This document summarizes key concepts related to perceptual organization and interpretation. It discusses four laws of perceptual organization: similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity. It then explains that perception involves interpreting stimuli based on an individual's past experiences, needs, wishes, and interests. Interpretations can be impacted by factors like selective perception, contrast effects, stereotyping, inference, and distortion. Common perceptual errors are also outlined, such as the halo effect, primacy effect, recency effect, and false consensus effect.

1. NAME : Varsha Sharma
CLASS : BBA-II nd yr
ROLL.NO :121020619

2.  Laws Of Perceptual Organization .
 Perceptual Interpretation .

3. Laws Of Perceptual
Organization
1. Law Of Similarity : Similar parts tend to be seen together
as forming a group.

4. 2. Law Of Proximity : Similar parts that
are close together in time or space
appear to belong together and tend to
be perceived together.

5. 3. Laws Of Closure : There is a tendency
in our perception to complete
incomplete figures, to fill in gaps. And
units forming a closed figure tend to be
perceived together.

6. 4. Law Of Continuity : There is a
tendency in our perception to follow a
direction, to connect the elements in a
way that makes them seem contiguous
or flowing in a particular direction.

7. Perceptual Interpretation
After the data have been received and organized, the perceiver
interprets the data in various ways. Perception is essentially giving
meaning to the various data received and interpreted.
The interpretation of stimuli is uniquely individual because it is based
on what individuals expect to see in light of their previous experience.
Stimuli are often highly ambiguous. When stimuli are highly ambiguous,
individuals usually interpret them in such a way that they serve to
fulfill personal needs, wishes and interests. How close a person’s
interpretations are to reality depends on the clarity of the stimulus,
the past experiences of the perceiver and his or her motives and
interest at the time of perception.

8. Selective
Perception
Contrast
Effects
Stereotyping
Inference
Distortion
Halo Effect
Projection
Impression
Attribution
Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy
Perceptual
Errors

9. PERCEPTUAL ERRORS
Halo effect: which is when our general impression of a person is based on like one
prominent characteristic, which dominates our perception of other characteristics of that
person
> For example, a person is sometimes late so the manager forms a negative
impression of the person and from then on sees everything the employee does
negatively.
Primacy effect: our opinion of people is based on the first information we form about them
> we evaluate the person based on our first impression of them, so if we had a good
first impression you would view that person in a favorable light .
Recency effect: when the most recent information dominates our perception of others
> when a manager evaluates an employee's performance, the most recent
performance dominates so if the last thing the employee did was sign a big contract
with a supplier than the manger will have a very positive impression of the
employee .
False consensus effect: where we overstate the extent to which others have beliefs and
characteristics similar to our own
> when we want to quit our job we think that a lot of other people are also thinking
about quitting their job, like we think that "everyone does it or thinks so"

10. Thank you !!!