Kebebasan beragama di malaysia & hubungkait dengan perlembagaan Mel Cassie
assalamua'laikum semua,
sedikit info berkaitan kebebasan agama dan hubungkait dgn perlembagaan. slide sy share ni hanyalah basic info. Banyak lagi yg perlu dikaji berkaitan isu kebebasan agama. Semoga slide ini sedikit sebanyak membantu anda dalam apa jua perkara
~ by melcassie ~
Hubungan Etnik melalui Perlembangan di Malaysia NoorEfendi Ril
berkaitan dengan pelajaran hubungan etnik di Universiti untuk subjek MQA... slaid ni menerangkan hubungan etnik melalui Perlembangan Yang terbentuk di Malaysia sblm merdeka sehingga sekarang
Sesungguhnya Perundangan Islamlah yang berdaulat di zaman Kesultanan Melayu dahulu kala walaupun ia bercampur aduk dengan adat-adat bangsa yang ada kalanya bercanggah dengan agama. Namun, era pelaksanaan perundangan Islam tersebut terhakis sedikit demi sedikit di zaman penjajahan. Yang paling ketaranya adalah di bawah penjajahan Inggeris.
kesan daripada pengaruh Inggeris dalam pentadbiran hal ehwal Islam ini dan juga daripada kes-kes yang diputuskan yang melibatkan soal adat Melayu dan hukum syarak telah mempengaruhi peruntukan Perlembagaan Persekutuan yang digubal kemudiannya dan juga memberi kesan kepada perkembangan pentadbiran hal ehwal Islam di negara ini. Kebanyakan penghakiman dibuat hanya mengambil kira aspek prosedur dan keterangan yang jika dipenuhi maka barulah ia mengambil kira hukum syarak atau perundangan Islam.
Hudhud originated as a low pressure system in the Andaman Sea on October 6, 2014 that intensified into a tropical cyclone as it moved into the Bay of Bengal. It reached peak intensity as a Category 3 cyclone with maximum sustained winds of 185 km/h before making landfall near Visakhapatnam, India on October 12. The storm caused extensive damage through strong winds up to 260 km/h, heavy rains, and coastal flooding. It resulted in 81 deaths total and over $3 billion in economic losses, primarily through damage to infrastructure, homes, and forestry. Lessons from Hudhud emphasize the importance of accurate forecasting, preparedness through cyclone shelters and disaster management planning
The cyclone HudHud originated in the North Andaman Sea in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha in India. It had wind speeds as high as 170-180 km/h which uprooted 70% of trees and damaged 70% of power lines in Vishakhapatnam. Over 300 relief camps were opened and the government distributed food rations and aid worth Rs. 1000 crore to help over 300,000 people across 59 villages affected by the cyclone.
Kebebasan beragama di malaysia & hubungkait dengan perlembagaan Mel Cassie
assalamua'laikum semua,
sedikit info berkaitan kebebasan agama dan hubungkait dgn perlembagaan. slide sy share ni hanyalah basic info. Banyak lagi yg perlu dikaji berkaitan isu kebebasan agama. Semoga slide ini sedikit sebanyak membantu anda dalam apa jua perkara
~ by melcassie ~
Hubungan Etnik melalui Perlembangan di Malaysia NoorEfendi Ril
berkaitan dengan pelajaran hubungan etnik di Universiti untuk subjek MQA... slaid ni menerangkan hubungan etnik melalui Perlembangan Yang terbentuk di Malaysia sblm merdeka sehingga sekarang
Sesungguhnya Perundangan Islamlah yang berdaulat di zaman Kesultanan Melayu dahulu kala walaupun ia bercampur aduk dengan adat-adat bangsa yang ada kalanya bercanggah dengan agama. Namun, era pelaksanaan perundangan Islam tersebut terhakis sedikit demi sedikit di zaman penjajahan. Yang paling ketaranya adalah di bawah penjajahan Inggeris.
kesan daripada pengaruh Inggeris dalam pentadbiran hal ehwal Islam ini dan juga daripada kes-kes yang diputuskan yang melibatkan soal adat Melayu dan hukum syarak telah mempengaruhi peruntukan Perlembagaan Persekutuan yang digubal kemudiannya dan juga memberi kesan kepada perkembangan pentadbiran hal ehwal Islam di negara ini. Kebanyakan penghakiman dibuat hanya mengambil kira aspek prosedur dan keterangan yang jika dipenuhi maka barulah ia mengambil kira hukum syarak atau perundangan Islam.
