Hub-and Spoke arrangements – SECRETARIAT – December 2019 OECD discussion
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Hub-and-spoke arrangements involve coordination between competitors (spokes) through a common intermediary (hub), such as a supplier or retailer. Information exchange between the competitors is indirect through the hub. This raises antitrust issues if legitimate conversations between the hub and spokes are used to facilitate anti-competitive coordination between horizontal competitors. Enforcement authorities must determine if inherently legal vertical discussions have been used for illegal horizontal collusion and distinguish between legal vertical agreements and illegal hub-and-spoke arrangements.
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Economic Analysis of Business Proposal 7
Introduction
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The document discusses several topics related to advertising including its effects on the economy and society, attempts to regulate it, and debates around whether it provides market power or market information. It raises questions about how advertising affects pricing and consumer spending. Ethical issues around the content and accuracy of ads and their potential to make people more materialistic are also examined. The document outlines government regulatory bodies and their concerns with deceptive or misleading ads. It closes by posing questions about the biggest benefits and problems with advertising.
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EFFECTIVE DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT
Distribution plays a key role within the marketing mix, and the key to success is its successful integration within the mix, ensuring that customers get their products at the right place and at the right time. If the product cannot reach its chosen destination at the appropriate time, then it can erode competitive advantage and customer retention. The purpose of this paper is to explore the best distribution strategy and other factors that help the organization meet customer expectations in respect of delivery and service promises the organization might make.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in marketing management from several marketing textbooks and experts. It defines marketing in multiple ways, emphasizing that marketing involves identifying and satisfying customer needs profitably through products and services. The document also summarizes core marketing concepts like needs, wants, demand, products, exchange, distribution channels, and relationship marketing. It aims to introduce foundational topics in marketing management.
Study ecommerce goods_en
This study examined the functioning of e-commerce in the EU retail sector. It found that lower online prices and increased online choice can significantly increase EU consumer welfare. Specifically:
- If e-commerce reached 15% share (currently 3.5%) within a single EU market, total annual consumer welfare gains would be €204.5 billion - four times more than under fragmented national markets.
- Two-thirds of gains are from increased online choice, which is much larger across borders. On average, online shops offer 2.5 times more choice nationally, and 16.3 times more choice across the EU, than offline retailers.
- A price collection across 17 EU countries found online prices were lower than offline
PPP on Market Split.pptx
What is Market Split? Why it is imperative to understand this very important topic in Supply Chain Management?
What are the major trends with Marketing Intermediaries ?
This document summarizes major trends in marketing intermediaries, including retailing, wholesaling, and logistical organizations. In retailing, it outlines the rise of new retail formats that combine multiple services, increased competition between different store types and between stores and non-store retailers, growth of large retailers through supply chain efficiencies, increased investment in technology, and expansion of major retailers globally. For wholesaling, it notes increased competition and pressure to provide more services to retailers. Finally, it discusses how logistics organizations are integrating operations, forming partnerships, leveraging technology, and adapting to globalization.
Similar to Hub-and Spoke arrangements – SECRETARIAT – December 2019 OECD discussion (20)
Economic-Rationale-for-Public-Sector-Interventions .pptx
Economic-Rationale-for-Public-Sector-Interventions .pptx
Market Studies and Competition - Miguel de la Mano - Executive Vice President...
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Running head Economic Analysis of Business ProposalEconomic A.docx
Running head Economic Analysis of Business ProposalEconomic A.docx
20131030 OECD - Competition and value distribution along the food chain - Sup...
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Economic analysis and evidence in abuse cases – Break-out Session 1 – Techniq...
Economic analysis and evidence in abuse cases – Break-out Session 1 – Techniq...
What are the major trends with Marketing Intermediaries ?
What are the major trends with Marketing Intermediaries ?
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This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – COLANGELO – June 2024...
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This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
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This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
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This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – SCHREPEL – June 2024 OECD dis...
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This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
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Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – LIM – June 2024 OECD discussion
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This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
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This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
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Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations – ROBSON – June 202...
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This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
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This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
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This presentation by William E. Kovacic, Global Competition Professor of Law and Policy and Director, Competition Law Center, The George Washington University, was made during the discussion “Ex-post Assessment of Merger Remedies” held at the 22nd meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 8 December 2023. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/eamr.
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This presentation by John E. Kwoka, Neal F. Finnegan Distinguished Professor of Economics, Northeastern University, was made during the discussion “Ex-post Assessment of Merger Remedies” held at the 22nd meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 8 December 2023. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/eamr.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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This presentation by Amelia Fletcher CBE, Professor of Competition Policy, University of East Anglia, was made during the discussion “Ex-post Assessment of Merger Remedies” held at the 22nd meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 8 December 2023. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/eamr.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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This presentation by the OECD Secretariat was made during the discussion “Ex-post Assessment of Merger Remedies” held at the 22nd meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 8 December 2023. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/eamr.
