1) Human-centered automation is a philosophy where automation is designed to work cooperatively with human operators to achieve objectives, with the human retaining ultimate responsibility. It focuses on assisting and augmenting human capabilities. 2) Key principles of human-centered automation include keeping the human operator informed and in command of automated systems through predictability and mutual monitoring between human and automation. 3) The purpose of automation should be to make aviation systems more error-resistant and tolerant by fostering the best aspects of human-machine interaction.

1. Human Centered Automation
a philosophy for automation in aviation
Paula Azevedo Macedo and Jose Ricardo Parizi Negrão

2. Paula Macedo, UX specialist
In/paulamacedo
@paulinhah
paula.macedo@embraer.com.br
José Parizi, senior aeronautical engineer
parizi@embraer.com.br
Hello,
We are
Embraer.

3. 145Million
passengers
every year
EVERY
10s
oneEmbraer
takes-off
17,5KEmployees
USD6,2B
Revenue
in 2016
Delivered
more than
8.000aircraft
since 19691.100+
bizjets
delivered
1.300+
E-Jets
delivered
70+
Countries

4. Mobility

6. automation

7. What is the most
sophisticated
autonomous driving
system in the world?

8. tesla?

9. nio?

10. e-hang?

14. “
Autonomy is the ability to function as an independent
system, unit or element over an extended period of time.
Performing a variety of actions necessary to achieve
predesignated objectives while responding to stimuli
produced by integrally contained sensors
● The environment (real world) is allocated to the system
● There is an interaction between the system and the environment via input and output information and possibility output
actions
● The interactions of the system are concentrated on performing tasks within the environment according to a goal-directed
behavior, with the system adapting to the changes to the environment
From Automation to Autonomy-Trends Towards Autonomous Combat Systems

15. “
Autonomy or Autonomous behavior is a contentious term in reference to
unmanned vehicles due to the poor understanding of whether something
acting without outside commands is doing so through its own ability to make
decisions or through a method of decision making pre-programmed into it. It
is a quality which is rather abstract in nature and rather difficult to measure.
The word is used only in an analogical sense at this point, and the analogical
application carries very little of the primary content, which refers to moral
choices of rational beings.
Wikipedia

16. #1
Autonomy requires
freedom

17. Decision making
Abstraction
Reacting
Learning from previous experiences
Intuition

18. Automation
Vs
Autonomy

20. “I am not touching it!”

21. Self driving car
vs
Connected cars

22. http://moralmachine.mit.edu/

23. http://moralmachine.mit.edu/

24. http://moralmachine.mit.edu/

26. Single Pilot?

27. Unmanned?

28. Aviation
&
Automation

29. Human pilots are
unique...
The art of improvising
Creativity
Noise distinction
Intuition
The ability to act in high stressed situations

30. On June 18, 1914, the Sperry Autopilot made its first successful test flight in Paris.

31. Cockpit evolution

33. #2
Airplanes are safe

34. #2
Airplanes are safe
and complex

35. Why do planes still
crashes?

39. Data from incident reports also suggest that automated information
systems, originally installed as backup devices for pilots, have become
de facto primary alerting devices after periods of dependable service.
Altitude alerting devices and configuration warning devices are prime
examples. In these cases, the presence of (and reliance upon) usually
reliable automation may have affected the mind-sets and behaviors of
the pilots being sued by it.

40. Several aircraft accidents and a larger number of incidents have been
associated with, and in some cases appear to have been caused by,
aircraft automation or, more accurately, by the interaction between
the human operators and the automation in the aircraft
In some cases:
● automated configuration warning devices failed or were rendered
inoperative;
● automation has operated in accordance with its design, but in a mode
incompatible with safe flight under particular circumstances;
● automated devices have not warned, or flight crews have not detected, that
the devices were operating at their limits, or operating unreliably.

