This document discusses human and civil rights. It outlines several basic human rights as defined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, including protection from torture, slavery, discrimination, freedom of expression, the right to marry and education. It also profiles several major exponents of civil and human rights such as Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Nelson Mandela, who advocated for rights through nonviolent protest and civil disobedience movements against issues like racial segregation, apartheid, and British colonial rule.