Hudhud originated as a low pressure system in the Andaman Sea on October 6, 2014 that intensified into a tropical cyclone as it moved into the Bay of Bengal. It reached peak intensity as a Category 3 cyclone with maximum sustained winds of 185 km/h before making landfall near Visakhapatnam, India on October 12. The storm caused extensive damage through strong winds up to 260 km/h, heavy rains, and coastal flooding. It resulted in 81 deaths total and over $3 billion in economic losses, primarily through damage to infrastructure, homes, and forestry. Lessons from Hudhud emphasize the importance of accurate forecasting, preparedness through cyclone shelters and disaster management planning
The cyclone HudHud originated in the North Andaman Sea in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha in India. It had wind speeds as high as 170-180 km/h which uprooted 70% of trees and damaged 70% of power lines in Vishakhapatnam. Over 300 relief camps were opened and the government distributed food rations and aid worth Rs. 1000 crore to help over 300,000 people across 59 villages affected by the cyclone.
1) In October 2014, category 3 tropical cyclone Hudhud made landfall in Andhra Pradesh, India, damaging the city of Visakhapatnam with 200 km/h winds and 3 meter waves.
2) The state and central governments of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha responded effectively due to their experience with floods and cyclones through the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project.
3) The Red Cross provided immediate disaster response by assessing damages, evacuating and rescuing over 1,000 families, and clearing debris in the four most affected districts of Andhra Pradesh. They also support cyclone preparedness in Odisha.
The document discusses expert testimony on gangs in criminal trials. It provides information on qualifying as a gang expert witness, including necessary training, experience and qualifications. It also covers acceptable and unacceptable expert opinions on gang evidence, the use of hearsay in forming opinions, and challenges to expert testimony such as bias.
Section 9 of the Evidence Act 1950 makes relevant facts establishing the identity of persons or things. It allows for identity to be proven through various means such as fingerprints, voice recognition, identity parades, photographs, and genetic fingerprinting. The document discusses these identity methods in detail, noting important cases that have guided Malaysian courts in assessing the admissibility and reliability of different identity evidence. It emphasizes that identity parades must be conducted properly to avoid unfairness or prejudice against the accused. Genetic fingerprinting through DNA analysis is also discussed as a powerful new tool for identifying suspects, especially in rape cases.
EVIDENCE LAW 1(12) judicial notice (pengiktirafan penghakiman)Hafizul Mukhlis
1. Judicial notice allows courts to accept facts that are either generally known or can be determined from authoritative sources without requiring evidence.
2. There are three forms of judicial notice - without inquiry for notorious facts, after inquiry where courts investigate sources, and by statute for facts legislated.
3. While courts can investigate sources, judges cannot rely on their personal knowledge and must decide cases based solely on admissible evidence presented.
Section 7 of the Evidence Act 1950 deals with facts that are the occasion, cause, or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts. It provides that such facts can be considered relevant. The document discusses the scope and application of Section 7 through examples and case law. It analyzes Section 7 under five grounds - as being the occasion of relevant facts, showing the cause, being the effect, providing opportunity, and constituting the state of things. Case law from both Malaysia and other common law countries is used to illustrate how Section 7 has been applied in practice.
This document summarizes amendments made to Malaysia's Criminal Procedure Code through the Criminal Procedure Code (Amendment and Extension) Act 1976. Key points:
- The Criminal Procedure Code for Former Federated Malay States is amended as detailed in the schedule.
- The amended Criminal Procedure Code is extended to apply throughout Malaysia.
- Certain provisions from Chapter XXI and XXIII of the Code are revived for application in Sabah and Sarawak.
- Other laws such as the Criminal Procedure Codes for Straits Settlements, Sabah and Sarawak are repealed.
The schedule then lists amendments made to specific sections/provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code, such as updates to definitions, addition
This document summarizes a court case regarding the validity of a will. The plaintiffs claimed the will was forged and the deceased lacked mental capacity. The defendants argued the will was genuine and the deceased had capacity. The trial judge found the will was forged and the deceased lacked capacity. However, the Court of Appeal allowed the appeal, finding the trial judge gave undue weight to handwriting expert opinions over direct witness testimony that the will was genuine. The Court of Appeal held direct evidence should be preferred over expert handwriting opinions.
