The document outlines the importance of assessing nutritional status, which reflects the balance between nutrient intake and requirements affected by various internal and external factors. It details the nutritional needs across different life stages, including infancy, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, while highlighting the risks of both undernutrition and overnutrition. Additionally, it describes the nutritional assessment methods and the components of energy requirements necessary for maintaining good health.

1. ENERGY NEEDS –ASSESSMENT &
REQUIREMENT
Dr.Sowmya M

2. DEFINING NUTRITIONAL STATUS
 Nutritional status is a current body status of a
person (or) A population group related to their
state of nourishment.
 Refers to the degree of balance between nutrient
intake & nutrient requirement.

4.  This balance is affected by many factors including
physiologic, psychical, developmental, cultural &
economic
 It determined by a complex interaction between
internal/ Constitutional factor & external
environment factors.
 Internal- age, sex, nutrition, behavior, physical
activity & diseases.
 External – food safety, cultural, social & economic
circumstances .

5.  Optimal nutritional :- Sufficient nutrients are
consumed to support day to day needs & any
increased metabolic demands( growth, illness,
pregnancy).
 Under nutrition :- Nutrient intake is inadequate to
meet day to day need or add metabolic demand.
 Vulnerable groups:- Infants, pregnant women, low
incomes, hospitalized people, aging adults—This
group are at risk for impaired growth & development,
lowered resistance to infection & disease, delay
wound healing, longer hospital stay & higher health
care cost.

6.  Over nutrition:- Consumption of nutrient in
excess of body need.
 A major nutritional problem today – can leads to
obesity & its risk for heart disease, type 2 DM,
HTN, stroke, GB disease, sleep apnea &
osteoarthritis.

7. DEVELOPMENTAL CARE
Infants & children- Birth -4month- most rapid
period of growth in the life cycle.
 The infant double birth weight by 4 month & triple
by 1 year.
 Breastfeeding is recommended for full term infants
for the 1st year of life because breast milk is ideally
formulated to promote normal infant growth &
development & natural immunity.
 infants increase their length by 50% during the first
year of life & double it by 4 years of age.

8. Adolescence : Characterized by rapid physical
growth & endocrine & hormonal change.
 Calorie & protein requirement increase to meet this
demand & to meet demand of bone growth &
increasing muscle mass & in the girls the onset of
menarche calcium & iron requirement increased.
 In generally boys grow & have less body fat than
girls.

9.  Adulthood:- Growth & nutrient needs stabilize
most adult are relatively good health.
 This time is important for health education because
life style factors such as smoking, stress, lack of
exercise, diet high in fat, sugar & low in fiber result
– risk of HTN< DM, obesity, cancer & osteoporosis.

10.  Old age : older adults have increased rik for under
nutrition or over nutrition.
 Risk factor: poor physical or mental health, social
isolation, limited functional ability, poverty &
diseases.
 Normal physiology changes:- affect the nutritional
status, poor dentition, decreased visual acuity,
decreased saliva production, slowed
gastrointestinal absorption, diminished olfactory &
taste sensitivity.

11. NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
 A comprehensive analysis of a person’s nutrition
status that uses historical information, food intake,
anthropometric measurements, physical
examination & biochemical.
 Purposes & components of nutritional assessment
1. Identify individuals who are malnourished or are
at risk for developing malnutrition.
2. Provide data for designing a nutrition plan of care
to prevent or minimize development
malnutrition.
3. Establish baseline data for evaluating the efficacy
of nutritional care.

12. Nutrition screening
 The first step in assessing nutritional status, is
required for all patient in all health care setting
within 24 hours of admission.
 Parameters used for nutrition screening typically
include weight & height, history of condition
associated with increased nutritional risk, diet
information & laboratory.

13.  It need to assess risk of becoming malnourished &
over nourished.
 Assessment of nutritional in Two methods
1. Direct – A B C D Methods
2. Indirect – Economic factor, Ecological variables,
cultural & social habits.

14.  Nutritional assessment is the interpretation of
anthropometric, biochemical (laboratory), clinical and
dietary data to determine whether a person or groups of
people are well nourished or malnourished (over-
nourished or under-nourished).
 Nutritional assessment can be done using the ABCD
methods. These refer to the following:
 A-Anthropometry
 B-Biochemical/biophysical methods
 C-Clinical methods
 D-Dietary methods.

15. A-ANTHROPOMETRY
 Measurement of human dimensions
 Anthropos = human
 Metrikos = measuring
 Technique of measuring people
Measure
Index
Indicator
Reference
Information

16.  Measurement of body height, weight &
proportions.
 They indicate the nutritional status in general but
not used too identify specific nutritional
deficiencies.
 To evaluate both under & over nutrition.
 It indicates nutritional status – Body mass index
(BMI) this is associated with type 2 DM, CVS
disorder.

18.  B-Biochemical/biophysical methods- routine
laboratory test .
 C-Clinical methods
 D-Dietary methods – diet history

19. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
 Energy requirement is the amount of food energy
needed to balance energy expenditure-- in maintain
body size, body composition and a level of necessary
and desirable physical activity consistent with long-
term good health.
Energy requirement includes the energy needed for
 The optimal growth and development of children.
 The deposition of tissues during pregnancy, and
 The secretion of milk during lactation consistent with
the good health of mother and child.

20. ENERGY & REQUIREMENT

21. Sources-
 Energy for the metabolic & physiological functions
– derived from the chemical energy bound in found
like carbohydrate, protein & fats.
Components of energy requirements
1. Basal metabolism – series of functions that are
essential for life– cell functions, replacement,
synthesis , secretion & metabolism of enzymes &
hormones—To maintain body temperature,
uninterrupted work of cardiac, respiratory muscle
& brain functions—energy use for this is called as
Basal Metabolism Rate.

22.  BMR is Depending on age, lifestyle, body size,
gender.
 45-75 % - Total energy expenditure
2. Metabolic response of food- Eating requires
energy for the ingestion & digestion of food, for
the absorption, transport, inter-conversion,
oxidation & deposition of nutrients –This processes
increase heat production & oxygen consumption,
this is know as Dietary induced thermo genesis,
specific dynamic action of food & thermic effect of
feeding.
 10% Total energy required

23. 3. Physical activity- After BMR this is a second largest
component of daily energy expenditure.
4. Growth – it having 2 components
a. Energy needed to synthesize growing tissue
b. The energy deposited in those tissue.
Total energy requirement in different age groups
 35% - 1-3 months
 5% - 3-12 months
 3% - Till adolescence age
 Later Negligible

24. 5. Pregnancy- during pregnancy extra energy is
needed for the growth of the fetus, placenta,
various maternal tissues like uterus, breasts, fat
stores, change in maternal metabolism & increased
in maternal effort at rest & during physical activity.
6. Lactation- The energy cost of lactation has 2
components
a. The energy content of the milk screated
b. Production of milk.