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This presentation by John Davies, Member, UK Competition Appeal Tribunal, was made during the discussion “Use of Economic Evidence in Cartel Cases” held at the 22nd meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 8 December 2023. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/egci.
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The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
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留信网认证的作用:
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6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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Different game formats can be used to share experiences on DevOps principles and practices and explore how they can be applied effectively. This presentation provides an overview of playing formats and will inspire you to come up with your own formats.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
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Proposal: The Ark Project and The BEEP Inc
1.) Introduction
Our Movement is not new; it is the same as it was for Freedom, Justice, and Equality since we were labeled as slaves. However, this movement at its core must entail economics.
2.) Historical Context
This is the same movement because none of the previous movements, such as boycotts, were ever completed. For some, maybe, but for the most part, it’s just a place to keep your stable until you’re ready to assimilate them into your system. The rest of the crabs are left in the world’s worst parts, begging for scraps.
3.) Economic Empowerment
Our Movement aims to show that it is indeed possible for the less fortunate to establish their economic system. Everyone else – Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, Israeli, Jews, etc. – has their systems, and they all set up and usurp money from the less fortunate. So, the less fortunate buy from every one of them, yet none of them buy from the less fortunate. Moreover, the less fortunate really don’t have anything to sell.
4.) Collaboration with Organizations
Our Movement will demonstrate how organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League, Black Lives Matter, and others can assist in creating a much more indestructible Black Wall Street.
5.) Vision for the Future
Our Movement will not settle for less than those who came before us and stopped before the rights were equal. The economy, jobs, healthcare, education, housing, incarceration – everything is unfair, and what isn’t is rigged for the less fortunate to fail, as evidenced in society.
6.) Call to Action
Our movement has started and implemented everything needed for the advancement of the economic system. There are positions for only those who understand the importance of this movement, as failure to address it will continue the degradation of the people deemed less fortunate.
No, this isn’t Noah’s Ark, nor am I a Prophet. I’m just a man who wrote a couple of books, created a magnificent website: http://www.thearkproject.llc, and who truly hopes to try and initiate a truly sustainable economic system for deprived people. We may not all have the same beliefs, but if our methods are tried, tested, and proven, we can come together and help others. My website: http://www.thearkproject.llc is very informative and considerably controversial. Please check it out, and if you are afraid, leave immediately; it’s no place for cowards. The last Prophet said: “Whoever among you sees an evil action, then let him change it with his hand [by taking action]; if he cannot, then with his tongue [by speaking out]; and if he cannot, then, with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith.” [Sahih Muslim] If we all, or even some of us, did this, there would be significant change. We are able to witness it on small and grand scales, for example, from climate control to business partnerships. I encourage, invite, and challenge you all to support me by visiting my website.
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Hub-and Spoke arrangements – SECRETARIAT – December 2019 OECD discussion
- 1. HUB-AND-SPOKE ARRANGEMENTS Presentation by the Secretariat to the Competition Committee 4 December 2019
- 2. A cartel between competitors on one market side (spokes) that is co-ordinated through a vertically related, common intermediary (hub), usually a supplier or a retailer. The information exchange between the competitors is mostly or solely indirect. Definition 2
- 3. Supplier or retailer induced 3 Supplier Retailer 5 Retailer 4 Retailer 3 Retailer 2 Retailer 1 Retailer Supplier 5 Supplier 4 Supplier 3 Supplier 2 Supplier 1 Direct information exchange between retailer(s) and supplier(s) that would be perfectly legal in the vertical relationship may become problematic, when this information is passed on to horizontal competitors by the common hub.
- 4. What are the incentives for the hub to enable or facilitate a cartel on the other market side? Economic dependency, passing on of input cost increases, implementation of a cartel agreement, foreclosure of competitors … Enabling market structures? Market power on at least one market side? (No) “typical” product markets? Movie pricing, vodka, dairy products, toys, coffee, sweets, paint & varnishes, drugstore items, e-books, … Economic questions 4
- 5. How to determine if inherently legitimate conversations between suppliers and retailers are used for anti-competitive purposes? How to distinguish between hub-and-spoke and parallel vertical agreements/exchanges? Liability of the spokes For passing on/receiving of information they did not ask for? Liability of the hub Degree of awareness, intent, motive? Not a horizontal competitor – restriction of competition? RPM as an implementation device – or vertically imposed – or bilaterally agreed? Legal questions 5
- 6. Algorithms Parallel use – joint use Monitoring device Co-ordination device Platforms Across platform parity agreements as commitment device (US e-books case) Direct co-ordination of sellers’ retail prices by platform (through algorithms) Digital challenges 6
- 7. Proof of exchange of information over at least two instances can be difficult. Proof of intent/state of mind – rarely documented. Scope of proceedings can easily become very large – prioritization. Enforcement challenges 7