This document discusses the rules and principles regarding expert opinion evidence under Section 45 of the Malaysian Evidence Act 1950. It covers topics such as the qualification of experts, when expert evidence is needed, types of expert opinions, and the evidentiary value of expert opinions, particularly regarding handwriting analysis. The key points are:
1) Expert opinion is admissible when the court needs specialised knowledge on issues of foreign law, science, art or identity. Experts must be qualified through education, training or experience.
2) Expert evidence is only needed when the issue is beyond the knowledge of the judge. It cannot be conclusive and the court will consider it along with other evidence.
3) Handwriting analysis is considered the we
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872. It begins with an introduction stating the purpose of consolidating, defining, and amending the law of evidence in India. It then provides definitions for key terms used in the act such as "court", "fact", "relevant", "document", and "India". It outlines how facts can be proved, disproved, or not proved. It also describes what is considered evidence and how the court may treat certain facts as presumed or conclusively proved based on other facts. Overall, the summary introduces the main objective and scope of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872.
Kanun Prosedur Jenayah mengatur prosedur penangkapan, penahanan, dan pemeriksaan orang yang diduga melakukan kejahatan di Malaysia. Beberapa poin penting meliputi:
1) Polisi dan penghulu dapat menangkap tanpa surat perintah penangkapan jika ada alasan yang memadai untuk menduga seseorang telah melakukan kejahatan.
2) Orang yang ditangkap harus segera dibawa ke hadapan majistret dalam w
This document discusses the history and purpose of the Malaysian Evidence Act 1950. It was modeled after the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, which codified English common law rules of evidence. The Act aims to regulate the presentation of facts in court proceedings to ensure justice and fair trials. It defines evidence as oral statements by witnesses and documentary evidence. Evidence must relate to facts in issue or other relevant facts as defined in the Act. Relevant facts are those that are logically connected or probative to matters requiring proof, subject to exclusionary rules like hearsay. The document also discusses types of evidence and the distinction between facts in issue in civil and criminal cases.
This document provides an outline and explanation of key concepts related to documentary evidence under Malaysian law, including:
- The definition of a document and various examples.
- The process of authenticating documentary evidence, which involves first proving the genuineness of the document and then proving its content.
- Requirements for proving genuineness, including calling the author as a witness or proving handwriting. If these requirements are not met, the document constitutes inadmissible hearsay.
- Requirements for proving content, including introducing the original document as primary evidence and allowing secondary evidence like copies only in certain situations.
The document discusses relevant sections of the Malaysian Evidence Act and case law examples to illustrate proper
1) The Hudhud cyclone that hit Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014 was the most devastating cyclone in the city's history, killing at least 46 people and causing $11 billion in damages.
2) The cyclone struck Visakhapatnam with winds over 115 mph, cutting off power and communication lines for residents. Over 400,000 people were evacuated from vulnerable coastal areas in advance of the storm.
3) While the cyclone was destructive, it also brought some communities closer together and reminded families of the importance of unity in difficult times.
Disaster management involves preparedness, response, recovery, and prevention. Preparedness includes community education and warning systems. Response involves implementing disaster plans, medical assistance, and shelters after an event. Recovery supports reconstruction of infrastructure and emotional well-being. Prevention aims to reduce disasters through limiting habitation in risky areas and disaster-resistant buildings.
This document discusses disaster management and response. It defines what constitutes a disaster and outlines the major types of disasters that occur in India. It describes the phases of disaster management as prediction, prevention, preparedness, rescue and relief, and rehabilitation. The document outlines the roles and responsibilities of various organizations involved in disaster response, including the National Disaster Management Authority, state and district authorities. It provides guidelines for developing disaster action plans at the district level and for hospitals to have internal and external disaster response plans to effectively manage a large influx of casualties from a disaster.
Disaster management involves dealing with and avoiding both natural and man-made disasters through preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation efforts. It aims to reduce vulnerabilities and impacts through organized and sustained actions to analyze and manage hazards and the underlying risks. Key aspects of disaster management include preparedness before a disaster through activities like risk assessment, warning systems, and stockpiling resources; immediate response efforts during an event; and long-term rehabilitation and reconstruction work after an event to support regrowth. Effective disaster management requires coordination and planning across different levels of government, organizations, and communities.
