, it mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues, and organs. Called autoimmune disease, these attacks can affect any part of the body, weakening bodily function and even turning life-threatening.
My son had Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome (WAS). He had a bone marrow transplant in August 2006. His WAS is healed. This presentation was designed by some grad students. Some of the content is from my blog and it pictures my son, David. http://www.davidmcnally.blogspot.com
Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in hereditary diseaesamalreffat
NADPH production, which is vital for protecting cells from oxidative stress, depends on IDH enzyme.
If there is any mutation in this enzyme , it will adversely affects the cell.
Progretion of tumors and other diseases occurs consecutively.
A healthy immune system defends the body against disease and infection. But if the immune system malfunctions, it mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues, and organs. Called autoimmune disease, these attacks can affect any part of the body, weakening bodily function and even turning life-threatening.
Primary immune deficiency diseases( PID) comprise a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders that affects distinct components of the innate and adaptive immune system such as:
-neutrophils
-macrphages
-dendritic cells
-natural killer cells
-T and B lymphocytes
-complement components
More than 200 distinct PID disorders have been identified and 276 gene have been associated with these diseases.
Spectrum of these diseases can vary from mild presentation to lethal disorders. Lethality is due to increase susceptibility to infections and malignancies.
This presentation is an overview of primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders with highlights on the genetic basis of primary disorders and associated factors underlying secondary disorders, as well a management of these disorders
Dr. Angela Christiano presents an update on genetic and immunological studies in alopecia areata. Dr. Christiano’s research has helped clarify the immunologic mechanisms behind the disease. Now, early clinical trials with existing drugs that specifically target these mechanisms are showing promising hair regrowth. Dr. Christiano is the Richard and Mildred Rhodebeck Professor of Dermatology and Professor of Genetics & Development, and Vice Chair for Basic Science Research in Dermatology at Columbia University.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
14. First recognized human immune deficiency
Discovered in 1952 by Colonel Ogden Bruton
Case report : 8-year-old boy, recurrent infections over a 4-year period
- Majority of infections: pneumococcus
- Bruton attempted to vaccinate → no γ globulin was production
- Treated with monthly intramuscular injections of human γ globulin
with significant clinical improvement
- No family history
Subsequent cases revealed a similar clinical phenotype with an X-
linked pedigree
Agammaglobulinemia.Pediatrics,1952, Clin Exp Immunol,2000.
Introduction
15. Epidemiology
Incidence
Unknown because general population screening for the disorder is not done
(1/3 new mutation)
Prevalence
1/10,000 in the general population
Variable (1/379,000 in USA, 1/100,000 in Norway)
Clinical and Molecular Allergy ,2008
16. Pathophysiology
Cause : mutations in the human BTK gene – halts B cell development
In 1993, two groups of investigators independently/simultaneously
discovered mutated gene in XLA.
European group called atk gene→ ammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase
American group called bpk gene → B-cell pro-genitor kinase
A compromise was reached with the term;
‘Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase)’ in honor of Dr. Bruton
Immunological Reviews 2005
Cell 1993
18. Btk gene & protein
Contains 19 exons → 37 kb of DNA
Intracellular signal transduction molecule
- Member of Tec family ; 75 kDa cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase
National Library of Medicine,2012
19. BTK protein consists of 5 functional domains
- Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain
- Tec homology (TH) domain
- Src homology 3 (SH3) domain
- Src homology 2 (SH2) domain
- Catalytic kinase (SH1) domain
Mutations in all domains of the BTK gene have been shown to cause
XLA.
protein-protein interactions
Catalytic activity
Journal of Hematology and Oncology, 2013
20. Question: Which cell population will you gate for
analyzing Btk expression in a suspected patient?
22. Btk Mutation
>600 different mutations in the BTK gene have been found
90% : Single base pair substitution & insertion or deletion < 5 bp
No clear correlation has been found between mutation location and
clinical phenotype.
55% of males have no family history of XLA
- De novo causing mutation : 15%-20%
- Mother is a carrier of a disease-causing mutation : 80%-85%
Female carriers of XLA can be identified by the presence of either;
- non-random X chromosome inactivation in their B cells or
- mutated gene (if known in the family)
National Library of Medicine,2012.