41. It's a pilot error?

42. It's a human machine
interface issue!

43. #3
Automation should be
about augmented
human capabilities

44. 1980's
Automating as much as possible  reduction in pilot workload and increased
safety.
Although many of these benefits have been realized, serious questions have arisen and
incidents/accidents have occurred which question the underlying assumption that
TODAY, we are questioning...
The maximum available automation is ALWAYS appropriate
we understand how to design automated systems so that they are fully compatible with the
capabilities and limitations of the humans in the system

45. "'The fundamental concern is the lack of a
scientifically based philosophy of automation
which describes the circumstances under which
tasks are appropriately allocated to the machine
and/or the pilot.'"
ATA report

46. ●what roles automation should play in future aircraft?
●how much authority it should have?
●how it will interact with the human operator, and
what, if any, roles should be reserved for the human?

48. Yes. It's an
airplane panel
How can we
reduce the
complexity
here?

49. How could we take the
best from the
interaction between
human and machines?

50. Human Centered
Automation,
A philosophy

51. Humans
● cannot assimilate very large amounts
of raw information in a short period of
time,
● nor can they handle tasks of great
complexity under tight time
constraints.

52. The resources available to the pilot include:
● his or her own perceptual cognitive and psychomotor skills,
● the knowledge and skills of other flight and cabin crewmembers,
● the knowledge and information possessed by other persons with whom the pilot may be able to communicate, and
● a variety of information sources and
● control devices, including
● the automated devices, within the aircraft.
These resources are controlled and managed by a pilot in command, who is ultimately responsible for
safe mission accomplishment.
Control and management of an aircraft may be viewed as a series of levels, which are categorized by the
degree of direct or immediate involvement of the pilot.

53. Though humans me far from perfect sensors, decision-makers and controllers, they possess
three invaluable attributes.
● excellent detectors of signals in the midst of noise, they can reason effectively in the face of
uncertainty, and they are capable of abstraction and conceptual organization.
● Humans thus provide to the aviation system a degree of flexibility that cannot now, and may
never, be attained by computational systems. They can cope with failures not envisioned by
aircraft and aviation system designers.
● They are intelligent: they possess the ability to learn from experience and thus the ability to
respond quickly and successfully to new situations. Computers cannot do this except in
narrowly defined, well understood domains and situations

54. The abilities of humans to recognize and bound the expected, to cope with the
unexpected, to innovate and to reason by analogy when previous experience does not
cover a new problem are what has made the aviation system robust, for there are still
many circumstances, especially in the weather domain, that are neither directly
controllable nor fully predictable.
Each of these uniquely human attributes is a compelling reason to retain the
human in a central position in aircraft and in the aviation system.

55. "human-centered automation we mean
automation designed to work
cooperatively with human operators in
the pursuit of stated objectives.

56. We consider automation to be a tool or resource device,
system or method by which the human can accomplish
some task that might otherwise be difficult or impossible,
or which the human can direct to carry out more or less
independently a task that would otherwise require
increased human attention or effort.

57. The word "tool" does not foreclose the possibility that the
tool may have some degree of "intelligence“ some capacity
to learn and then to proceed independently to accomplish a
task. Automation is simply one of many, resources
available to the human operator, who retains the
responsibility for management and direction of the
automation and the overall system. "

58. Automation should be designed to
assist and augment the capabilities of
the human managers.

59. Principles of Human-Centered Automation
PREMISE
The pilot bears the ultimate responsibility for the safety of any flight
operation.
AXIOM
The human operator must be in command.
COROLLARIES
-To command effectively, the human operator must be involved.
-To be involved, the human operator must be informed.
-The human operator must be able to monitor the automated systems.
-Automated systems must, therefore, be predictable.
-The automated systems must also be able to monitor the human operator.
-Each element of the system must have knowledge of the others’ intent.

61. How foster the human capabilities in
high automated systems?

62. How could we
keep the pilot
in the optimal
mental state?

63. “The most important
purpose automation can
serve is to make the
aviation system more
error resistant and more
error tolerant.”

69. A glance to the
future
Single Pilot?
Pilotless operation?

70. Uber Elevate

71. Tks
Paula and José
#WeAreEmbraer and we live for the challenge
In/paulamacedo
@paulinhah
paula.macedo@embraer.com.br
parizi@embraer.com.br