Permasalahan Negara dan Islam banyak di perkata dan di lontarkan dan buku ini memberi pengisian lengkap dan terbuka darii seorang ulama zaman ini akan banyak perkara yang berkaitan kenegaraan
5. POLIMIK HUDUD DI MALAYSIA (ISU/ALASAN LAPUK)
• Penafsiran Malaysia Negara Islam, merujuk Perkara 3(1)
vs Perkara 4
• Hudud hanya untuk orang Islam - PAS
• Masyarakat belum kondusif - MAZA
• Masyarakat belum dapat pencerahan
• Kena laksana “gaji minima” dahulu – Hj. Hadi
• Perlu prasarana yang lengkap
• Keutamaan keperluan asas spt tempat tinggal, kesihatan,
keselamatan perlu dipenuhi terlebih dahulu – Lim Kit
Siang petik kenyataan Sheiqh Dr. Yusuf Qardawi dlm
ceramahnya di Kota Bharu
• dll…
6. JAWAB KEKELIRUAN MAZA
• Ibnu Qayyim dalam masalah ini “Ketika berlaku musim kebuluran, kehidupan menjadi terdesak
dan ramai yang memerlukan makanan. Pada ketika itu tidak dapat dibezakan antara pencuri dan
orang yang dapat memenuhi keperluan hidupnya. Pada ketika itu, keadaan darurat berlaku di
mana hukuman hudud ke atas mereka yang berhak dan tidak berhak dijatuhkan hukuman ini
menjadi perkara syubhat.”
• Namun kata-kata Ibnu Qayyim ini dipotong sekerat oleh tuan Mufti, kerana ada sambungnya “…
Begitupun, apabila telah jelas seseorang itu mencuri sedangkan hakikatnya dia boleh
memenuhi keperluan hidupnya tanpa mencuri, maka dia wajib dipotong tangannya.” [Ibnu
Qayyim, I’lam al-Muwaqi’in an Rabb al-alamin, III/13]
• Nabi s.a.w bersabda: “Jangan dipotong tangan (pencuri) ketika dalam peperangan”. (HR
Tarmizi). Al-Imam Tirmizi (297H) ketika meriwayat hadis ini menyebut:“Sebahagian ilmuwan
berpegang dengan nas ini, antara mereka al-Auza’i, mereka berpendapat tidak dilaksanakan
hudud ketika peperangan, berhadapan dengan musuh kerana dibimbangi individu yang
dihukum itu akan pergi menyertai musuh…”.
• Namun kata-kata Imam Auzie ini diambil secara selektif, kerana ada sambungnya “… Apabila
Imam telah keluar dari daerah musuh dan kembali ke Darul Islam, maka hukuman dijalankan
kepada orang yang berkenaan”. Begitulah yang diperkatakan oleh Imam al-Auza’i. [Rujuk
Tarmizi III/105]
• Bahkan riwayat daripada Baginda SAW tentang pemotongan tangan perempuan yang terhormat
bernama Fatimah Al-Makhzumiah pada masa Pembukaan Kota Mekah, menunjukkan konsep
kondusif ini adalah hujah yang dangkal. Bayangkan pada hari awal pembukaan kota Mekah
telah dilapurkan satu kejadian kecurian iaitu menafikan pinjaman oleh Fatimah Al-Makhzumiah
(Nafi Al-Ariyah). Bayangkan negeri yang baru dibuka, pastinya zakat belum dikumpulkan lagi,
sistem ekonomi Islamnya belum berjalan lagi, tetapi ada kes kecurian, cukup bukti dan saksi.
Maka, Rasulullah SAW menjalankan hukum had mencuri, tanpa memerhatikan perkara lain lagi,
ini kerana telah terkena syarat dan rukun untuk memotong tangan pencuri.
7.
8. PERCANGGAHAN PENAFSIRAN PERLEMBAGAAN
• Islam bidang kuasa kerajaan
negeri
• Akta Mahkamah Syariah (Akta
355) bukan perkara dasar
perlembagaan hanya undang²
biasa, tidak perlukan 2/3 majoriti
parlimen untuk pindaan
• Malaysia telah laksana Undang-
Undang Keluarga Islam,
Perbankan Islam dll
PROF. AZIZ BARI
9. PERCANGGAHAN PENAFSIRAN PERLEMBAGAAN
• Jawatankuasa Sekreteriat Hudud
Negeri Kelantan
• AJK Teknikal Hudud Peringkat
Pusat
• 18 Mac 2015 – Pindaan EKJS(II)
1993 di DUN Kelantan. Diluluskan
oleh 44 ADUN termasuk 12
daripada BN
• Telah menyiapkan 4 kaedah
perlaksanaan hukuman
• EKJS(II) 1993 hanya boleh
dilaksanakan setelah Akta 355
dipinda berdasarkan Perkara
76A(1)
• Hanya perlukan kelulusan majoriti
mudah (112 ahli parlimen)
NIK BAHRUM NIK
ABDULLAH
(PENGGUBAL EKJS(II) 1993)
10. PERCANGGAHAN PENAFSIRAN PERLEMBAGAAN
• PAS Kelantan bukan sahaja
perlukan majoriti mudah untuk
meminda Akta 355 tetapi juga
perlu sokongan 2/3 ahli parlimen
untuk meminda Perlembagaan
Persekutuan yang melibatkan
undang-undang jenayah
• Isu-isu seperti pertindihan
undang-undang diantara
Mahkamah Syariah & Sivil kerana
kesalahan-kesalahan jenayah
dalam Kanun Jenayah Syariah
tertaluk dibawah Mahkamah Sivil
• Isu keadilan (Human Rights) dll.