24. Diagnosis
Family history
Clinical manifestations
Intermittent neutropenia can occur at the onset of an acute infection
Low serum IgG, IgM and IgA level
Peripheral blood CD19 B-cell counts < 2%
Laboratory investigation by
Prenatal diagnosis: detection of the mutated gene in chorionic villus
or amniocentesis samples
Confirmation by demonstrating;
- absence of BTK protein in monocytes (flowcytometry)
- detection of a mutation in BTK in DNA (sequence analysis)
29. CVID
Term coined in 1971 by WHO committee to separate less well
defined antibody deficiency syndrome from others
Causes of CVID: largely obscure; no universally accepted definition
• A group of antibody deficiencies that lack a more specific genetic or
phenotypic classification
• Patients with antibody deficiency (no secondary causes for it)
lacking uniform genetic defect and clinical features
30. Epidemiology
Prevalence 1 in 25,000 to 1 in 50,000
Most patients are diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 40 years,
approximately 20% are under the age of 20
Affects both sexes equally, boys > girls in children
Blood,2012
39. Autoimmunity in CVID
Others include
Neutropenia
Pernicious anaemia
Anticardiolipin Ab
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Diabetes mellitus
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Uveitis
Multiple sclerosis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune thyroid disease
Lichen planus
Vasculitis
Vililago
American Society of Hematology,2012
40. • Q: An 8 year old boy p/w lower limb predominant arthritis of 4
m duration. It was not controlled with NSAIDs alone and was
started on SSZ f/b Mtx in combination for it.
• Again, there was incomplete response and he also developed
bloody diarrhoea 2 months later. He was investigated for
possible PID with autoimmunity. No family history.
• Hb = 8gm%, TLC = 14000, N90 L6, Plt = 3.3 Lac
• STP = 5.6 gm, Alb. = 3.2 gm, IgG, A and M
• Imp: Panhypogamamglobulinemia
• Diagnosis & next step?
43. Introduction
IgA: first described in serum in 1953; Selective IgA deficiency: first reported
in 1964
Incidence – Caucacians > Asians
No well defined genetic susceptibility → AD, AR and sporadic
Most abundant Ab isotype produced in body
Subclasses: IgA 1 and IgA 2 → locus α1 and α2 on chromosome 14
Circulating IgA : monomeric
- predominantly IgA 1
- Produced in BM from plasma cell
Secretory IgA : dimeric
- predominantly IgA 2
- Produced locally in the mucosal tissue
44. Definition
Selective IgA Deficiency
Male / Female > 4 yrs. of age
Serum IgA < 7 mg/dL
Normal serum IgG and IgM
Other causes of hypogammaglobulinemia have been excluded
Normal IgG antibody response response to vaccination
Partial IgA Deficiency
Serum IgA > 7 mg/dL but 2 SD below for normal of that age
45. Ig A
Most abundant Ab isotype produced in body
Subclasses: IgA 1 and IgA 2 → locus α1 and α2 on chromosome 14
Exists in monomeric and dimeric forms
Circulating IgA : monomeric
- predominantly IgA 1
- Produced in BM from plasma cell
Secretory IgA : dimeric
- predominantly IgA 2
- Produced locally in the mucosal tissue
46. Pathogenesis
Primary defect: block in differentiation of B cells → IgA secreting
plasma cell (? At the level of stem cells)
α heavy chain deletions: chromosome 14
Abnormalities in cytokine network: IL-4,6,7,10,21 and TGF-β
Mutations reported : TACI, APRIL,TNFRSF13B
Disease association with MHC haplotype 8.1(HLA A1,B8,DR3 and
DQ2) → ↑ risk of developing disease
50. Treatment
Asymptomatic patients: none
Mainstay treatment : treatment of associated diseases
IgG subclass deficiency/antibody deficiency → IVIG,SCIG with
product containing minimal IgA
Prevent anaphylactic reaction secondary to blood transfusion
Recurrent respiratory infections : antibiotics
Observation: Patients may progress to develop CVID.
51. Take Home Message
• Humoral immunodeficiencies : commonest PIDs
Exclude 2o causes of Ab deficiency
• Clinical features:
Symptomatic after 1 year of age
Encapsulated bacterial infections (Resp. & GI)
• Improving prognosis:
Suspect PID!!
Timely treatment and prophylaxis of infections
Editor's Notes
CD19 & CD21 – B cell coreceptor – required for amplification of signaling
CD24 – cell adhesion molecule
CD27 – binds to CD70 and plays a role in B cell activation and Ig production
CD38 – Cell Activation marker
659 AA residues
BTK was found to be already expressed in very early stages of B cell differentiation, even prior to immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) or light (L)
chain gene rearrangements
The loss of btk expression coincides with the loss of cell division capacity
and of several membrane B cell antigens, such as sIg, CD19, CD20,
CD22, CD24, CD40 and CD72
In very early stages of B cell development the btk gene product may
be present in an inactive form which is activated, e.g. by phosphorylation,
in the pre-B cell stage through interactions with other B-lineage
signalling molecules.
BTK protein is absent in most patients with XLA
TACI: Trans memebrane activator and calcium modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor(TACI)
ICOS: Inducible T cell co-stimulator
Threshold age of 4 years is used to avaoid premature diagnosis of IgA deficiency which may be transient in younger children due to delayed ontogeny of IgA system after birth
constant heavy region is encoded by A1 A2 genes on chromosome 14
Both subclasses can form diamers
IF1H1 =Interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 protein
CLEC 16 A =C-type lectin domain family 16