DR. AZIZUDDIN MD SANI
11. PERCANGGAHAN PENAFSIRAN PERLEMBAGAAN
Perlembagaan Persekutuan
Butiran 1, Senarai Negeri, Jadual Kesembilan
“…keanggotaan, …susunan & tatacara Mahkamah
Syariah, …tetapi tidak mempunyai bidang kuasa
berkenaan dengan kesalahan kecuali setakat yang
diberikan oleh Perlembagaan Persekutuan”
Prof. Madya Dr. Shamrahayu Ab Aziz,
Gabungan Bertindak Malaysia dll.
12. SISTEM DEMOKRASI & PERLEMBAGAAN
YDPA
EKSEKUTIF
PERUNDANGAN
(PARLIMEN)
KEHAKIMAN
PERLEMBAGAAN
PERSEKUTUAN
AKTA 355
(AKTA
MAHKAMAH
SYARIAH)
BUTIRAN 1,
SENARAI NEGERI,
JADUAL KESEMBILAN
PERKARA 76A(1)
John Locke
BapakHumanRights
- Kebebasan beragamadll
1632- 1704
BarondeMonstesquieu
Konseptriaspolitica
(separationof powers) ,
checks &balances
- TheSpiritof Law 1748M.
1689- 1755
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Social Contract - kedaulatan
rakyat,Discourseon Inequality –
masyarakatsivil
1712- 1778
PERKARA 8
14. 222 ahli
139 beragama Islam
139/ 222 = 62.6%
Tidak cukup 2/3 majoriti
Majoriti mudah 112 undi
DEMOGRAFI MALAYSIA
DEWAN RAKYAT :
15. KESIMPULAN
1. “Hudud di Kelantan” bukan “Hudud di Malaysia”
2. Taqnin (penetapan undang²) vs tanfiz/tatbiq (perlaksanaan
hukum/undang²)
3. Masih di peringkat polemik (percanggahan penafsiran
perlembagaan, siapa yg akan bawa ke dewan rakyat dll)
4. Hudud dipertikaikan kerana dianggap bertentangan dengan
common law, human rights & falsafah barat yg menjadi asas kpd
perlembagaan, undang² dan sistem sekular tinggalan penjajah
dalam pembentukan negara sivil hari ini
5. Dualisma perundangan dan sistem kehakiman serta kedudukan
Mahkamah Syariah yg lebih rendah membolehkan sebarang
keputusannya dicabar
“Struktur pemerintahan dan perundangan yang sedia ada di Malaysia
adalah sesuatu yang mustahil untuk hudud diterapkan secara
sempurna sebagai undang-undang negara seperti yang diperintahkan
oleh Allah swt.”
16. DEMOGRAFI NIGERIA
• Penduduk 147 juta
• 389 kumpulan etnik
• Terdiri daripada 36 buah negeri
• Wilayah terbahagi mengikut etnik–agama & ekonomi
(Majoriti Muslim di wilayah utara sementara Kristian di selatan)
• Majoriti orang Islam, bermazhab Maliki
• Isu konflik etnik-agama, ekonomi, keganasan dll. masih kuat
menghantui Nigeria
19. Masa
Memerintah
Nama Pemerintah
Jenis
Kerajaan
Etnik
Bagaimana Pemerintahan
Berakhir
1960-1966 Abu Bakar Balewa Sivil Hausa Cubaan Kudeta/dibunuh
1966 Aguiyi Ironsi Junta Igbo Kudeta/dibunuh
1966-1975 Yakubu Gowon Junta Middle Belt Kudeta
1975-1976 Murtala Muhammed Sivil Hausa Cubaan Kudeta/dibunuh
1976-1979 Oludegun Obasanjo Sivil Yoruba Pilihanraya
1979-1983 Shehu Shagari Sivil Fulani Kudeta
1984-1985 M. Buhari Junta Fulani Kudeta
1985-1993 I.Babanginda Junta Golongan minoriti
Letak Jawatan
Pembatalan P/R
1993 Ernest Shonekan Sivil Yoruba Memangku
1993-1998 Sani Abacha Junta Kanuri Mati Sakit Jantung
1998-1999 A.Abu Bakar Junta Middle Belt Pilihanraya
1999-2007 Olusegun Obasanjo Sivil Yoruba Pilihanraya
2007-2010 Umaru Musa Yar’Adua Sivil Yoruba Pilihanraya
2010-2015 Goodluck Jonathan Sivil Ijaw Memangku & Pilihanraya
2015- M. Buhari Sivil Fulani -
22. KRONOLOGI RINGKAS PENERAPAN UNDANG -
UNDANG SYARIAH DI NIGERIA
• Di awal pemerintahan British undang-undang Islam diletakkan sebagai undang-
undang adat yang bersifat peribadi
• 1946 Sir Arthur Richards meluluskan pembentukan kesatuan politik, menubuhkan
Federal & Regional Houses of Representative – “Unity of Nigeria”
• 1956 mewujudkan Mahkamah Syariah Rayuan bagi negeri-negeri utara
• Panel Kod 1959 dipinjam daripada Sudan & India untuk menggantikan undang-
undang Syariah yang menghadkan kepada personal law
• Melalui Solusi 1978 Jawatankuasa Penggubalan Perlembagaan terpaksa
berkompromi akibat kegagalan untuk mencapai persetujuan bersama terutama
daripada wakil Islam dari negeri-negeri utara yg mempunyai majoriti kerusi
• Akibatnya Kepala Negara Lt. Jeneral Olusegun Obasanjo terpaksa campur tangan &
mengakui peruntukan daripada wakil negeri utara
• Bagi penentang undang² Syariah, Solusi 1978 adalah backdoor kepada penerapan
undang² tersebut di dalam negara sivil
• Selepas pindaan Perlembagaan 1999, Undang² Syariah diperkenalkan semula di
bahagian utara
• 27 Oct 1999 Gabenor Negeri Zamfara Ahmed Sani meluluskan Shari’ah Penal Code
dan perlaksanaan dibuat pada tahun 2000
• Penerapan undang-undang Syariah diikuti oleh 11 negeri-negeri utara lain yang
bermajoriti Muslim
23. REALITI PENERAPAN UNDANG-UNDANG SYARIAH
DI NIGERIA
• Sila rujuk journal Hukuman Rejam, Zina Dan
Kontroversinya: Antara Aspirasi Dan Realiti Di Nigeria,
Norazlina Mohamed Azmi & Siti Zubaidah Ismail,
Universiti Malaya (2014)
• Banyak kes mengundang kontroversi dan tidak
berkesudahan..
1. Hukuman potong tangan kerana mencuri (2000-2004),
hanya 3 kes sahaja yang dilaksanakan
2. Hukuman rejam (sehingga 2012), terdapat 10 kes yang
disabitkan dan tidak ada satupun dilaksanakan
3. Kes Amina Lawal & Kes Saffiyatu Hussein
...
24. KESIMPULAN
1. Kegagalan Mahkamah Syariah di Nigeria kerana tidak bebas
dan terikat dengan Perlembagaan Nigeria
2. Dualisma perundangan dan sistem kehakiman serta kedudukan
Mahkamah Syariah yg lebih rendah membolehkan sebarang
keputusannya dicabar
3. Campur tangan pertubuhan bukan kerajaan yg berasaskan
HAM dalam memfailkan rayuan malah mendesak Undang²
Syariah dihapuskan
4. Tekanan daripada luar kerana Nigeria terikat dengan banyak
perjanjian antarabangsa seperti HAM
5. Wujud ketidak selarasan dari segi perlaksanaan dan pentafsiran
6. Hudud sukar dilaksanakan secara sempurna dan menyeluruh
oleh kerajaan negeri yg kapasitinya bukan negara seperti terjadi
di Aceh, Pakistan, Nigeria..
7. Sistem dan undang² Islam sukar dilaksanakan dalam bekas
sekular (negara sivil) malah bertentangan dengannya